PROBLEMS OF SYNONYMY IN THE MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY OF THE ENGLISH, RUSSIAN AND TATAR LANGUAGES

Purpose of the study: This study is undertaken to identify the similarities and differences of synonymous relations in the medical terminology of English, Russian and Tatar languages. Methodology: To identify the common and special in the compared languages, a comparative method is used. The basis of comparison in the medical terminology of genetically unrelated languages was established. In this study, the method of feature comparison was used, i.e. the phenomenon of synonymy was studied in a comparative aspect. Main Findings: The results of this study contribute to the selection of the correct, appropriate synonym for the term when translating into medical texts. Comparative analysis of three languages in the matter of synonyms in medical terminology has shown that English and Russian languages have more similarities than English and Tatar ones and Russian and Tatar ones. Application of the study: This study is of great importance in compiling dictionaries. At the same time, it will help students of the medicine faculty with the translation of medical texts, taking into account the peculiarities of the synonymy of terms in each language. Novelty: The synonymy in the medical terminology of genetically unrelated languages, in particular, English and Tatar languages, Russian and Tatar languages has not been studied to date in a comparative aspect.


INTRODUCTION
The study of medical terminology is one of the advanced directions in modern science, since the vocabulary of languages, including national ones, is filled up by terminology. New terms appear as a result of new discoveries, scientific achievements in the field of medicine. The problem of the synonymy of terms, i.e. the use of several special lexical units for naming a single concept, through present continues to be one of the most important problems of terminology. There are discussions regarding the phenomenon of synonymy in terminology: some scholars believe that there should not be synonyms in terminology, others allow only absolute synonyms, others believe that the phenomenon of synonymy cannot ignore terminology since the term is not a special word, but a word in a special function and it has the same lexical-semantic phenomena as the common word. There is debate about the stylistic neutrality of the term, which means that there can be no stylistic synonyms in terminology, but despite these requirements, stylistic synonyms still occur in terminology (especially euphemisms that are especially significant in medical ethics, medical slang). Moreover, the synonymy in the medical terminology of genetically unrelated languages, in particular, English and Tatar languages, Russian and Tatar languages has not been studied to date in a comparative aspect.
The study of synonymy in the medical terminology of the English, Russian and Tatar languages will determine the general qualities and specific features of the synonymous relations in these languages, which helps to order the terms in the English, Russian and Tatar languages, compile dictionaries, indicating the entire synonymous series and nature of these synonyms (borrowed term, common variant, obsolete form, eponym, euphemism, slang, etc.) and help students of medical faculties when translating the medical texts taking into account peculiarities of the given languages.
The problem of the synonymy of concepts and ideas naming for special and common vocabulary is not unique. In common vocabulary, it has a positive meaning: synonyms are used to make speech more graphic and are one of the most expressive means of stylistic realization of the text. In this regard, the traditional and for lexicology problem of synonymy was developed not so much in the aspect of determining the degree of equivalence of potential substitutions, as in order to highlight differences and study stylistic functions of roughly equivalent means of expressing concepts.
In common vocabulary, the full equivalence of meaning is practically absent. This means that we have different, although close within the meaning words. There are two main types of synonyms: ideographic (multidisciplinary) synonyms, distinguished by shades of meaning, and stylistic synonyms that have a positive or negative connotation and belong to different style levels.
In the sphere of special vocabulary, the problem of equivalence of the meaning of words acquires a completely different character. On the one hand, scientific speech is intended to convey information, rather than achieve stylistic effects. Stylistic neutrality is considered by most terminologists to be an inherent property, a sign of the term; therefore, there are not stylistic synonyms in the sphere of terminolexics. On the other hand, even an insignificant difference of similar words means that we are talking about two close, but, nevertheless, different concepts and, therefore, different terms. If the terms denote the same concept, then they, as a rule, are absolutely equivalent in meaning. That's why taking into account the different nature of synonymy in the common vocabulary and language of science, it was proposed to use the term doublet for this phenomenon in the terminology, as shown in the following examples, e.g., Eng. oculist -eye doctor, Rus. oculistglaznoy vrach/eye doctor, Tat. oculistküz vraçi/eye doctor. In 1970 variants of terms have appeared in the professional literature. In this case, the concepts of synonym, doublet, variant were considered as equivalent, sometimes variants were considered as a kind of synonyms, and duplicates -as lexical variants. In this regard, a generalizing term terminological equivalents were introduced, however, it is used to denote interlanguage terminological equivalents.
S.V. Grinev-Grinevich, considering all these circumstances, the relationship of total and relative synonymy of terms (for which the term synonymy is used), as well as the equivalence of different terms, suggests the term 'equivalence'.
Equivalent terms are terms with the same or similar meaning, used to name a single concept. In accordance with the basic types of equivalence and current trends in the use of terms, equivalent terms can be divided into terms-synonyms (synonymous terms) -terms of the same language with the same or similar meaning (equivalent terms of the same language), as shown in the following examples, e.g., Eng. nearsightedness -shortsightedness, Rus. opukhol'novoobrazovanie/tumor, Tat. kürä qaraueraqtan kürmәüçelek/shortsightedness, and equivalents -multilingual terms with the same or similar meaning (multilingual equivalent terms), e.g., Eng. hypermetropia -farsightedness, Rus. gipermetropia-dal'nozorkost'/farsightedness, Tat. gipermetropiayaqinnan kürmäü/farsightedness). Leychik (1973:104) also accepts the phenomenon of synonymy in terminology, but, nevertheless, he notes that there can be no stylistic synonyms in terminology since a lexical unit relating to conversational style, colloquial language, jargon, and professional vocabulary cannot be part of the terminological system.
According to the document of the standardization of medical terminology under the headline "Informatization of health. Controlled medical terminology. Structure and high-level indicators" several terms can have the same meaning if they are exact representations of the same concept. This implies the absence of redundancy, ambiguity, uncertainty, and

Synonymy as an undesirable phenomenon in terminology from the point of view of scientists
Some researchers (D.S. Lotte, V.K. Favorin, V.P. Danilenko, E.N.Tolikina, O.S. Akhmanova) consider that synonymy in terminology is undesirable. e.g., Lotte (1941: 9, 10) notes that even total synonyms can be harmful. There is a danger that content either narrower than the other, or broader, or, finally, completely different is gradually embedded in one of these terms. Thus, total synonyms are turned into relative ones with all the vices of multivalent terms. He concedes only two cases of synonymy in terminology: 1. When there is a need to put different characteristics of the same concept in a basis for building different systems of terms or to give different constructions to terms composed of the same lexical elements; 2. The presence of synonyms of terms, one of which is a short form of the other, i.e. contains terms that are part of another term but in a smaller number or abbreviated form. Tolikina (1970: 61, 62) believes that there can only be doublets in terminology. In her opinion, the doublet is an undesirable phenomenon, since it does not give either stylistic nuance or individuality, but simply speaks of the disorder of terms. Akhmanova (1966:13), on the contrary, writes that it is necessary to free the terminology from doublets as soon as possible, since they are not synonyms, but simply name the same object in different ways.

Synonymy is a widespread phenomenon in the medical terminology
Terminological synonymy should not be considered separately from the synonymy of common lexis, because the term is not a special word, but a word in a special function, it should have the same linguistic phenomena like any other word of the commonly used language. This state of affairs does not give grounds to speak about terminological synonymy as a negative and redundant phenomenon or to deny it all together (Taranova, et (Filippova,2018). "Ayaqlardaği qara qan tamirlariniñ (venalarniñ) varikoz kiñäyüe şundiy xronik çhirlärneñ ber tore."/Varicose veins of the lower extremities are one of the varieties of such chronic diseases (Salikhov, 2013). "Monda yöräkneñ citlekle eshlämäve, kardiomiopatia, yağni, yöräk yalqinsinui diagnosi kueldi."/There was diagnosed heart failure, cardiomyopathy, or heart muscle damage (Garifullina, 2018).
The widespread use of synonymy in medical terminology is caused by the following factors: synonymy arises from the search for a more rational designation; the same field develops simultaneously in different countries, and under the condition, scientists communicate and exchanging experience, an exchange of terms occurs; authors in their publications introduce their own terms for newly emerging concepts; the foreign language term is also introduced into the national language as a synonym for an already existing term due to brevity since brevity is another requirement for a term (Motchenko, 2001:159;Schekoldina, 2006:143). Danilenko(1977: 73) writes that synonymy is especially characteristic of the early stages of the formation of the term system when several terms were proposed for the concept and there was no natural or artificial selection of the best term.

Sources of terminological synonymy in English medical terminology
There are the following sources of terminological synonymy in English medical terminology: 12. Equivalent synonyms also include variants. They can be divided in virtue of the sign of completeness (full and short) and the language level at which the form of the terms is varied: the full version is a variant that includes the maximum set of term elements of the term; short version -option obtained by shortening the full term, as shown in the following examples, e.g., antiseptic devices -antiseptics, antibiotic remedies -antibiotics, tuberculous proteintuberculoprotein, etc. 15. Synonymy of terms that occurs inside medicine. When a phenomenon within a field of medicine receives several terminological expressions, intra industry terminological synonymy arises, as shown in the following examples, e.g., surgery -operation, roentgenology -radiology, assimilation -anabolism, etc. (Motchenko, 2001: 157-158).

Sources of terminological synonymy in Russian medical terminology
In Russian medical terminology, the following sources of synonymy are distinguished: 14. Intra-industry synonymy, as shown in the following examples, e.g., reaktsiaproba/reaction-sample, shinalongeta/splint, radiologiarentgenologia/radiology-roentgenology, etc.

Sources of terminological synonymy in Tatar medical terminology
The following sources of synonymy in medical terminology were found out in the Tatar language: © Khisamova et al. As is evident from the foregoing, Russian abbreviations are very often used in the Tatar language, although the term is interpreted in the Tatar language. This is explained by the fact that these abbreviations have national terms in their composition, therefore complete form is translated into Tatar, and the abbreviation itself remains in Russian, so it helps to avoid too long and incomprehensible abbreviations, as shown in the following examples, e.g., SPID/AIDS, ORVI/ARVI, etc. Some Tatar abbreviations are equivalent to Russians, as shown in the following examples, e.g., DNK -dezoxyribonuclein kislotasi/DNA -desoxyribonucleic acid, ADGantidiuretic gormon/ ADH -antidiuretic hormone etc. Here, abbreviations are composed of international terms that coincide in their external form (taking into account the appropriate corresponding sound, graphic units, grammatical features) when translated into Tatar.
13. Synonymy of the borrowed term and its description, consisting of its own words and representing rather the interpretation, rather than the name of the term (a frequent occurrence in the Tatar language), as shown in the following examples, e.g., virusyogişli avirular tudiruçi bik vaq microorganism/virus, koksityanbaş söyäge buini yalqinsinu/coxitis, dermatologytire avirulari belgeçe/dermatologist, etc.
14. Borrowed words that have the same root, but refer to different parts of speech (noun + adjective, which is a clipped form of the borrowed word or consisting of a borrowed part and a word or a word-formational affix of the Tatar language), as shown in the following examples, e.g., psixiatria (xastaxanäse)psixiatrik (xastaxanä)/psychiatric (hospital), microscop (yärdäme belän eshlängän analiz) -microscopic (analiz)/ microscopic (analysis), kontuziya alğan -kontuziyälängän/contused, etc.

METHODOLOGY
The terms for research were taken from Dictionary of English medical terms, Great encyclopedic dictionary of medical terms, Medical Russian-Tatar Explanatory Dictionary, Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language, Dictionary of synonyms of the Tatar language, Illustrated Medical Dictionary of Dorland. Our study is based on comparable interpretations: synonyms in medical terminology are studied in each individual language, and the results are compared, which makes it possible to identify common and distinctive sources of synonymy in the medical terminology of the three languages.

RESULTS
Thus, we have revealed the following similarities and differences in the synonymy of the medical terminology of the English, Russian, and Tatar languages. The similarities are: