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THE INFLUENCE OF MANAGEMENT STYLE AND EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON THE FORMATION OF EMPLOYEES’ COMMITMENT AND LOYALTY
Corresponding Author(s) : Andrii Trofimov
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 7 No. 5 (2019): September
Abstract
on the formation of commitment and loyalty among the staff, and compare different styles of personnel management and determine the most effective.
Methodology:The methodological basis of the study was formed by the following principles: the principle of internal and external determination unity, the principle of consciousness and activity unity, the principle of systemic nature, the principle of objectivity, the principle of qualitative and quantitative approach in the process of data analysis, the principle of validity. Statistical processing of data included analysis of the significance of differences using the analysis of variance, the determination of correlation relationships between certain indicators. The correlation was performed with Pearson and Spearman coefficients. Statistical processing was carried out with the software package of SPSS 16.0.
Main Findings: The staff is a valuable resource for the organization. And for a long time already it is known, that effective work of employees raises competitiveness and profitableness of the organization. Therefore, the management of personnel, as well as the formation of commitment and loyalty is becoming a top priority. In the course of our study, we studied the factors that affect the formation of commitment and loyalty of employees. We determined that under the current conditions of doing business in Ukraine, the level of loyalty and corporate culture depends on the management style and other factors that affect their level: 1) If the manager is oriented toward production goals, without taking into account the "personal factor", the level of organizational loyalty of subordinate employees is reduced. The highest level of development of communications between workers in the company raises the level of their loyalty. 2) Democratic leadership style increases the level of loyalty, corporate culture, and job satisfaction, and the authoritarian style of leadership leads to their reduction. 3) The presence of diverse tasks that meet the characteristics of workers and positive relationships with colleagues increase the level of loyalty and employee satisfaction. 4) The severity of such tendencies as "trustfulness- tameness -dependence" and "responsiveness-unselfishness-sacrifice" in the manager increases the level of loyalty of subordinates. Taking into account such factors by management as a mode of work, the diversity of work, independence in work, the correspondence of work to abilities, the possibility of advancement, the level of work organization, relations with colleagues, technical equipment, employee satisfaction with his labor can increase the level of corporate culture and its components.
Applications of this study: The study could be useful for HR-specialists, managers, psychologists, and employees in different spheres.
Novelty/Originality of this study: Undoubtedly, loyalty plays an important role in the success of the organization. The level of employees’ loyalty, as well as their attitudes and labor values, largely determine the degree of staff's susceptibility to both external (salary, benefits, working conditions, etc.) and internal (the content of the work performed, the opportunities for professional growth, recognition, and evaluation of achievements) incentives.
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- Allen, N.J.&Meyer, J.P. (1982). ConstructValidationinOrganizationalBehaviorResearch: Th Case of Organizational Commitment. Problems and Solutions in human assessment. Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4397-8_13 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4397-8_13
- Aranya, N.&Jacobson, D. (1975). An empirical study of theories of organizational and occupational commitment. Journal of Social Psychology, 97(1),15-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1975.9923308 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1975.9923308
- Barabasz, A. &Kuzmierz, M. (2014). Perception of organizational culture, commitment and loyalty of corporation employees. Journal of Intercultural Management, 6(3), 17–35. https://doi.org/10.2478/joim-2014-0017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/joim-2014-0017
- Becker, H.S. (1960). Notes on the Concept of Commitment. American Journal of Sociology, 66, 32-40. https://doi.org/10.1086/222820 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/222820
- Chen, Z.X., Tsui, A.S. &Farh, J.-L. (2002). Loyalty to supervisor vs. organizational commitment: Relationships to employee performance in China. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75, 339–356. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317902320369749 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1348/096317902320369749
- Coetzee, M., & Botha, J. (2012). The languishment of employee commitment in the light of perceptions of fair treatment in the workplace. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 10 (2), Art. #436. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v10i2.436 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v10i2.436
- Dick, R. (2006). Devotion and Identification with Organization. Kharkov: Humanitarian Center, p. 142.
- Dominiak, V.I. (2019). Loyalty. Retrieved from: http://www.dominiak.ru
- Dominyak, V.I. (2001). Different approaches to the phenomenon of loyalty and security organizations. Theory and practice of the formation and development of the school of safety (scientific, educational, methodological and organizational aspects). Collection of theses of reports of the All-Russian scientific-practical conference. Saint Petersburg: Publishing House of the Russian State Pedagogical University named after A.I. Herzen, p.31-32.
- Dominyak, V.I. (2006a). Organizational loyalty: a model for the implementation of employee expectations from his organization. Dis. Cand. Psychol. sciences. Saint Petersburg.
- Dominyak, V.I. (2006b). Organizational loyalty: basic approaches. HR manager, 4, pp. 34-40.
- Dunham, R.B., Grube, J.A. & Castaneda, M.B. (1994). Organizational commitment: The utility of an integrative definition. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(3), 370-380. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.79.3.370 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.79.3.370
- Esmaeilpour, M. &Ranjbar, M. (2017). Investigating the impact of commitment, satisfaction, and loyalty of employees on providing highÂquality service to customer. Romanian Economic and Business Review, 12(1), 82-98. https://doi.org/10.2478/sbe-2018-0004
- Esmaeilpour, M. &Ranjbar, M. (2018). Investigating the Impact of Commitment, Satisfaction, and Loyalty of Employees on Providing High-Quality Service to Customer. Studies in Business and Economics, 13(1), 41-57. https://doi.org/10.2478/sbe-2018-0004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/sbe-2018-0004
- Fetiskin, N.P., Kozlov, V.V. &Manuilov, G.М. (2002). Diagnosis of “emotional intelligence†(N. Hall). Socio-psychological diagnosis of personal development and small groups. Moscow: Publishing House of the Institute of Psychotherapy, pp. 57-59.
- Foster, C., Whysall, P. & Harris, L. (2008). Employee loyalty: an exploration of staff commitment levels towards retailing, the retailer and the store. The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, 18(4), 423-435. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593960802299494 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09593960802299494
- Ibrahim, M. &Falasi, S.A. (2014). Employee loyalty and engagement in UAE public sector. Employee Relations, 36(5), 562-582. https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-07-2013-0098 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-07-2013-0098
- Irefin,P. & Mechanic, M.A. (2014). Effect of Employee Commitment on Organizational Performance in Coca Cola Nigeria Limited Maiduguri, Borno State. IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science, 19(3), 33-41. https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-19313341 DOI: https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-19313341
- Jewell, L. (2001). Industrial - Organizational Psychology. Textbook for universities. Saint Petersburg: Piter, pp. 720.
- Kanungo, R.N.(1982). WorkAlienation. NewYork: Prager, p. 33-41.
- Kanter, R.M. (1984).ChangeMasters. NewYork, Simon&Schuster, p. 432.
- Ladanov, I.D. (1997). Psychology of Market Structure Management: Transformative Leadership. Moscow: Training Center "Perspective", p. 155.
- Landry, G., Panaccio, A. &Vandenberghe, C. (2010). Dimensionality and consequences of employee commitment to supervisors: a two-study examination. The Journal of Psychology, 144(3), 285-312. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223981003648302 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00223981003648302
- Lutens, F. (1999). Organizational behavior. Moscow: Infra-M, p. 692.
- Martensen, A. &Grønholdt, L. (2006). Internal Marketing: A Study of Employee Loyalty, Its Determinants and Consequences. Innovative Marketing, 2(4), 92-116.
- Martynova, S. (2018). Modern Russian society in the context of antroposocietal approach. Annals of Anthropological Practice, 42(1), 19-28. https://doi.org/10.1111/napa.12115 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/napa.12115
- Martynova, S.E. &Evarovich, S.A. (2018). Participative HR-Technologies in the Governance of the Russian Regions. Space and Culture, India, 6(4), 36-47. https://doi.org/10.20896/saci.v6i4.384 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20896/saci.v6i4.384
- Martynova, S.E., Dmitriev, Y.G., Gajfullina, M.M. &Totskaya, Y.A. (2017). “Service†Municipal Administration as Part of the Development of Youth Entrepreneurship in Russia. Social Indicators Research, 133(3), 1151-1164. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-016-1406-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-016-1406-2
- Minarova, S. (2018). Engagement, loyalty, organizational commitment, job satisfaction and motivation of public administrations managers. Sociálno-Ekonomická Revue, 1, 53-66.
- Muchinski, P. (2004). Psychology, profession, career. Saint Petersburg: Piter, p. 539s.
- Neuman, G.A., Wagner, S.H.&Christiansen, N.D.(1999). The Relationship betwen Work – Team Personality Composition and the Job Performance of Team. Group and Organization Management. AnInternationalJournal, 24(1), 28-46. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601199241003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601199241003
- Pandey, Ch. &Khare, R. (2012). Impact of job satisfaction and organizational commitment on employee loyalty. International Journal of Social Science & Interdisciplinary Research, 8(1), 26-41.
- Porter, L.W., Steers, R.M., Mowday, R.T.&Boulian, P.V.(1974). Organizationalcommitment, jobsatisfaction, andturnoveramongpsychiatrictechnicians.JournalofAppliedPsychology, 59, pp. 603-609. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0037335
- Randall, D. M., Fedor, D. Ð’. &Longnecker, С.Ð.(1990).The behavioral expression of organizational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 36(2), 210-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8791(90)90028-Z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8791(90)90028-Z
- Rogov, E.I. (1999). Handbook of practical psychologist. Book 2. Moscow, pp.243-245.
- Wong, Y.-t. (2017). Affective commitment, loyalty to supervisor and guanxi. Journal of Chinese Human Resource Management, 8(2), 77-93. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCHRM-04-2017-0007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JCHRM-04-2017-0007
- Yao, T., Qiu, Q. & Wei, Y. (2019). Retaining hotel employees as internal customers: Effect of organizational commitment on attitudinal and behavioral loyalty of employees. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 76, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.03.018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.03.018
- Zeqiri, N. &Ahmeti, F. (2013). Organizational Loyalty and Commitment in Telecommunication Companies: Case of Kosovo. European Journal of Scientific Research, 115(4), 1-13.
References
Allen, N.J.&Meyer, J.P. (1982). ConstructValidationinOrganizationalBehaviorResearch: Th Case of Organizational Commitment. Problems and Solutions in human assessment. Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4397-8_13 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4397-8_13
Aranya, N.&Jacobson, D. (1975). An empirical study of theories of organizational and occupational commitment. Journal of Social Psychology, 97(1),15-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1975.9923308 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1975.9923308
Barabasz, A. &Kuzmierz, M. (2014). Perception of organizational culture, commitment and loyalty of corporation employees. Journal of Intercultural Management, 6(3), 17–35. https://doi.org/10.2478/joim-2014-0017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/joim-2014-0017
Becker, H.S. (1960). Notes on the Concept of Commitment. American Journal of Sociology, 66, 32-40. https://doi.org/10.1086/222820 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/222820
Chen, Z.X., Tsui, A.S. &Farh, J.-L. (2002). Loyalty to supervisor vs. organizational commitment: Relationships to employee performance in China. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75, 339–356. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317902320369749 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1348/096317902320369749
Coetzee, M., & Botha, J. (2012). The languishment of employee commitment in the light of perceptions of fair treatment in the workplace. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 10 (2), Art. #436. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v10i2.436 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v10i2.436
Dick, R. (2006). Devotion and Identification with Organization. Kharkov: Humanitarian Center, p. 142.
Dominiak, V.I. (2019). Loyalty. Retrieved from: http://www.dominiak.ru
Dominyak, V.I. (2001). Different approaches to the phenomenon of loyalty and security organizations. Theory and practice of the formation and development of the school of safety (scientific, educational, methodological and organizational aspects). Collection of theses of reports of the All-Russian scientific-practical conference. Saint Petersburg: Publishing House of the Russian State Pedagogical University named after A.I. Herzen, p.31-32.
Dominyak, V.I. (2006a). Organizational loyalty: a model for the implementation of employee expectations from his organization. Dis. Cand. Psychol. sciences. Saint Petersburg.
Dominyak, V.I. (2006b). Organizational loyalty: basic approaches. HR manager, 4, pp. 34-40.
Dunham, R.B., Grube, J.A. & Castaneda, M.B. (1994). Organizational commitment: The utility of an integrative definition. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(3), 370-380. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.79.3.370 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.79.3.370
Esmaeilpour, M. &Ranjbar, M. (2017). Investigating the impact of commitment, satisfaction, and loyalty of employees on providing highÂquality service to customer. Romanian Economic and Business Review, 12(1), 82-98. https://doi.org/10.2478/sbe-2018-0004
Esmaeilpour, M. &Ranjbar, M. (2018). Investigating the Impact of Commitment, Satisfaction, and Loyalty of Employees on Providing High-Quality Service to Customer. Studies in Business and Economics, 13(1), 41-57. https://doi.org/10.2478/sbe-2018-0004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/sbe-2018-0004
Fetiskin, N.P., Kozlov, V.V. &Manuilov, G.М. (2002). Diagnosis of “emotional intelligence†(N. Hall). Socio-psychological diagnosis of personal development and small groups. Moscow: Publishing House of the Institute of Psychotherapy, pp. 57-59.
Foster, C., Whysall, P. & Harris, L. (2008). Employee loyalty: an exploration of staff commitment levels towards retailing, the retailer and the store. The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, 18(4), 423-435. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593960802299494 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09593960802299494
Ibrahim, M. &Falasi, S.A. (2014). Employee loyalty and engagement in UAE public sector. Employee Relations, 36(5), 562-582. https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-07-2013-0098 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-07-2013-0098
Irefin,P. & Mechanic, M.A. (2014). Effect of Employee Commitment on Organizational Performance in Coca Cola Nigeria Limited Maiduguri, Borno State. IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science, 19(3), 33-41. https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-19313341 DOI: https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-19313341
Jewell, L. (2001). Industrial - Organizational Psychology. Textbook for universities. Saint Petersburg: Piter, pp. 720.
Kanungo, R.N.(1982). WorkAlienation. NewYork: Prager, p. 33-41.
Kanter, R.M. (1984).ChangeMasters. NewYork, Simon&Schuster, p. 432.
Ladanov, I.D. (1997). Psychology of Market Structure Management: Transformative Leadership. Moscow: Training Center "Perspective", p. 155.
Landry, G., Panaccio, A. &Vandenberghe, C. (2010). Dimensionality and consequences of employee commitment to supervisors: a two-study examination. The Journal of Psychology, 144(3), 285-312. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223981003648302 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00223981003648302
Lutens, F. (1999). Organizational behavior. Moscow: Infra-M, p. 692.
Martensen, A. &Grønholdt, L. (2006). Internal Marketing: A Study of Employee Loyalty, Its Determinants and Consequences. Innovative Marketing, 2(4), 92-116.
Martynova, S. (2018). Modern Russian society in the context of antroposocietal approach. Annals of Anthropological Practice, 42(1), 19-28. https://doi.org/10.1111/napa.12115 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/napa.12115
Martynova, S.E. &Evarovich, S.A. (2018). Participative HR-Technologies in the Governance of the Russian Regions. Space and Culture, India, 6(4), 36-47. https://doi.org/10.20896/saci.v6i4.384 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20896/saci.v6i4.384
Martynova, S.E., Dmitriev, Y.G., Gajfullina, M.M. &Totskaya, Y.A. (2017). “Service†Municipal Administration as Part of the Development of Youth Entrepreneurship in Russia. Social Indicators Research, 133(3), 1151-1164. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-016-1406-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-016-1406-2
Minarova, S. (2018). Engagement, loyalty, organizational commitment, job satisfaction and motivation of public administrations managers. Sociálno-Ekonomická Revue, 1, 53-66.
Muchinski, P. (2004). Psychology, profession, career. Saint Petersburg: Piter, p. 539s.
Neuman, G.A., Wagner, S.H.&Christiansen, N.D.(1999). The Relationship betwen Work – Team Personality Composition and the Job Performance of Team. Group and Organization Management. AnInternationalJournal, 24(1), 28-46. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601199241003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601199241003
Pandey, Ch. &Khare, R. (2012). Impact of job satisfaction and organizational commitment on employee loyalty. International Journal of Social Science & Interdisciplinary Research, 8(1), 26-41.
Porter, L.W., Steers, R.M., Mowday, R.T.&Boulian, P.V.(1974). Organizationalcommitment, jobsatisfaction, andturnoveramongpsychiatrictechnicians.JournalofAppliedPsychology, 59, pp. 603-609. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0037335
Randall, D. M., Fedor, D. Ð’. &Longnecker, С.Ð.(1990).The behavioral expression of organizational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 36(2), 210-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8791(90)90028-Z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8791(90)90028-Z
Rogov, E.I. (1999). Handbook of practical psychologist. Book 2. Moscow, pp.243-245.
Wong, Y.-t. (2017). Affective commitment, loyalty to supervisor and guanxi. Journal of Chinese Human Resource Management, 8(2), 77-93. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCHRM-04-2017-0007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JCHRM-04-2017-0007
Yao, T., Qiu, Q. & Wei, Y. (2019). Retaining hotel employees as internal customers: Effect of organizational commitment on attitudinal and behavioral loyalty of employees. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 76, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.03.018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.03.018
Zeqiri, N. &Ahmeti, F. (2013). Organizational Loyalty and Commitment in Telecommunication Companies: Case of Kosovo. European Journal of Scientific Research, 115(4), 1-13.