THE ROLE OF PARLIAMENT IN CURBING CORRUPTION: AN ILLUSTRATIVE APPROACH REGARDING PESHAWAR, PAKISTAN

Purpose of the study: This study aimed to explore the association between the role of parliament and perception of the National Accountability Bureau (NAB) paradigm for curbing corruption in Peshawar. Methodology: A stratified random sampling technique was used to gather information from 320 sample respondents through an interview schedule. The gamma and chi-square test was applied to determine the association between dependent and independent variables. Main Findings: Parliament’s role was termed as of paramount importance in curbing corruption. There was a significant association between the vital function of parliament in curbing corruption (P=0.000), introduce new anti-corruption laws (P=0.016), parliament assure the accountability of executives (P=0.003), parliament should work with other institution (P=0.034), Public Account Committee’s role is admirable in parliament (P=0.815), non-accountability of powerful (P=0.022), parliament should introduce a strict law (P=0.017) and perception of the NAB paradigm for reducing corruption. Applications of this study: The results of this research work can be applied to all watchdogs’ institutions for its policymaking. The originality of this study: The study is unique because the information was aggregated directly from the people in the research area.


INTRODUCTION
Corruption is the encroachment of rule by the lawmakers, government workers, and civil servants, for private advantages, regardless of whether for accumulating riches or for some other political benefits (Nye, 1967; World Bank, 1997). Nye's definition has filled in as an operational definition for various resulting examines (Agbiboa, 2012). Any public office, which bargains in getting cash for its public interests for which he is paid by the state comes into the space of corruption. Sadiq &Abdullahi (2013) demonstrates corruption as willful encroachment for personal profitable finishes, of systems legitimately, morally, and proficiently either in the private or in the open sector. World Bank and the Transparency International (TI), corruption means unlawful advantages inferred by a public office holder or any outsider noteworthy of holding a public office (Atelhe & Agada, 2014).
Corruption is named to be as old as human civilization (Rothstein & Varraich, 2017). Corruption is an illness which is existed in the developed countries alongside non-industrial countries also. It is viewed as with exceptional portrayal of shortening the financial productivity of a state. Mauro (1995) communicated that private investment diminishes due to corruption which decreased economic growth. A large portion of the written works affirms that corruption reduces financial development (Talent & Keefer, 1995; Hung Mo, 2001; Pellegrini & Gerlagh, 2004;Guillaumeméon & Sekkat, 2005). Consistently around one trillion, US$ is given in pay-off cases every year on the world as indicated by Global appraisals (World Bank, 2004). Without a doubt, corruption stays a colossal hindrance in accomplishing monetary, social, social, and political fundamental liberties (Viljoen, 2012;Hemsley, 2015;Peters, 2016).
Because of the association and unification of human rights, corruption abuses all rights, be social, monetary, political, cultural, and development rights (Murray & Spalding, 2015;Hemsley, 2015). This because corruption mutilates financial motivations to contribute, sabotages public foundations, rearranges riches and influence to the undeserving, advances resource stripping and the illicit fare of assets, and creates doubt inside the society (Everett et al., 2007;Klitgaard, 2006;Rothstein & Varraich, 2017). The World Economic Forum estimates that the expense of corruption is US$ 2.6 trillion, which rises to over 5% of worldwide Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and that bribery builds the cost of working together by up to 10% (Thomson, 2017). The yearly payment of pay off alone is assessed to around 2% of worldwide GDP (IMF, 2016).
Even though corruption is a worldwide issue notwithstanding, its implications with helpless nations are extreme (Olken & Pande, 2012). The more significant part of the countries set up anti-corruption organizations to check corrupt practices (Meagher, 2005), where Singapore's anti-corruption office and Hong Kong's anti-corruption office are best (Quah, 1989, The absence of transparency and accountability additionally assumes a significant part in the spread of corruption. It is regularly said that, where transparency and accountability are missing, crime is legitimate and the other way around. Hence, the shortfall of responsibility and straightforwardness is one of the principal purposes behind the rise and propagation of crime. Corruption arises because of feeble oversight job and failure to rehearse it, and not sticking to the law just as non-enactment of the forces of the administrative bodies over crafted by the organ and considering the guilty party responsible. Different reasons incorporate the feeble managerial obligation, or responsibility for the demonstrations depended on them and the extreme insufficiencies in the utilization of present-day innovative techniques in control frameworks (Yeoh, 2019). Nevertheless, the new similar proof based on cross-sectional analyses specifies an in the reverse connection between corruption and investment, which adversely affects the economy. It very well may be said that the latest investigations have exhibited an opposite relationship between crime and financial development (Qian et al., 2018).
Parliament is the prominent symbol of solidarity regarding social attachment and coordination. Parliament is an establishment declaring the majority support through these chosen agents. This organization is fundamentally destroyed by defining laws and guidelines for containing, coordinating, and foreseeing human conduct. A cross-sectional/cross nations research endeavours led by Djankov et al., (2010) and implied rules relating to admittance to data applicable to parliament individuals with the step taken for nature of government defilement. The fundamental derivation was public exposure and not the data about parliament regarding low corruption and the nature of administration. It was additionally unveiled that the endeavours relationship with lawmaker's resources, income, liabilities on their part, and encounters were found firmly connected with good governance. Moreover, on a miniature level, Banerjee et al., (2011) made public the connection between political execution and nature of capability may better impact the appointive responsibility with delicate qualities within the institutional edge over the low taught populace portion through arbitrary example methodology in Delhi, (India).
A few nations have been found an absence of responsibility towards completing reforms. Reports over Mozambique revealed that even though, advancement is seen in proclamations of purposes notwithstanding, still, corruption is an issue of immediate consideration (Batley et al., 2006). Similarly, the Burkina Faso report revealed some earnest consideration of the givers to consent to government endeavours of battling against corruption (Lanser et al., 2006). On the spending plan concerning responsibility, the different reports unveiled such occasions have negligible effects. The Nicaragua study revealed the evidence of high comprehensive commitment over transparent execution dependent on transparency in the evaluation of the framework through authentic budget support (Gosparini et al., 2006).
Parliament strength according to controlling corruption was discovered delicate in the political field with an obvious explanation of specific components impacting the donor's presentation (Batley et al., 2006). Uganda's concentrate comparably implied the profundity and speed alongside the course of progress to zero in on technocratic revisions through discussions relating to responsibility interaction may expand. The administration yet homegrown agreement; however, individuals from the parliament of the everyday society may redirect the partners with deluding data in regards to the state (Lister et al., 2006).

Objectives of the study
1. To measure the perception of respondents in NAB struggling to curb corruption.

To assess the association of institutional dysfunctional with perception on NAB fights of limitation corruption
concerning rural uplift.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The present study was carried out in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, through a cross-section design (Ullah & Muhammad, 2020), with the primary purpose to explore the role of parliament in curbing corruption. A stratified random sampling procedure of probability sampling was carried out. The total population size was determined as 1872 persons, representing the judiciary, the NAB staff, and local bodies. A sample size of 320 has been chosen as per Sekaran (2016) criteria. The regional body's leaders, officials from the watchdog institutions (NAB, Anti-corruption, FIA) and judiciary were the potential population of the present research study. See table 1 for detail.

Conceptual framework
The conceptual framework including background variables, dependent variable, and independent variable as given in table 2 below;   (1982), who of the view that with framing the legislation, a laborious check is also kept these laws more productive.
The data further disclosed that (65.3 %) and (65.6 %) of respondents expressed their views and said that corruption is breeding due to the non-accountability of the powerful and for rural uplift parliament must frame laws. Similarly, (55.6 %) and (46.9 %) of respondents assumed that to eradicate corruption, parliament should collaborate with other institutions, and in parliament, Public Account Committee is not marvellous to curb corruption, respectively. These outcomes suggested that people exposed the contribution of parliament, albeit Public Account Committees' role is not admirable. These findings were in contradicted the conclusions of McGee, (2002), who appreciated the role of Public Accounts Committees (PACs) in limiting corrupt practices as its function is vibrant in checking the state's affairs about the use of public accounts.

Bivariate Analysis
Association between role parliament and perception on NAB paradigm to curb corruption Table 4 shows a positive (γ= 0.206) but significant (p< 0.05) association between the critical role of parliament in the fight against corruption by framing laws and perception of the NAB paradigm for curbing corruption. These inferences were similar to the findings of The World Bank Institution (WBI) which said that for good governance and elimination of crime, the parliament's role should be consolidated in manipulating laws and paradigms. The relationship between perception of the NAB paradigm for curbing corruption and the introduction of new anti-corruption rules by parliament was found significant (p<0.05) and positive (γ= 0.035). These findings were in line with African Governance Report (2005), which stated parliament's role to check the country's policies by debating issues in a country is admirable; however, due to the low level of capability of the parliamentarian, it becomes unproductive in terms of deliverance.
Moreover, the relationship between perception of the NAB paradigm for curbing corruption and parliament's responsibility to ensure accountability of executive and administration by administrative check was originated positive (γ= 0.147 and significant (p<0.05). These outcomes were in line with the findings of Fish (2005), who viewed that the role of the legislature in framing laws and regulations is viable in curbing corrupt practices in the rank and files of the society. To cross-check the politicians' role, parliament formulating methodologies exclusively implemented through administration (Linz, 1990;Bailey & Valenzuela, 1997).
Nevertheless, a non-significant but positive (γ= 0.032) relationship has revelled between the admirable role of the Public Account Committee in parliament and the perception of the NAB paradigm for curbing corruption. These findings disclosed that the part of Public Account Committees is to curb corruption; however, they are yield less in term of positive effects. These findings were in line with McGee (2002) who also acknowledged the role of Public Account Committees with the tasks mentioned above in parliament. Likewise, a relationship (γ= 0.039) and (p<0.05) between parliament collaboration with other institutions to curb corruption and perception of the NAB paradigm for reducing corruption was discovered. These findings indicated that strong the liaison between the above described, high would be in the outcomes and transparency. According to Amundsen (1999), the role of parliament indispensable in defining power. Moreover, the mutual part of government and opposition would yield positively. In addition, a significant (p<0.05) but, positive (γ=0.079) relationship revealed between non-accountability of powerful as a cause of corruption and perception on NAB paradigm for curbing corruption. In a society, everyone is subjected to the process of accountability, but if influential people are not brought to the ambit accountability, then there would be no transparency. According to Fish(2005), to accelerate responsibility, powerful legislatures must be available otherwise; it breeds corruption.
Similarly, the relationship between parliament introduces laws about rural uplift and perception of the NAB paradigm for curbing corruption was positive (γ=0.158) and significant (p<0.05). As divulged from these inferences legislative body's role is prominent. For social reformation, there should introduce new laws. The eradication of corruption from society is not easy, as coined by Sen (1999). The role of parliament to regulate human behavior; there should be realistic modes of operations. Such initiatives are necessary if we want to put the system on transparent paths (Packenham, 1970).

Association between the role of parliament and perception on NAB paradigm for curbing corruption controlling literacy
The association between the role of parliament and perception on NAB paradigm for curbing corruption was founded positive (γ= 0.130) but non-significant (p 0.05) for the illiterate and positive (γ= 0.154) and significant (p<0.05) for the literate side as given in table 5. A spurious relationship for the illiterate category was existed between these variables while non-spurious for the literate class due to the identical nature of gamma value at the bivariate level.
The aforementioned findings amply directed towards the gravity of situations of the literate. Moreover, these people had the information of Islamic interpretation, government efforts, and legislations about corruption in a social system. Parliament plays an anchor role in fighting against corruption in society. It is said that parliament has the primary expression of the people's will to curb crime. Also, a negative (γ= -0.079) and a non-significant link were explored between the role of parliament and perception of the NAB paradigm for curbing corruption in the low-income group ( Table 6). In contrast, in the medium-income group, a positive (γ= 0.246) but non-significant relationship between these variables was found and, in the high-income category the relationship was positive (γ= 0.316) and significant (p<0.05) as well. There is a spurious relationship for low and medium levels while non-spurious for the high-income group. From these results, it is disclosed that medium and high-income groups had faith in curbing corruption, but parliament's role was ineffective. Moreover, according to the high-income group, parliament plays a vibrant role in fighting against corruption. These inferences had similarity to the conclusions of Stapenhurst et al., (2006) that parliament can play an anchor role if it is constitutionally empowering to formulate laws relating to curbing corrupt practices.

CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION
The study concluded that parliament's role in framing and implementing laws to eliminate corruption from society was widely acknowledged. These inferences strongly endorsed the revision of laws to address loopholes, if any, administrative actions to enforce these laws, the establishment of Public Account Committee to assess cases regularly while focusing on explaining and exploring new manifestations of corrupt practices conspicuously related to rural uplift.
The study further examined that literates had a sound belief and acknowledgment regarding the role of parliament in eradicating corruption from society. Moreover, the low-income group did show an inclination towards a dynamic part of parliament to curb and wipe out corruption from the societal orders to be put on the path of smooth deliverance. Awareness of the people with maximum participation in makes elective to parliament on poise personality traits was extended as recommendations in light of the study.

LIMITATION AND STUDY FORWARD
The present study was limited to Peshawar district, primarily rural areas, and cannot be generalizing to a large extent. Further, the future research must be conducted in all the watchdogs; institutions at the country level.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The study at hand performed only on an academic basis and has not received any financial support. We, all the coauthors, verify that the current research study is genuine work.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTION
Bashir Muhammad is the principal author of this research work who conceived and developed this paper.
Mussawar Shah is the major supervisor and mentors the whole research process.
Asad Ullah carried out the statistical analysis.
Naushad Khan thoroughly readout the paper and removed grammatical mistakes.