TRANSPOSITION AND MODULATION IN TRANSLATING ARABIC VERBAL SENTENCES INTO INDONESIAN

Purpose of the study: This research aims at describing patterns of Arabic verbal sentences and translating them into Indonesian, in addition to describing transposition and modification in the process of translation. Methodology: The data of the research were taken from a book entitled "Qabas min Al-Akhlaqan Nabawiyeh" by Ahmed Fakir and were translated into Indonesian. The descriptive qualitative method was used in analyzing the data. The researchers extracted Arabic verbal sentences and translated them into the Indonesian language then analyzed them syntactically according to structures of the Indonesian language and finally summarized the results. No statistical tool is used in the analysis. Main Findings: The findings of the study highlight that there are five patterns of the verbal sentence. Patterns of translated sentences might differ from those of verbal ones in the source language, due to differences between the two languages regarding features and structure. Pattern transposition might occur when translating Arabic verbal sentence into Indonesian. As for meaning modification, it is divided into four parts: transposition, addition, deletion, and a combination of addition and modification. Applications of this study: The findings which will benefit learners of the two languages as it discussed the translation patterns and issues in translation between Arabic and Indonesian language in depth. Novelty/Originality of this study: This study advanced the current knowledge by highlighting that several processes such as transposition and modification while translating Arabic texts into Indonesian because the nature of the two languages is different. Arabic is derivative, but Indonesian is agglutinative. Also, the moral terminology in the source language needs an exact equivalence in the target language to give the same meaning.


INTRODUCTION
Language, in general, is the foremost aspect of man's nature and social life (Al-khresheh, 2013). It is the best means of expressing the feelings and special needs of both individuals and the community. It is also one of the most important factors upon which human civilization and culture are based. It is the major factor, as well, in instituting various communities as it is the means of communication (Al-khresheh, 2020).
Arabic is singled out from other languages by being the language of the Holy Quran. It is widely spoken in Indonesia (Al-khresheh, Khaerurrozikin, &Zaid, 2020). Allah says "We have sent it down as an Arabic Quran so that ye may learn wisdom".
Thus, Arabic is very important as it helps clarify the meanings of the verses of the Quran (Shawabkeh, 2019). As stated before, Arabic is distinguished for being the language of the Quran and for being very important in creating the identity of a nation. It is noteworthy that Arabic is spoken by 300 million persons throughout the whole world (Husseinali, 2006;Heath, 2005).
As not all Muslims know Arabic, and to understand Islam better, translation from Arabic into other languages like. Indonesian deems necessary. Significance of translation was highlighted by Newmark who pointed out that "global communication could never happen without translation (Newmark,1981(Newmark, , 1987& 1988. Thus, translation is the vehicle by which culture with all its components can be conveyed to other nations. The translation is not an easy job, for it doesn't only mean carrying the meaning from one language to another (Nazzal, 2012). Word connotations should be always borne in mind in the process of translation to avoid misunderstanding which results from wrong translation. Here, the role of the translator is to carry the meaning using the style of the language to which the text is translated (Al-khresheh, 2010&2011; Al-Farisi, 2011; Liwenlin, 2018;Al-khresheh&Almaaytah, 2018). This can be attained through three elements: precision, conformity, or violation of the text.
There is no doubt that every language has its features about phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics, the thing which makes language different from each other (Al-khresheh, 2016A & 2016B). Arabic, for example, differs too much from Indonesian about structure and meaning. The former (Arabic) is a derivational language, while the latter is agglutinative. Agglutination is adding affixes to a word stem to produce new morphemes related to that one. This might be an obstacle in the way of literal translation from Arabic into Indonesian or vice versa.
Another study was conducted, by students participating in this study, analyzing the translation of Chekov's short story "The Mistake". The researcher used the translation method that depends on Newmark's theory. He believes that numerous methods result from translation. Therefore, he attempts to determine the types of equivalent translations used by the participants to make the target language more understandable.
Another research was conducted by Prasetyo (2012) in which he described transposition and modification in his book entitled "TeoriBudaya". He described how exact, acceptable and liable translated sentences that contain transposition and modification are. The results showed that tactics of transposition and modification have advantages and disadvantages concerning precision; where copying is more exact than forming which enjoys a higher level of acceptability and readability more than modification.
As not all Muslims know Arabic, and to understand Islam better, translation from Arabic into other languages like. Indonesian deems necessary. Significance of translation was highlighted by Newmark who pointed out that "global communication could never happen without translation (Newmark,1981(Newmark, , 1987& 1988.

METHODOLOGY
The researcher used the descriptive qualitative approach that is based on observation and analysis of documents of this research. Analysis results were checked via translation experience to verify the outcomes.
The method the researcher adopted fits this kind of research because its data is non-statistical. It is also suitable to describe the patterns of verbal sentences. The data includes two things: (1) pattern of verbal sentences derived from Qabas's book. (2) Translating them into the Indonesian language. In verifying the data the two researchers benefited from "Lexy, Meoleong's book" (Lexy, 2002). The researchers also extracted Arabic verbal sentences and translated them into the Indonesian language then analyzed them syntactically according to structures of the Indonesian language and finally summarized the results.

RESULTS
The results will be presented according to the way arranged in the study. These are: 1. Describing types of verbal sentences derived from Qabas's book and translating them into Indonesian.

Verbal Sentences
The sentence in Arabic has several types and different names. The researchers here discuss types of sentences about subject and predicate according to which syntacticians divided the sentence into nominal and verbal. If the sentence begins with a noun then it is nominal, but if it begins with a verb then it is verbal (Al-Rajhi, 2000).
Elements of the Arabic sentence are three: 1. Subject: it is the nominal element about which we talk.
3. Predicate relationship: it is a kind of mental link which correlates the subject to the predicate.
Elements of attribution in the Arabic sentence are subject and predicate in the nominal sentence. The subject is attributed to and the predicate is the attribution. e.g., Flowers are beautiful ‫األزهارجميلة‬ so beauty is attributed to roses. In the verbal The student wrote the ‫كتبالتلميذالدرس‪lesson‬‬

The lesson was written ‫ُتبالدرس‬ ‫ك‬
The lesson is written ‫ُكتبالدرس‬ ‫ي‬ The sentence in Indonesian is called (Kalimat). It is a linguistic fragment composed of words by which any speaker expresses his wishes (Fareed, 2010). It consists of two basic parts: (subject) and (predikat). About attribution Indonesian sentence is divided into (kalimat verbal) and (kalimat nominal). Every Indonesian sentence begins with a noun except for certain purposes. Noun acts as a subject (subject) what follows to explain it is a predicate (predikat) which might be either noun or verb adjective or verb. The sentence in which the predicate is a verb is called a verbal sentence, (kalimat verbal). This is a point where Arabic and Indonesian meet; each has a subject and a predicate. As for tense in the Indonesian sentence, it has no relation to the verb but tense is indicated by the words annexed to the verb like the word (telah) added before the verb to indicate past tense. For example, telahbelajar means "studies". Indonesian has no tense system but auxiliary words instead (kata Bantu), (belum) ‫,)لما(‬ akan ‫,)س،سوف(‬ Masih ‫.)مازال(‬ In Indonesian there is the passive and active voice; sentence could be changed into passive (kalimatpasif) by changing the way of attribution by adding (afiksasi) to the active sentence (kalimat verbal) (Farid, 2010).

Patterns of Verbal Sentences in Qabasi's Book
To present the results of the research easily, the researcher divided the verbal sentence into five types: a. Verbal sentence with past tense active.
b. Verbal sentence with present tense active.
c. Verbal sentence with imperative active. d. Verbal sentence with past tense passive e. Verbal sentence with present tense passive.
These are illustrated as follows:

A verbal sentence whose verb is past tense active
After analyzing data, the researcher found that the verbal sentences whose verbs were past active were 19 patterns according to Qabas's book. After analyzing data, the researcher found that the verbal sentence whose verb was past active had eight patterns presented in the following table: verb + doer + absolute object + prepositional ‫الظلم‬ ‫عن‬ ‫النهى‬ ‫أشد‬ ‫ينهى‬ Preventsheabsoluteprevention of injustice Verbal sentences whose verb is imperative active After analyzing the data, the researcher found that the verbal sentence with an imperative active verb has 4 patterns presented in the following table.  Verbal sentences whose verb is present passive This type of sentence has three patterns listed in the following table.

Translating Patterns of Verbal Sentences into Indonesian
Based on data analysis, the researcher found that patterns of the translated verbal sentence could be divided into two parts: 1. Translating the sentence with an active voice verb.

And that with passive voice verb.
To give details on the structural terms used in Indonesian, they are listed as follows: -(S) the subject for the subject (doer or subject of the passive).

Translating sentence with active voice verb
The translation of sentences with active voice verbs can be divided into five sections: Translating sentences composed of verb + doer (subject).
1. Translating sentences composed of a verb, doer, and adjunct.

Translating sentences composed of a verb, doer (subject) object
3. Translating sentences composed of a verb, subject, object, and adjunct.

Translating sentences composed of an imperative verb and a subject (doer).
Details are as follows: If the sentence verb and subject, it is translated into Indonesian according to the pattern s + p i.e the subject precedes the verb. It doesn't matter whether the subject was a stated noun or pronoun. e.g., Al-Nader Al-Harth addressed his people saying: Nahor bin Harits (s) berkata (p) padakaumnya.
If the sentence has comprised verb, subject (doer) adjunct (prepositional or adverb), it is translated into Indonesian according to the following pattern: S+ P + K i.
The first example shows that the sentence comprises verb + subject + object + prepositional phrase, the second shows verb + subject + prepositional + object. Irrespective of that, both are translated according to the pattern s + p+ o+ k but if the adjunct is attached to the verb and preceded subject, the translation will follow the pattern s + p + k + o. e.g. ‫أخرجت‬ ‫ص‬ ‫النبي‬ ‫إزار‬ ‫عائشة‬ ‫إلينا‬ . ‫م‬ Aisyah (s) memperlihatkan (p) pada kami (k) sebuahkain (o) milik Nabi SAW.
If the sentence comprises imperative verb + subject, it is translated into Indonesian according to pattern pr. (kalimatperintah), if followed by a prepositional, k is added after pr, if followed by an object o is added after pr. e.g. ‫اجلس‬ ‫الوسادة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫على‬ Duduklah (pr) di atasbantalini (k).

Translating a sentence with a passive voice verb
Sentence with a passive voice verb can be divided into two types: 1. Sentences with a passive verb + subject of the passive and adverb.
2. Sentences with a passive verb + subject of the passive + adjunct (prepositional), if the sentence has a passive verbsubject of the passive + adverb, it is then translated into Indonesian according to the pattern s+p+k. e.g. ‫نبينا‬ ‫عرف‬ ‫وقد‬ ‫بالصدق‬ ‫قومه‬ ‫بين‬ ‫صلم‬ ‫دمحم‬ Nabi Muhammad (s) dekenal (p) diantarakaumnya (k) sebagai orang yang juror.
If the sentence comprises a passive verb + subject of the passive verb and prepositional it is translated into Indonesian according to the following pattern s + p+ k. e.g. ‫خلق‬ ‫عن‬ ‫سئلت‬ ‫وقد‬ ‫ص‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫رسول‬ . ‫م‬ Dia (s) ditanya (p) tentang a khlakNabi SAW (k).
The preceding translation shows that in translating sentences with a passive voice and a subject of the passive, then the translation will be according to one pattern s + p whether what follows is an adverb or prepositional.

Transposition in Translating Verbal Sentences from Arabic into Indonesian
After data analysis, the researcher found out that patterns of some verbal sentences were subject to transposition after being translated into Indonesian, while others were not. There are seven patterns of verbal sentences whose verbs are past tense passive which underwent transposition when translated into Indonesian. They are as follows: -‫توكلنا‬ ‫إليه‬ Hanyakepadanaya (k) kami (s) berserahdiri (p).
The preceding examples show that subject in Indonesian always precedes the verb, contrary to Arabic. Unlike Arabic, the object (o) has always to be put back and it is possible to move it front or back. As for adjunct, the two languages allow that.
With regard to sentences whose verbs are present tense active, they undergo three transpositions when translating them into Indonesian. The sentence that comprises subject and verb (p + s) was translated into Indonesian on the pattern (s + p), a translation that has transposition. The sentence that comprises verb + subject + object (p + s + o) undergoes transposition because subject in Indonesian always precedes the verb (predicate). In addition, the sentence that comprises verb + object +subject (p +o + s) was translated into Indonesian according to the pattern s + p + o like the following example: ‫العاقلة‬ ‫الزوجة‬ ‫فتجييبه‬ Makaistrinya yang cerdas (s) pun menjawab -nya (p+o).
Transposition is found in this translation. Literal translation before transposition was: Makamenjawabnyaisitri yang cerdas.
This translation is not acceptable because in Indonesian the subject always precedes the verb. The translator here did the transposition by moving "istri" before menjawab and moves the object back in order to make translation acceptable.
Two types of transposition occur when translating verbal sentences with passive voice verb, irrespective of being past or present. The sentence that comprises passive verb + subject of the passive + adverb (p + s+ k) was translated into Indonesian on the pattern (s + p+ k, but the sentence that has verb + subject of the passive was translated into Indonesian according to (s + p+ k) pattern.

Meaning Modification in Translating Verbal Sentences from Arabic into Indonesian
Modification means changing the meaning (Irhamni, 2011). It is changing the meaning of a word to another meaning due to difference of point of view or other semantic issues. After analyzing data, the researcher found out that there are some modifications that occur in the translation of some verbal patterns into Indonesian, while others don't undergo such modifications. There are four types of modification that occur in translating patterns of Arabic verbal sentences into Indonesian which are: (1) meaning change (2) meaning addition, (3) deletion (4) change and addition.
Details are as follows:

Meaning change
Change implies changing the meaning of the word or giving it a metaphorical meaning or changing the meaning to suit the context. e.g ‫هللا‬ ‫رسول‬ ‫مع‬ ‫الطعام‬ ‫ذلك‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫فذهبت‬ -Akudanrasulmendekatimakanantersebut.
This translation has been modified. The literal translation before modification was: Akupergikemakanantersebutbersama Nabi SAW. Such a translation is unacceptable in Indonesian. Thus, the translator changed the meaning of the word "pergi "to "mendekati" to make the translation acceptable.

Meaning addition
This means adding a new word to the translated word or after it to make meaning more appropriate and more rhetorical. e.g ‫الصالة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫خرج‬ ‫الصالة‬ ‫حضرت‬ ‫فإذا‬ -ketika dating waktushalat, beliaubergegasmelaksankannya.
This translation underwent modification. The literal translation before this was: "ketika dating sholat, beliankeluaruntuksholat" Such a translation is non-acceptable in Indonesian. Therefore, the translator modifies the word "prayer to make the translation acceptable".
The following translation "kitaperpuasa di Ramadan" is not enough, we need to add another word to indicate gender which is the word "bulan". the acceptable translation reads: "kitapuasa di bulan Ramadan". This is what happens in the process of modification i.e., while translating from one language to another few additions are made in the final sentence which are not part of the source sentence for clarity. This is an extension of findings of Puronomo (2015). There are two types of modification: (a) compulsory and (b) free. The translator might use nay sort of modification as oer the need and structure of the sentence to convey full meaning and ensure clarity.

CONCLUSION
In the process of translating Arabic texts into Indonesian, several processes such as transposition and modification occur because the nature of the two languages differs. Arabic is derivative, but Indonesian is agglutinative. In addition the moral terminology in the source language needs an exact equivalence in the target language to give the same meaning. Thus, it is the duty of the translator to investigate other aspects relevant to translating Indonesian texts into Arabic which will benefit learners of the two languages. This study advanced the current knowledge by highlighting that several processes such as transposition and modification while translating Arabic texts into Indonesian, because the nature of the two languages is different. Arabic is derivative, but Indonesian is agglutinative. In addition the moral terminology in the source language needs an exact equivalence in the target language to give the same meaning.

LIMITATION AND STUDY FORWARD
This research has some limitations which must not be overlooked and addressed in future. This is a descriptive research and no statistical tool is used for analysing the analysis output and inferences. It would be beneficial if researchers use a stringent statistical tool in future to analyze the sentence patterns and translation patterns. This will give more reliable results and enhance the credibility of these findings. Moreover, the scope of this study was limited to translation patterns between Arabic and Indonesian; other languages must also be considered while studying the translation patterns and transposition and modification to get a holistic view. This research area is open for further exploration and investigation.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This study is an original work carried out by the researchers and no financial or non-financial support is received from any party for formulating this study.

AUTHORS CONTRIBUTION
Kholisin worked on the initial write-up, whereas Maysaa Taha Khammas refined the initial draft and performed the language proofreading on the final draft. Kholisin and Mohammed Azmi Mousavi worked collectively on data collection, analysis and interpretation.