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ANALYSIS OF APOLOGIES SPEECH ACT IN JAPANESE AND ENGLISH: CONTRASTIVE PRAGMATICS
Corresponding Author(s) : Diana Kartika
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 7 No. 5 (2019): September
Abstract
Purpose: In everyday life, humans when interacting with others often misunderstands and make apologies. Apologies in Japanese and English have different ways of delivering. Like the expression of apology "sumimasen" in Japanese and "Sorry" in English. This study uses a corpus-based approach to check the variation of apology strategies used in Japanese and English and then analyzed. This study aims to analyze and compare apologies in Japanese and English also study their contextual use.
Methodology: The method used in this study is a qualitative method with content analysis techniques consisting of the form of Japanese and English language apologies. Sources of research data are qualitative data sources from examples of Japanese and Bahasa sentences.
Main Findings: it can be concluded that the expression of apology in Japanese and English is very diverse. Judging from the origin he said some phrases of apology in Japanese are more likely to be a misconception or misconduct (sumimasen, gomennasai, shitsureishimashita, mooshiwakearimasen, warui). Apologies in Japanese may vary depending on how severe the mistakes have been made and how well a person relates to the person who is the object of the error.
Implications/Applications: The findings of this research can help individuals in communication and social interactions. Also, it provides an overview of apology in different settings and social situations.
Keywords
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- Abdullah, N. H., Laily Ramli, N. H., & Rafek, M. (2017). Mass lecture in language learning: What do the boys and girls think? Journal of Advances in Humanities and Social Sciences, 3(2), 115-123. https://doi.org/10.20474/jahss-3.2.5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20474/jahss-3.2.5
- Austin, J. (1962). How to do things with words. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
- Bach, K., & Harnish. R. M. (1979). Linguistic communication and speech act. London: The MIT Press.
- Blum-Kulka, S., House, J., & Kasper, G. (1989). Cross-cultural pragmatics: Requests and apologies. Norwood, OH: Ablex Publishing Corporation.
- Boonyarattanasoontorn, P. (2017). An investigation of Thai students’ English language writing difficulties and their use of writing strategies. Journal of Advanced Research in Social Sciences and Humanities, 2(2), 111-118. https://doi.org/10.26500/JARSSH-02-2017-0205 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26500/JARSSH-02-2017-0205
- Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: some universals in language usage. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511813085 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511813085
- Ely, R., & Gleason, J. (2006). I’m sorry I said that: apologies in young children’s discourse. Journal of Child Language, 599-620. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305000906007446 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305000906007446
- Fraser, B. (1981). On apologizing. In F. Coulmas (Ed.), Conversational routines. The Hague: Mouton. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110809145.259 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110809145.259
- Gakken「å¦ç ”, (1996). Gurando Ji Suupaa. Tokyo, Japan: Gakken.
- Gooder, H., & Jacobs, J. M. (2000). 'On the border of the unsayable': The apology in postcolonizing Australia. Interventions, 2(2), 229-247. https://doi.org/10.1080/136980100427333 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/136980100427333
- Hilao, M. P. (2016). Creative teaching as perceived by English language teachers in private universities. Journal of Advances in Humanities and Social Sciences, 2(5), 278-286. https://doi.org/10.20474/jahss-2.5.4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20474/jahss-2.5.4
- Holmes, J. (1989). Sex differences and apologies: One aspect of communicative competence. Applied Linguistics, 194-213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/applin/10.2.194 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/10.2.194
- Laksita, W. (2010). Pemakaian Ungkapan Maaf Sumimasen Bahasa Jepang dalam Beberapa Situasi Tutur (Unpublished thesis). Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
- Madina, T., Sholpan, Z., Zhanar, K., Bekzhan, A., & Kuandy, K. (2017). Implementation of the official language policy and the linguistic reality in Astana, Kazakhstan. International Journal of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, 3(6), 264-274. https://doi.org/10.20469/ijhss.3.20003-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20469/ijhss.3.20003-6
- McGeary, J. (2001). Safe landing: Spy plane finale. Time, 38-41.
- Nelson, A. N., & Bangun, A. (1994). Kamus Kanji Modern Jepang-Indonesia. Jakarta, Indonesia: Kesaint Blanc.
- Niamhom, W., Srisuantang, S., & Tanpichai, P. (2018). Satisfaction study towards classroom language training courses of English teachers in primary educational service area office, Nakhon Pathom province, Thailand. Journal of Advanced Research in Social Sciences and Humanities, 3(2), 46-51. https://doi.org/10.26500/JARSSH-03-2018-0201 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26500/JARSSH-03-2018-0201
- Olshtain, E. (1989). Cross-cultural pragmatics: Requests and apologies. In J. House & G. Kasper (Eds.), Apologies across Languages (pp. 155-173). Norwood, OH: Ablex Publishing Corporation.
- Olshtain, E., & Cohen, A. (1983). Apology: A speech act set. In N. Wolfson, & E. Judd (Eds.), Sociolinguistics and language acquisition (pp. 18-36). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
- Prachanant, N. (2016). A cross-cultural study of apology speech act realisations. Pertanika: Journal of Social Science & Humanities, 24, 43-58. https://doi.org/10.18178/IJLLL.2016.2.3.85 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18178/IJLLL.2016.2.3.85
- Pradhan, S. (2016). English language teaching: A next gate to social awareness. International Journal of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, 2(4), 156-158. https://doi.org/10.20469/ijhss.2.20005-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20469/ijhss.2.20005-4
- Revita, I. (2005). Tindak Tutur Permintaan dalam Bahasa Minangkabau’ (Unpublished Thesis). Yogyakarta, Indonesia: Universitas Gadjahmada.
- Saifudin, A. (2009). Variasi kesantunan penggunaan ungkapan permohonan maaf dalam bahasa jepang. LITE: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Budaya, 5(1), 45-57.
- Setyanto, A. (n.d.). Ungkapan Permintaan Maaf dalam Bahasa Jepang Ditinjau Dari Asal Katanya. Sastra Jepang, Univesitas Brawijaya, Malang. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2XHzJ05
- Taher, M. A., Shrestha, P. N., Rahman, M. M., & Khalid, A. K. M. I. (2016). Curriculum Linked Video (CLV) as a tool for English Language Teaching (ELT) at secondary school classrooms in Bangladesh. International Journal of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, 2(4), 126-132. https://doi.org/10.20469/ijhss.2.20002-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20469/ijhss.2.20002-4
- Wu, A. A. (2017). A study on learning achievement of integrated songs of Chinese history dynasties into Chinese language teaching at third grade in junior college. International Journal of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, 3(5), 192-196. https://doi.org/10.20469/ijhss.3.20001-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20469/ijhss.3.20001-5
References
Abdullah, N. H., Laily Ramli, N. H., & Rafek, M. (2017). Mass lecture in language learning: What do the boys and girls think? Journal of Advances in Humanities and Social Sciences, 3(2), 115-123. https://doi.org/10.20474/jahss-3.2.5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20474/jahss-3.2.5
Austin, J. (1962). How to do things with words. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
Bach, K., & Harnish. R. M. (1979). Linguistic communication and speech act. London: The MIT Press.
Blum-Kulka, S., House, J., & Kasper, G. (1989). Cross-cultural pragmatics: Requests and apologies. Norwood, OH: Ablex Publishing Corporation.
Boonyarattanasoontorn, P. (2017). An investigation of Thai students’ English language writing difficulties and their use of writing strategies. Journal of Advanced Research in Social Sciences and Humanities, 2(2), 111-118. https://doi.org/10.26500/JARSSH-02-2017-0205 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26500/JARSSH-02-2017-0205
Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: some universals in language usage. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511813085 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511813085
Ely, R., & Gleason, J. (2006). I’m sorry I said that: apologies in young children’s discourse. Journal of Child Language, 599-620. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305000906007446 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305000906007446
Fraser, B. (1981). On apologizing. In F. Coulmas (Ed.), Conversational routines. The Hague: Mouton. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110809145.259 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110809145.259
Gakken「å¦ç ”, (1996). Gurando Ji Suupaa. Tokyo, Japan: Gakken.
Gooder, H., & Jacobs, J. M. (2000). 'On the border of the unsayable': The apology in postcolonizing Australia. Interventions, 2(2), 229-247. https://doi.org/10.1080/136980100427333 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/136980100427333
Hilao, M. P. (2016). Creative teaching as perceived by English language teachers in private universities. Journal of Advances in Humanities and Social Sciences, 2(5), 278-286. https://doi.org/10.20474/jahss-2.5.4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20474/jahss-2.5.4
Holmes, J. (1989). Sex differences and apologies: One aspect of communicative competence. Applied Linguistics, 194-213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/applin/10.2.194 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/10.2.194
Laksita, W. (2010). Pemakaian Ungkapan Maaf Sumimasen Bahasa Jepang dalam Beberapa Situasi Tutur (Unpublished thesis). Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Madina, T., Sholpan, Z., Zhanar, K., Bekzhan, A., & Kuandy, K. (2017). Implementation of the official language policy and the linguistic reality in Astana, Kazakhstan. International Journal of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, 3(6), 264-274. https://doi.org/10.20469/ijhss.3.20003-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20469/ijhss.3.20003-6
McGeary, J. (2001). Safe landing: Spy plane finale. Time, 38-41.
Nelson, A. N., & Bangun, A. (1994). Kamus Kanji Modern Jepang-Indonesia. Jakarta, Indonesia: Kesaint Blanc.
Niamhom, W., Srisuantang, S., & Tanpichai, P. (2018). Satisfaction study towards classroom language training courses of English teachers in primary educational service area office, Nakhon Pathom province, Thailand. Journal of Advanced Research in Social Sciences and Humanities, 3(2), 46-51. https://doi.org/10.26500/JARSSH-03-2018-0201 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26500/JARSSH-03-2018-0201
Olshtain, E. (1989). Cross-cultural pragmatics: Requests and apologies. In J. House & G. Kasper (Eds.), Apologies across Languages (pp. 155-173). Norwood, OH: Ablex Publishing Corporation.
Olshtain, E., & Cohen, A. (1983). Apology: A speech act set. In N. Wolfson, & E. Judd (Eds.), Sociolinguistics and language acquisition (pp. 18-36). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
Prachanant, N. (2016). A cross-cultural study of apology speech act realisations. Pertanika: Journal of Social Science & Humanities, 24, 43-58. https://doi.org/10.18178/IJLLL.2016.2.3.85 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18178/IJLLL.2016.2.3.85
Pradhan, S. (2016). English language teaching: A next gate to social awareness. International Journal of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, 2(4), 156-158. https://doi.org/10.20469/ijhss.2.20005-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20469/ijhss.2.20005-4
Revita, I. (2005). Tindak Tutur Permintaan dalam Bahasa Minangkabau’ (Unpublished Thesis). Yogyakarta, Indonesia: Universitas Gadjahmada.
Saifudin, A. (2009). Variasi kesantunan penggunaan ungkapan permohonan maaf dalam bahasa jepang. LITE: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Budaya, 5(1), 45-57.
Setyanto, A. (n.d.). Ungkapan Permintaan Maaf dalam Bahasa Jepang Ditinjau Dari Asal Katanya. Sastra Jepang, Univesitas Brawijaya, Malang. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2XHzJ05
Taher, M. A., Shrestha, P. N., Rahman, M. M., & Khalid, A. K. M. I. (2016). Curriculum Linked Video (CLV) as a tool for English Language Teaching (ELT) at secondary school classrooms in Bangladesh. International Journal of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, 2(4), 126-132. https://doi.org/10.20469/ijhss.2.20002-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20469/ijhss.2.20002-4
Wu, A. A. (2017). A study on learning achievement of integrated songs of Chinese history dynasties into Chinese language teaching at third grade in junior college. International Journal of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, 3(5), 192-196. https://doi.org/10.20469/ijhss.3.20001-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20469/ijhss.3.20001-5