RESISTANCE TRAINING EXERCISE EFFECTS ON MUSCULAR STRENGTH, ENDURANCE, AND FATS OF LOWER LIMBS IN ADULTS; IT'S FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS

Purpose: Primary aim of the research study was to develop awareness among the participants about the benefits of exercise and its financial benefits. Methodology: Adults had to perform exercises on Unstable Surfaces (US), Stable Surface (SS) and Machine Based (MB). The protocol of exercises was divided into three categories with 30 participants in each group i.e., Machine Based Surface Resistance Training (M-SRT), Machine Based Unstable Surface Resistance Training (M-URT), and Free Weight Unstable Surfaces Resistance Training (F-URT). Equipment used for tests was imported. Cost of financial expenditure and effects of resistance training exercise protocol on the male adults’ lower limbs muscular power, body fats, and strength were compared. Leg extension strength, leg press, muscle fuel, and body fats were checked on the baseline and after a seven-week resistance training program in the adults and budget, effects took away from the parents. Main Findings: The subjects’ results in maximal resistance training of squad movement were significantly higher in MSRT and M-URT as compared to F-URT. The average seven-week regular resistance training exercise protocol program in adults with proper supervision will minimize the risk of injury and develop the strength and endurance in the lower limbs of adults up to maximal and that the composition of the body fats was observed lesser. There are training and exercise centres in Dera Ismail Khan city and adults can easily manage to become members of those clubs with nominal registration fees. Fitness and wellbeing are directly associated with the financial benefits of exercise and training. It was observed that the student adults can easily manage the resistance training program for their fitness by curtailing their pocket money. The implication of the Study: The findings of the research study have vital impacts on the daily life routine life of adults. Adults can easily manage to spare some time from leisure and money to keep themselves fit and healthy. The nation needs healthy adults to serve the best and build a nation. The results of analyzed data will help the parents and teachers to motivate their children to participate in the activities of fitness centres and acquaint the adults with financial behaviour change theory. Proper counselling of the experts will be fruitful in light of the recommendations of the study. Novelty: For the first time such a study is going to be conducted in the field of sports and finance. This is primary research in the homeland to highlight the behavioural economics capitalization in sports and training. The financial impacts of training and exercise on the fitness of youth have been studied in length. Future researchers would be benefited from the results of the study and they will be able to include the purchase of basic equipment for exercise and training in the institute budget.


INTRODUCTION
In the human body legs are pillars of the body and one must concentrate on their proper strength and training. This must be set as a priority goal is to keep the lower extremity fit and ample power. Resistance training programs and exercises improve the muscular force production capacity in adults. A Regularly scheduled training program of exercise protocol is essential for the rapid reaction for controlling body posture. It also improves the static and dynamic balance in adults. Exercises may be aerobic, muscular strength, balancing, walking, and jogging (Lopes CR Aoki MS Crisp AH, 2017). Resistance training (RT) for adults with a low, moderate, and higher level of loads have positive effects on the power and strength of lower limbs as well as muscular hypertrophy. In a supervised resistance training program for lower extremities, the products of higher and moderate levels of loads were superior as compared to the lower loads training program. It was also analyzed that in untrained adults more muscular hypertrophy was exhibited (Schoenfeld BJ, 2016). In another research study, it was found that strength and resistance training of adults is key to flexibility, mobility, athletic ability, enhanced performance, and minimizing risks of injuries. Strength and resistance training programs need not much more formalities and they can be improved in anybody. The modern age technology and pace of life have evolved tremendously but unfortunately, the human body has been the same since its creation. We need not fancy and fantasies with advanced equipment but need just sparing time for exercise and training to correct body weight. It will enable us to remain fit, flexible, and have proper control over muscular movements (Jenkins NDM Miramonti AA Hill EC, 2017). The results of research where discussing muscular strength and muscular endurance have elaborated that muscular strength-related exercises in adults improve the ability to move accurately and lift objects properly. The training program enhances the time to resist the external stimulus and lift/sustain more weight for more time. The program of exercises may include; lifting/holding heavier weights for fewer repetitions, cycling, climbing hills and running, etc. (Lesinski M, 2015). There are vital benefits of financial incentives on athletes' involvement in sports and its training programs (Haff N, 2015). The results of this particular study have also shown that regular resistance training program for adults makes the muscles more rigid than normal. The participants enjoy the benefits of a strong body with lean muscle mass. The bones density is increased with the improvement in the range of motions. Resistance training programs improve the brain health of adults and cognitive functions. The energy level of the resistance training program participants is enhanced and body weight is reasonably reduced. Seven-week controlled resistance training program for the strength of lower extremities in adults when properly supervised has a significant effect on the strength, power, and obesity control (B. Horsak, 2015). Finance is no problem if the participant is fit and free of worries, these were results findings of research conducted in the USA in various offices on employees (Capps KH, 2008). Individual and team sports events extend a lot of financial assistance to the participants The main theme of the study is to provide guidelines for the selection of resistance training loads for the development of muscular strength and endurance of the lower limbs and controlling weight in adults.

Objectives of the Study
1. To find out the impact of resistance training on the lower limbs of adults.
2. To check the endurance level of adults after resistance training in adults.
3. To evaluate the financial impact of training on the participants budgeting.

Hypotheses
Ho 1: There is no sign of resistance training in adults.

Ho 2:
There is no significant effect of resistance training on the endurance level of adults.

Ho 3:
There is no significant impact of resistance training on the budget of the participants.

RESEARCH METHOD
The researcher got proper approval from the research ethnic committee of the Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Subjects were 90 male adult students from Government Degree Colleges of Dera Ismail Khan City, with the age group of 15-19 years. All the adults were healthy and willing to participate in the resistance training program. The resistance training program span was seven-week. The training schedule was divided into three categories low, moderate, and high loads for a participant. For the low load category the repetition maximum was >15, for moderate it was 9-15 RM, and for high loads, it was <8 Repetition Maximum. The adults were also split down into three groups i.e., first Machine Based Resistance Training group (M-SRT), the second Machine Based Unstable Surface Resistance Training (M-URT), and the third Free Weight Unstable Surface Resistance Training (F-URT). All participants of three groups had to participate in the scheduled supervised training program two times per week with a session of one hour. The protocol of exercises included High-Intensity Interval Training, Isokinetic Strengthening, Leg Extension Strength, Chair Rise Test, and Functional Reach Test. The training program span was seven-week for all three groups, training was conducted under the strict supervision of experts in the field. For all the adults in each attempt, the subjects were required to perform as many continuous repetitions as possible and thus trial was terminated when the subject was unable to maintain a symmetrical controlled steady rhythm. The completed repetitions were counted out after each repetition by one of two attendants assisting the subjects. Testing was terminated for those subjects who could not reach at '6' repetitions in one trial. To move onto the next higher load setting subjects needed to perform most elevated in the cadre repetitions at least in three trials in the previous load. The data were regularly collected and tabulated.

Participants
Subjects were 90 male adult students from Government Degree Colleges of Dera Ismail Khan City, with the age group of 15-19 years. All the adults were healthy and willing to participate in the resistance training program.

Instrument
The resistance training program span was seven-week. The training schedule was divided into three categories low, moderate, and high loads for the participants. For the low load category the repetition maximum was >15, for moderate it was 9-15 RM, and for high loads, it was <8 Repetition Maximum. Adults were also split down into three groups i.e.,

Reliability
The reliability of the tests applied was checked and it was well within the limits. Results of the above table show that the strength of the knee extensor was improved up to 34.75% in the adults, leg press to 10%, and power to 16.489% in the adults who participated in the resistance training program. It has also been found out that 0.691% of fats were burnt from the participants' bodies due to resistance training. In the above table, the results of Machine Based Unstable Resistance Training exercise protocol effects on the male adult's lower extremities have been shown. It is clear from the figures that knee extension was improved to 84.375%, leg press 36.363%, and power 25.797%. The results also depict that 24.789% lower lipid level was seen after the resistance training program in adults.

Comparison of Knee Extensor 1-RM (Kg). Comparison of Leg Press (Kg).
The above figure 1 shows the results of the sample tested for Knee Extensor strength and Leg Press after the seven-week resistance training program. The change in knee extension of the M-URT group led in percentage is greater than the remaining groups. In figure 2 it is also prominent that Leg Press results from percentage was higher in the same group as compared to other groups. In an earlier study such like comparison was made, matching the results of our study (Rucker G, 2017).

DISCUSSION
Results of the exercise protocol of the resistance training program of seven-week for the three groups were statically analyzed and it has been shown in the below tables. The lower extremities resistance training exercise protocol program on even and uneven surfaces undoubtedly improved the strength, leg press, and power of the limbs of participants, which were at par with the results of Cholewa JM Rossi (2018). Schoenfeld BJ (2017) results are at par with the findings of the study that fats were also reasonably burnt, participants felt more fit, energetic, and lighter after the seven-week regular resistance training program. In 2019, a research study was carried out by Sterne JAC Savovic and indicated the results favouring a comparison of the above three table findings. Where it has been elaborated that Free Weight Unstable Surface Resistance Training (F-URT) program results were significantly lower as compared to Machine Based Unstable Surface Resistance Training Program (M-URT) and Machine Based Surface Resistance Training Program (M-SRT)

CONCLUSION
Results of the research have shown that both objectives have been achieved. Resistance training has a lot of positive effects on the fitness level of participants. No financial impact of resistance training and exercise programs was observed. All the participants of the research study would be best motivators for the others who ignore their fitness and well-being due to speculated financial impact.