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THERMOGRAPHIC EVALUATION FOR THE DIVERSE STAGE OF ANXIETY ON FACE TEMPERATURE AT FRONTAL AND TEMPORAL USING THERMAL IMAGING
Corresponding Author(s) : Wayan Nata Septiadi
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 7 No. 5 (2019): September
Abstract
that it is able to provide accurate results about the temperature picture. The purpose of this study was to examine if there were differences in anxiety conditions at facial temperatures measured using thermal imaging.
Methodology: Eighty-one participants were taking the pre-clinical exams was chosen as the inclusion criteria and were divided into four categories of anxiety range (not anxious, mild anxiety, moderate anxiety, and severe anxiety) based on their score measured that using the General Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) as the instrument. The participants were measured their face temperature using thermal imaging on the upper forehead (frontal) and left-right forehead (temporal). Data was analyzed to show the characteristic of anxiety level on the frontal and temporal temperature. There were difference anxiety conditions (no anxious, mildly anxious, moderate anxious and severe anxious) to thermal imaging face temperatures in the frontal and temporal.
Main findings: The results showed that more increased the temporal and frontal of face temperature, more severe the anxiety. There is a significant negative relationship between face temperature and anxiety level (p <0.05).
Implications: These findings showed that anxiety can be fast screening with a thermal imaging image. Further research is needed to determine the specificity and sensitivity of thermal imaging as an anxiety detection tool with a short time and without invasive action as one of the technological advances.
Novelty: There are no studies that discussed the correlation between anxiety with face temperature using thermal imaging.
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- Abdelrahman, Y., Velloso, E., Dingler, T., Schmidt, A., & Vetere, F. (2017). Cognitive Heat. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies, 1(3), 1-20. doi:http://10.1145/3130898 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3130898
- Arora, N., Martins, D., Ruggerio, D., Tousimis, E., Swistel, A. J., Osborne, M. P., & Simmons, R. M. (2008). Effectiveness of a noninvasive digital infrared thermal imaging system in the detection of breast cancer. Am J Surg, 196(4), 523-526. doi:http://10.1016/j.amjsurg.2008.06.015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2008.06.015
- Barbosa Pereira, C., Yu, X., Czaplik, M., Blazek, V., Venema, B., & Leonhardt, S. (2017). Estimation of breathing rate in thermal imaging videos: a pilot study on healthy human subjects. J Clin Monit Comput, 31(6), 1241-1254. doi:http://10.1007/s10877-016-9949-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10877-016-9949-y
- Carlak, H. F., Gencer, N. G., & Besikci, C. (2016). Theoretical assessment of electro-thermal imaging: A new technique for medical diagnosis. Infrared Physics & Technology, 76, 227-234. doi:10.1016/j.infrared.2016.03.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infrared.2016.03.001
- Chudecka, M., & Lubkowska, A. (2016). Thermal Imaging of Body Surface Temperature Distribution in Women with Anorexia Nervosa. Eur Eat Disord Rev, 24(1), 57-61. doi:http://10.1002/erv.2388 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2388
- Hardwicke, J., Thomson, R., Bamford, A., & Moiemen, N. (2013). A pilot evaluation study of high resolution digital thermal imaging in the assessment of burn depth. Burns, 39(1), 76-81. doi:10.1016/j.burns.2012.03.014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2012.03.014
- Hong, K., & Hong, S. (2015). Real-time stress assessment using thermal imaging. The Visual Computer, 32(11), 1369-1377. doi:http://10.1007/s00371-015-1164-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00371-015-1164-1
- Hong, K., Yuen, P., Chen, T., Tsitiridis, A., Kam, F., Jackman, J., . . . Lightman, S. (2009). Detection and classification of stress using thermal imaging technique. Paper presented at the Optics and Photonics for Counterterrorism and Crime Fighting V, Germany. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1117/12.830496
- Ioannou, S., Gallese, V., & Merla, A. (2014). Thermal infrared imaging in psychophysiology: potentialities and limits. Psychophysiology, 51(10), 951-963. doi:http://10.1111/psyp.12243 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12243
- Jensen, A. M., McKee, M., & Chen, Y. (2014, 13-18 July 2014). Procedures for processing thermal images using low-cost microbolometer cameras for small unmanned aerial systems. Paper presented at the 2014 IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.2014.6947013
- Jordan, P., Shedden-Mora, M. C., & Lowe, B. (2017). Psychometric analysis of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) in primary care using modern item response theory. Plos One, 12(8), e0182162. doi:http://10.1371/journal.pone.0182162 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0182162
- Kaczmarek, M., & Nowakowski, A. (2016). Active IR-Thermal Imaging in Medicine. Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation, 35(1). doi:10.1007/s10921-016-0335-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-016-0335-y
- Kosonogov, V., De Zorzi, L., Honore, J., Martinez-Velazquez, E. S., Nandrino, J. L., Martinez-Selva, J. M., & Sequeira, H. (2017). Facial thermal variations: A new marker of emotional arousal. Plos One, 12(9), e0183592. doi:http://10.1371/journal.pone.0183592 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183592
- Lloyd, J. M. (2013). Thermal imaging systems: Flir Lepton Long Wave Infrared (LWIR): Springer Science & Business Media.
- Matos, F., Neves, E. B., Norte, M., Rosa, C., Reis, V. M., & Vilaça-Alves, J. (2015). The use of thermal imaging to monitoring skin temperature during cryotherapy: A systematic review. Infrared Physics & Technology, 73, 194-203. doi:10.1016/j.infrared.2015.09.013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infrared.2015.09.013
- Pavlidis, I., Levine, J., & baukol, P. (2000). Thermal imaging for anxiety detection Paper presented at the Workshop on computer vision beyond the visible spectrum: methods and application USA.
- Renkielska, A., Nowakowski, A., Kaczmarek, M., & Ruminski, J. (2006). Burn depths evaluation based on active dynamic IR thermal imaging--a preliminary study. Burns, 32(7), 867-875. doi:10.1016/j.burns.2006.01.024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2006.01.024
- Singh, J., Kumar, S., & Arora, A. S. (2018). Thermographic evaluation of mindfulness meditation using dynamic IR imaging. Infrared Physics & Technology, 95, 81-87. doi:http://10.1016/j.infrared.2018.10.029 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infrared.2018.10.029
- Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., B.W.Williams, J., & Lowe, B. (2006). A Brief Measure for assesing generalized anxiety disorder: Tha GAD-7. Arc Intern Med, 166, 1092-1097. doi:http://10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092
- Stuart, G. W. (2005). Principles and Practice of Psychiatric Nursing and Virtual Clinical Excursions 3.0 Package.
- Sulistiowati, N. M. D., Keliat, B. A., Wardani, I. Y., Aldam, S. F. S., Triana, R., & Florensa, M. V. A. (2019). Comprehending Mental Health in Indonesian's Adolescents through Mental, Emotional, and Social Well-Being. Compr Child Adolesc Nurs, 42(sup1), 277-283. doi:http://10.1080/24694193.2019.1594460 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/24694193.2019.1594460
- Warmenlink, L., Vrij, A., Mann, S., Leal, S., Forrester, D., & P.Fisher, R. (2011). Thermal Imaging as a Lie detection tool at airport. Law and Human Behavior, 35(1), 40-48. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10979-010-9251-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10979-010-9251-3
- Willardson, R. K., Weber, E. R., Skatrud, D. D., & Kruse, P. W. (1997). Uncooled infrared imaging arrays and systems (Vol. 47): Academic press.
References
Abdelrahman, Y., Velloso, E., Dingler, T., Schmidt, A., & Vetere, F. (2017). Cognitive Heat. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies, 1(3), 1-20. doi:http://10.1145/3130898 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3130898
Arora, N., Martins, D., Ruggerio, D., Tousimis, E., Swistel, A. J., Osborne, M. P., & Simmons, R. M. (2008). Effectiveness of a noninvasive digital infrared thermal imaging system in the detection of breast cancer. Am J Surg, 196(4), 523-526. doi:http://10.1016/j.amjsurg.2008.06.015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2008.06.015
Barbosa Pereira, C., Yu, X., Czaplik, M., Blazek, V., Venema, B., & Leonhardt, S. (2017). Estimation of breathing rate in thermal imaging videos: a pilot study on healthy human subjects. J Clin Monit Comput, 31(6), 1241-1254. doi:http://10.1007/s10877-016-9949-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10877-016-9949-y
Carlak, H. F., Gencer, N. G., & Besikci, C. (2016). Theoretical assessment of electro-thermal imaging: A new technique for medical diagnosis. Infrared Physics & Technology, 76, 227-234. doi:10.1016/j.infrared.2016.03.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infrared.2016.03.001
Chudecka, M., & Lubkowska, A. (2016). Thermal Imaging of Body Surface Temperature Distribution in Women with Anorexia Nervosa. Eur Eat Disord Rev, 24(1), 57-61. doi:http://10.1002/erv.2388 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2388
Hardwicke, J., Thomson, R., Bamford, A., & Moiemen, N. (2013). A pilot evaluation study of high resolution digital thermal imaging in the assessment of burn depth. Burns, 39(1), 76-81. doi:10.1016/j.burns.2012.03.014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2012.03.014
Hong, K., & Hong, S. (2015). Real-time stress assessment using thermal imaging. The Visual Computer, 32(11), 1369-1377. doi:http://10.1007/s00371-015-1164-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00371-015-1164-1
Hong, K., Yuen, P., Chen, T., Tsitiridis, A., Kam, F., Jackman, J., . . . Lightman, S. (2009). Detection and classification of stress using thermal imaging technique. Paper presented at the Optics and Photonics for Counterterrorism and Crime Fighting V, Germany. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1117/12.830496
Ioannou, S., Gallese, V., & Merla, A. (2014). Thermal infrared imaging in psychophysiology: potentialities and limits. Psychophysiology, 51(10), 951-963. doi:http://10.1111/psyp.12243 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12243
Jensen, A. M., McKee, M., & Chen, Y. (2014, 13-18 July 2014). Procedures for processing thermal images using low-cost microbolometer cameras for small unmanned aerial systems. Paper presented at the 2014 IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.2014.6947013
Jordan, P., Shedden-Mora, M. C., & Lowe, B. (2017). Psychometric analysis of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) in primary care using modern item response theory. Plos One, 12(8), e0182162. doi:http://10.1371/journal.pone.0182162 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0182162
Kaczmarek, M., & Nowakowski, A. (2016). Active IR-Thermal Imaging in Medicine. Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation, 35(1). doi:10.1007/s10921-016-0335-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-016-0335-y
Kosonogov, V., De Zorzi, L., Honore, J., Martinez-Velazquez, E. S., Nandrino, J. L., Martinez-Selva, J. M., & Sequeira, H. (2017). Facial thermal variations: A new marker of emotional arousal. Plos One, 12(9), e0183592. doi:http://10.1371/journal.pone.0183592 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183592
Lloyd, J. M. (2013). Thermal imaging systems: Flir Lepton Long Wave Infrared (LWIR): Springer Science & Business Media.
Matos, F., Neves, E. B., Norte, M., Rosa, C., Reis, V. M., & Vilaça-Alves, J. (2015). The use of thermal imaging to monitoring skin temperature during cryotherapy: A systematic review. Infrared Physics & Technology, 73, 194-203. doi:10.1016/j.infrared.2015.09.013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infrared.2015.09.013
Pavlidis, I., Levine, J., & baukol, P. (2000). Thermal imaging for anxiety detection Paper presented at the Workshop on computer vision beyond the visible spectrum: methods and application USA.
Renkielska, A., Nowakowski, A., Kaczmarek, M., & Ruminski, J. (2006). Burn depths evaluation based on active dynamic IR thermal imaging--a preliminary study. Burns, 32(7), 867-875. doi:10.1016/j.burns.2006.01.024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2006.01.024
Singh, J., Kumar, S., & Arora, A. S. (2018). Thermographic evaluation of mindfulness meditation using dynamic IR imaging. Infrared Physics & Technology, 95, 81-87. doi:http://10.1016/j.infrared.2018.10.029 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infrared.2018.10.029
Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., B.W.Williams, J., & Lowe, B. (2006). A Brief Measure for assesing generalized anxiety disorder: Tha GAD-7. Arc Intern Med, 166, 1092-1097. doi:http://10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092
Stuart, G. W. (2005). Principles and Practice of Psychiatric Nursing and Virtual Clinical Excursions 3.0 Package.
Sulistiowati, N. M. D., Keliat, B. A., Wardani, I. Y., Aldam, S. F. S., Triana, R., & Florensa, M. V. A. (2019). Comprehending Mental Health in Indonesian's Adolescents through Mental, Emotional, and Social Well-Being. Compr Child Adolesc Nurs, 42(sup1), 277-283. doi:http://10.1080/24694193.2019.1594460 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/24694193.2019.1594460
Warmenlink, L., Vrij, A., Mann, S., Leal, S., Forrester, D., & P.Fisher, R. (2011). Thermal Imaging as a Lie detection tool at airport. Law and Human Behavior, 35(1), 40-48. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10979-010-9251-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10979-010-9251-3
Willardson, R. K., Weber, E. R., Skatrud, D. D., & Kruse, P. W. (1997). Uncooled infrared imaging arrays and systems (Vol. 47): Academic press.