Authors retain the copyright without restrictions for their published content in this journal. HSSR is a SHERPA ROMEO Green Journal.
Publishing License
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of
FACTORS AFFECTING MALAYSIAN INTERNATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS’ PERFORMANCE: THE MODERATING EFFECT OF TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP
Corresponding Author(s) : Ashairi Suliman
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 7 No. 5 (2019): September
Abstract
Purpose of the study: This study intends to scrutinize the factors affecting Malaysian international high school students’ academic performance.
Methodology: 117 responses were collected randomly using a questionnaire. The data were analyzed using Partial Least Square (PLS)
Main Findings: The findings revealed that future goals as the most crucial factor besides peers’ support, teachers’ support and self-efficacy. Furthermore, it was also disclosed that TL moderated only the self-efficacy on Academic Performance
Applications of this study: The study can be used in the context of international high school field or any educational institution as academic performance is a very broad issue discussed in the educational setting
Novelty/Originality of this study: Students’ academic performance (AP) is a crucial issue for parents, schools, researchers, and governments. A number of past studies have highlighted the local university students’ AP with less attention given to the performance of international high school students. Thus, this study provides insights pertaining to international high school students
Keywords
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
- Adeyemi, T. O. (2013). Principals ’ Leadership Styles and Student Academic Performance in Secondary Schools in Ekiti State , Nigeria. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 2(1), 187–198.
- Alaaraj, S., Mohamed, Z. A., & Bustamam, U. S. B. A. (2018). External Growth Strategies and Organizational Performance in Emerging Markets: The Mediating Role of Inter-Organizational Trust. Review of International Business and Strategy,28(2). https://doi.org/10.1108/RIBS-09-2017-0079 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/RIBS-09-2017-0079
- Alaarj, S., Abidin-Mohamed, Z., & Bustamam, U. S. B. A. (2016). Mediating Role of Trust on the Effects of Knowledge Management Capabilities on Organizational Performance. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 235,729-738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.11.074 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.11.074
- Alaarj, S., Mohamed, Z. A., & Bustamam, U. S. A. (2017a). Do Knowledge Management Capabilities Reduce the Negative effect of Environment Uncertainties on Organizational Performance? A Study of Public Listed Companies in Malaysia. International Journal of Economic Research, 14(15), 443–456.
- Alaarj, S., Mohamed, Z. A., & Bustamam, U. S. A. (2017b). The Effect of Knowledge Management Capabilities on Performance of Companies : A Study of Service Sector. International Journal of Economic Research, 14(15), 457–470.
- Alhazmi, A., & Abdul Rahman. (2013). Facebook in Higher Education: Students’ Use and Perceptions. Advances in Information Sciences & Service Sciences, 5(15), 32–41.
- Al-rahmi, W. & Othman, M. (2013). The Impact of Social Media use on Academic Performance among university students: A Pilot Study. Journal of Information Systems4,1–10.
- Ames, C. 1992. Classrooms: Goals, structures, and student motivation.Journal of Educational Psychology, 84, 261-271. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.84.3.261 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.84.3.261
- Balyer, A., Karatas, H. & Alci, B. (2015). School Principals’ Roles in Establishing Collaborative Professional Learning Communities at Schools. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences,197, 1340–1347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.07.387 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.07.387
- Bandura, A. (1994). Bandura Self-efficacy defined. In V. S. Ramacahudran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Human Behavior (pp. 71–81). New York: Academic Press.
- Battle, J., & Lewis, M. (2002). The increasing significance of class: The relative effects of race and socioeconomic status on academic achievement. Journal of Poverty, 6(2), 21–35. https://doi.org/10.1300/J134v06n02_02 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1300/J134v06n02_02
- Cemaloglu, N. (2011). Primary principals’ leadership styles, school organizational health and workplace bullying. Journal of Educational Administration, 49(5), 495–512. https://doi.org/10.1108/09578231111159511 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09578231111159511
- Chen, Y., Tang, G., Jin, J., Xie, Q., & Li, J. (2014). CEOs’ transformational leadership and product innovation performance: The roles of corporate entrepreneurship and technology orientation. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 31(S1), 2-17. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpim.12188 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jpim.12188
- Cheung, C. K., & Kwok, S. T. (1998). Activities and academic achievement among college students. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 159(2), 147–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221329809596142 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00221329809596142
- Cohen, E. (2015). Principal Leadership Styles and Teacher and Principal Attitudes, Concerns and Competencies regarding Inclusion. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 186, 758–764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.105 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.105
- Court, S., & Molesworth, M. (2008). Courseâ€specific learning in Peer Assisted Learning schemes: a case study of creative media production courses. Research in Post-Compulsory Education, 13(1), 123–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/13596740801903729 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13596740801903729
- Currie, G., Lockett, A., & Suhomlinova, O. (2009). Leadership and institutional change in the public sector: The case of secondary schools in England. Leadership Quarterly, 20(5), 664–679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.06.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.06.001
- Dinham, S. (2005). Principal leadership for outstanding educational outcomes. Journal of Educational Administration, 43(4), 338–356. https://doi.org/10.1108/09578230510605405 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09578230510605405
- Diseth, (2011). Self-efficacy, goal orientations and learning strategies as mediators between preceding and subsequent academic achievement. Learning and Individual Differences, 21(2), 191–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2011.01.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2011.01.003
- Engelen, A., Gupta, V., Strenger, L., & Brettel, M. (2015). Entrepreneurial Orientation, Firm Performance, and the Moderating Role of Transformational Leadership Behaviors. Journal of Management, 41(4), 1069–1097. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206312455244 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206312455244
- Farooq, M. S., Chaudhry, a H., Shafiq, M., & Berhanu, G. (2011). Factors Affecting Students’ Quality of Academic Performance: A Case of Secondary School Level. Journal of Quality and Technology Management, 7(2), 1–14.
- Ford, D. Y. (2011). Closing the Achievement Gap: Gifted Education Must Join the Battle. Gifted Child Today, 34(1), 31–34. https://doi.org/10.1177/107621751103400110 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/107621751103400110
- Fullan, M.& Stiegelbauer, S. (1991). The New Meaning of Educational Change. New York: Teachers College Press.
- Gardner, W. L., Lowe, K. B., Moss, T. W., Mahoney, K. T., & Cogliser, C. C. (2010). Scholarly leadership of the study of leadership: A review of The Leadership Quarterly’s second decade, 2000-2009. Leadership Quarterly, 21(6), 922-958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2010.10.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2010.10.003
- Golbeck, S. L., & Sinagra, K. (2000). Effects of gender and collaboration on college students’ performance on a piagetian spatial task. Journal of Experimental Education, 69(1), 22–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220970009600647 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00220970009600647
- Gurr, D., Drysdale, L., & Mulford, B. (2005). Successful principal leadership: Australian case studies. Journal of Educational Administration, 43(6), 539–551. https://doi.org/10.1108/09578230510625647 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09578230510625647
- Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a Silver Bullet. The Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139–152. https://doi.org/10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202
- Hardré, P.L., Chen, C.-H., Huang, S.-H., Chiang, C.-T., Jen, F.-L. & Warden, L. (2006). Factors Affecting High School Students’ Academic Motivation in Taiwan. Asia Pacific Journal of Education,26(2), 189–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/02188790600937326 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02188790600937326
- Ibrahim, A. S., & Al-Taneiji, S. (2013). Principal leadership style , school performance , and principal effectiveness in Dubai schools. International Journal of Research Studies in Education, 2(1), 41–54. https://doi.org/10.5861/ijrse.2012.86 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5861/ijrse.2012.86
- Jansen, J. J. P., George, G., Van Den Bosch, F. A. J., & Volberda, H. W. (2008). Senior team attributes and organizational ambidexterity: The moderating role of transformational leadership. Journal of Management Studies, 45(5), 982–1007. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2008.00775.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2008.00775.x
- Joo, B.K., Yoon, H.J. & Jeung, C.W. (2012). The effects of core self-evaluations and transformational leadership on organizational commitment. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 33(6), 564–582. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437731211253028 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/01437731211253028
- Kirschner, P. A., & Karpinski, A. C. (2010). Facebook® and academic performance. Computers in Human Behavior,26(6), 1237–1245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.03.024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.03.024
- Kobal, D., & Musek, J. (2001). Self-concept and academic achievement: Slovenia and France. Personality and Individual Differences, 30(5), 887–899. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00081-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00081-7
- Kouzes, J. & Posner, B. (2012). Leadership Challenge. Leadership Excellence,29(8), 3–4.
- Kumako, S. K., & Asumeng, M. A. (2013). Transformational leadership as a moderator of the relationship between psychological safety and learning behaviour in work teams in Ghana. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 39(1). https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v39i1.1036 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v39i1.1036
- Kythreotis, A., Pashiardis, P., & Kyriakides, L. (2010). The influence of school leadership styles and culture on students’ achievement in Cyprus primary schools. Journal of Educational Administration, 48(2), 218–240. https://doi.org/10.1108/09578231011027860 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09578231011027860
- Laghos, A., Zaphiris, P. & Almahjoub, A. (2012). Predicting Students’ Communication in Online Learning Social Networks. International Journal of Electrical Computer Sciences,12(4), 1–9.
- Lowry, P. B., & Gaskin, J. (2014). Partial least squares (PLS) structural equation modeling (SEM) for building and testing behavioral causal theory: When to choose it and how to use it. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 57(2), 123–146. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPC.2014.2312452 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TPC.2014.2312452
- Lynch, A. D., Lerner, R. M., & Leventhal, T. (2013). Adolescent Academic Achievement and School Engagement: An Examination of the Role of School-Wide Peer Culture. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42(1), 6–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-012-9833-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-012-9833-0
- Malhotra, N. & Birks, D. (2007).Marketing Research: An Applied Approach. New York: Prentice Hall. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1548-6435(2007)3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/S1548-6435(2007)3
- Malik, I., & Farooqi, Y. A. (2013). Investigating the effect of transformational leadership as a moderator, between employee’s psychological empowerment and employee’s job satisfaction relationship. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Science and Engineering, 4(7), 37–42.
- Matsumura, L. C., Garnier, H. E., & Spybrook, J. (2013). Literacy coaching to improve student reading achievement: A multi-level mediation model. Learning and Instruction, 25, 35–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2012.11.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2012.11.001
- Mattar, D. M. (2012). Factors affecting the performance of public schools in Lebanon. International Journal of Educational Development,32(2), 252–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2011.04.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2011.04.001
- Merolla, D. M. (2017). Self-efficacy and Academic Achievement. Sociological Perspectives,60(2), 378–393. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731121416629993 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0731121416629993
- Mohamed Dahlan, I., & Aaijaz, N. (2011). Dynamics of Peer Assisted Learning and Teaching at an entrepreneurial university : an experience to share . International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 1(12), 93–99.
- Mushtaq, I., & Khan, S. N. (2012). Factors Affecting Students’ Academic Performance. Global Journal of Management and Business Research,12(9), 17–22. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.3660200906 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.3660200906
- Mustaffa, N., Ibrahim, F., Mahmud, W. A. W., Ahmad, F., Kee, C. P., & Mahbob, M. H. (2011). Diffusion of innovations: The adoption of Facebook among youth in Malaysia. Innovation Journal, 16(3).
- Ngang, T. K. (2011). The effect of transformational leadership on school culture in male’ primary schools Maldives. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30(2011), 2575–2580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.503 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.503
- Nik Mustafa, M. A., Mohd Radzi, T., Hazlina, J., Wan Aida Rohana, M. S., & Mohd Nawawi, O. (2015). Principals’ Instructional Leadership and Teachers’ Commitment in Three Mara Junior Science Colleges (Mjsc) in Pahang, Malaysia. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 191(2015), 1848–1853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.512 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.512
- Nir, A. E., & Hameiri, L. (2014). School principals’ leadership style and school outcomes: The mediating effect of powerbase utilization. Journal of Educational Administration, 52(2), 210–227. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEA-01-2013-0007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JEA-01-2013-0007
- O’Donnell, A. M., & O’Kelly, J. (1994). Learning form Peers: Beyond the Rhetoric of Positive Results, Educational Psychology Review, 6(4), 321–349. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02213419 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02213419
- Obama, M. O., Eunice2, L. A., & Orodho, J. A. (2015). Effect of Principals’ Leadership Styles on Students Academic Performance in Public Secondary Schools in Homa-Bay County, Kenya. IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science, 20(3), 51–60.
- Piaget, J. (1997). Development and learning. Readings on the Development of Children, 19–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767333.2011.617145 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14767333.2011.617145
- Ramsden, J. J. (2013). The moral leadership of universities. Nanotechnology Perceptions, 9(1), 3–5. https://doi.org/10.4024/N06RA13A.ntp.09.02 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4024/N06RA13A.ntp.09.02
- Rienties, B., Beausaert, S., Grohnert, T., Niemantsverdriet, S., & Kommers, P. (2012). Understanding academic performance of international students: The role of ethnicity, academic and social integration. Higher Education, 63(6), 685–700. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-011-9468-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-011-9468-1
- Rienties, B., & Tempelaar, D. (2013). The role of cultural dimensions of international and Dutch students on academic and social integration and academic performance in the Netherlands. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 37(2), 188–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2012.11.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2012.11.004
- Robinson, P.L. (2006). Predicting Freshmen College Success: The Relationship Between Peer Learning, Help Seeking, Math Self-Efficacy, English Self-Efficacy and Institutional Integration. Doctoral Dissertation, University of South California.
- Sekaran, U. & Bougie, R. (2013).Research methods for business: A Skill-Building Approach. Wiley: New York
- Sluijsmans, D., Dochy, F., & Moerkerke, G. (1999). Creating a learning environment by using self-, peer- and co-assessment. Learning Environments Research, 1, 293–319. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009932704458 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009932704458
- Sorden, S. D. (2012). The cognitive theory of multimedia learning. Handbook of Educational Theories, 1–31. https://doi.org/10.3102/0091732X09358129 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3102/0091732X09358129
- Tajasom, A., & Ariffin, Z. (2013). Principals’ leadership style and school climate: teachers’ perspectives from Malaysia. International Journal of Leadership in Public Services, 7(4), 314–333. https://doi.org/10.1108/17479881111194198 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/17479881111194198
- Taleb, H. M. (2010). Gender and leadership styles in single-sex academic institutions. International Journal of Educational Management, 24(4), 287–302. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513541011045236 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09513541011045236
- Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Interaction between learning and development. In M. Cole, V. John-Steiner, S. Scribner, & E. Souber-Man (Eds.), Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes (79-91). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Wang, P., & Walumbwa, F. O. (2007). Family-friendly programs, organizational commitment, and work withdrawal: The moderating role of transformational leadership. Personnel Psychology, 60(2), 397–427. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00078.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00078.x
- Yang, Y. (2014). Principals’ transformational leadership in school improvement. International Journal of Educational Management, 28(3), 279–288. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-04-2013-0063 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-04-2013-0063
- York, T. T., Gibson, C., & Rankin, S. (2015). Defining and Measuring Academic Success. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 20(5), 1–20.
- Zimmerman, B. J. (1990). Self-Regulated Learning and Academic Achievement: An Overview. Educational Psychologist,25(1), 3–17. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep2501_2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep2501_2
- Zuffianò, A., Alessandri, G., Gerbino, M., Luengo Kanacri, B.P., Di Giunta, L., Milioni, M. & Caprara, G.V. (2013). Academic achievement: The unique contribution of self-efficacy beliefs in self-regulated learning beyond intelligence, personality traits, and self-esteem. Learning and Individual Differences,23(1), 158–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2012.07.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2012.07.010
References
Adeyemi, T. O. (2013). Principals ’ Leadership Styles and Student Academic Performance in Secondary Schools in Ekiti State , Nigeria. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 2(1), 187–198.
Alaaraj, S., Mohamed, Z. A., & Bustamam, U. S. B. A. (2018). External Growth Strategies and Organizational Performance in Emerging Markets: The Mediating Role of Inter-Organizational Trust. Review of International Business and Strategy,28(2). https://doi.org/10.1108/RIBS-09-2017-0079 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/RIBS-09-2017-0079
Alaarj, S., Abidin-Mohamed, Z., & Bustamam, U. S. B. A. (2016). Mediating Role of Trust on the Effects of Knowledge Management Capabilities on Organizational Performance. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 235,729-738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.11.074 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.11.074
Alaarj, S., Mohamed, Z. A., & Bustamam, U. S. A. (2017a). Do Knowledge Management Capabilities Reduce the Negative effect of Environment Uncertainties on Organizational Performance? A Study of Public Listed Companies in Malaysia. International Journal of Economic Research, 14(15), 443–456.
Alaarj, S., Mohamed, Z. A., & Bustamam, U. S. A. (2017b). The Effect of Knowledge Management Capabilities on Performance of Companies : A Study of Service Sector. International Journal of Economic Research, 14(15), 457–470.
Alhazmi, A., & Abdul Rahman. (2013). Facebook in Higher Education: Students’ Use and Perceptions. Advances in Information Sciences & Service Sciences, 5(15), 32–41.
Al-rahmi, W. & Othman, M. (2013). The Impact of Social Media use on Academic Performance among university students: A Pilot Study. Journal of Information Systems4,1–10.
Ames, C. 1992. Classrooms: Goals, structures, and student motivation.Journal of Educational Psychology, 84, 261-271. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.84.3.261 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.84.3.261
Balyer, A., Karatas, H. & Alci, B. (2015). School Principals’ Roles in Establishing Collaborative Professional Learning Communities at Schools. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences,197, 1340–1347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.07.387 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.07.387
Bandura, A. (1994). Bandura Self-efficacy defined. In V. S. Ramacahudran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Human Behavior (pp. 71–81). New York: Academic Press.
Battle, J., & Lewis, M. (2002). The increasing significance of class: The relative effects of race and socioeconomic status on academic achievement. Journal of Poverty, 6(2), 21–35. https://doi.org/10.1300/J134v06n02_02 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1300/J134v06n02_02
Cemaloglu, N. (2011). Primary principals’ leadership styles, school organizational health and workplace bullying. Journal of Educational Administration, 49(5), 495–512. https://doi.org/10.1108/09578231111159511 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09578231111159511
Chen, Y., Tang, G., Jin, J., Xie, Q., & Li, J. (2014). CEOs’ transformational leadership and product innovation performance: The roles of corporate entrepreneurship and technology orientation. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 31(S1), 2-17. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpim.12188 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jpim.12188
Cheung, C. K., & Kwok, S. T. (1998). Activities and academic achievement among college students. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 159(2), 147–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221329809596142 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00221329809596142
Cohen, E. (2015). Principal Leadership Styles and Teacher and Principal Attitudes, Concerns and Competencies regarding Inclusion. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 186, 758–764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.105 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.105
Court, S., & Molesworth, M. (2008). Courseâ€specific learning in Peer Assisted Learning schemes: a case study of creative media production courses. Research in Post-Compulsory Education, 13(1), 123–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/13596740801903729 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13596740801903729
Currie, G., Lockett, A., & Suhomlinova, O. (2009). Leadership and institutional change in the public sector: The case of secondary schools in England. Leadership Quarterly, 20(5), 664–679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.06.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.06.001
Dinham, S. (2005). Principal leadership for outstanding educational outcomes. Journal of Educational Administration, 43(4), 338–356. https://doi.org/10.1108/09578230510605405 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09578230510605405
Diseth, (2011). Self-efficacy, goal orientations and learning strategies as mediators between preceding and subsequent academic achievement. Learning and Individual Differences, 21(2), 191–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2011.01.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2011.01.003
Engelen, A., Gupta, V., Strenger, L., & Brettel, M. (2015). Entrepreneurial Orientation, Firm Performance, and the Moderating Role of Transformational Leadership Behaviors. Journal of Management, 41(4), 1069–1097. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206312455244 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206312455244
Farooq, M. S., Chaudhry, a H., Shafiq, M., & Berhanu, G. (2011). Factors Affecting Students’ Quality of Academic Performance: A Case of Secondary School Level. Journal of Quality and Technology Management, 7(2), 1–14.
Ford, D. Y. (2011). Closing the Achievement Gap: Gifted Education Must Join the Battle. Gifted Child Today, 34(1), 31–34. https://doi.org/10.1177/107621751103400110 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/107621751103400110
Fullan, M.& Stiegelbauer, S. (1991). The New Meaning of Educational Change. New York: Teachers College Press.
Gardner, W. L., Lowe, K. B., Moss, T. W., Mahoney, K. T., & Cogliser, C. C. (2010). Scholarly leadership of the study of leadership: A review of The Leadership Quarterly’s second decade, 2000-2009. Leadership Quarterly, 21(6), 922-958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2010.10.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2010.10.003
Golbeck, S. L., & Sinagra, K. (2000). Effects of gender and collaboration on college students’ performance on a piagetian spatial task. Journal of Experimental Education, 69(1), 22–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220970009600647 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00220970009600647
Gurr, D., Drysdale, L., & Mulford, B. (2005). Successful principal leadership: Australian case studies. Journal of Educational Administration, 43(6), 539–551. https://doi.org/10.1108/09578230510625647 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09578230510625647
Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a Silver Bullet. The Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139–152. https://doi.org/10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202
Hardré, P.L., Chen, C.-H., Huang, S.-H., Chiang, C.-T., Jen, F.-L. & Warden, L. (2006). Factors Affecting High School Students’ Academic Motivation in Taiwan. Asia Pacific Journal of Education,26(2), 189–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/02188790600937326 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02188790600937326
Ibrahim, A. S., & Al-Taneiji, S. (2013). Principal leadership style , school performance , and principal effectiveness in Dubai schools. International Journal of Research Studies in Education, 2(1), 41–54. https://doi.org/10.5861/ijrse.2012.86 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5861/ijrse.2012.86
Jansen, J. J. P., George, G., Van Den Bosch, F. A. J., & Volberda, H. W. (2008). Senior team attributes and organizational ambidexterity: The moderating role of transformational leadership. Journal of Management Studies, 45(5), 982–1007. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2008.00775.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2008.00775.x
Joo, B.K., Yoon, H.J. & Jeung, C.W. (2012). The effects of core self-evaluations and transformational leadership on organizational commitment. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 33(6), 564–582. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437731211253028 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/01437731211253028
Kirschner, P. A., & Karpinski, A. C. (2010). Facebook® and academic performance. Computers in Human Behavior,26(6), 1237–1245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.03.024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.03.024
Kobal, D., & Musek, J. (2001). Self-concept and academic achievement: Slovenia and France. Personality and Individual Differences, 30(5), 887–899. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00081-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00081-7
Kouzes, J. & Posner, B. (2012). Leadership Challenge. Leadership Excellence,29(8), 3–4.
Kumako, S. K., & Asumeng, M. A. (2013). Transformational leadership as a moderator of the relationship between psychological safety and learning behaviour in work teams in Ghana. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 39(1). https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v39i1.1036 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v39i1.1036
Kythreotis, A., Pashiardis, P., & Kyriakides, L. (2010). The influence of school leadership styles and culture on students’ achievement in Cyprus primary schools. Journal of Educational Administration, 48(2), 218–240. https://doi.org/10.1108/09578231011027860 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09578231011027860
Laghos, A., Zaphiris, P. & Almahjoub, A. (2012). Predicting Students’ Communication in Online Learning Social Networks. International Journal of Electrical Computer Sciences,12(4), 1–9.
Lowry, P. B., & Gaskin, J. (2014). Partial least squares (PLS) structural equation modeling (SEM) for building and testing behavioral causal theory: When to choose it and how to use it. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 57(2), 123–146. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPC.2014.2312452 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TPC.2014.2312452
Lynch, A. D., Lerner, R. M., & Leventhal, T. (2013). Adolescent Academic Achievement and School Engagement: An Examination of the Role of School-Wide Peer Culture. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42(1), 6–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-012-9833-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-012-9833-0
Malhotra, N. & Birks, D. (2007).Marketing Research: An Applied Approach. New York: Prentice Hall. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1548-6435(2007)3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/S1548-6435(2007)3
Malik, I., & Farooqi, Y. A. (2013). Investigating the effect of transformational leadership as a moderator, between employee’s psychological empowerment and employee’s job satisfaction relationship. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Science and Engineering, 4(7), 37–42.
Matsumura, L. C., Garnier, H. E., & Spybrook, J. (2013). Literacy coaching to improve student reading achievement: A multi-level mediation model. Learning and Instruction, 25, 35–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2012.11.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2012.11.001
Mattar, D. M. (2012). Factors affecting the performance of public schools in Lebanon. International Journal of Educational Development,32(2), 252–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2011.04.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2011.04.001
Merolla, D. M. (2017). Self-efficacy and Academic Achievement. Sociological Perspectives,60(2), 378–393. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731121416629993 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0731121416629993
Mohamed Dahlan, I., & Aaijaz, N. (2011). Dynamics of Peer Assisted Learning and Teaching at an entrepreneurial university : an experience to share . International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 1(12), 93–99.
Mushtaq, I., & Khan, S. N. (2012). Factors Affecting Students’ Academic Performance. Global Journal of Management and Business Research,12(9), 17–22. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.3660200906 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.3660200906
Mustaffa, N., Ibrahim, F., Mahmud, W. A. W., Ahmad, F., Kee, C. P., & Mahbob, M. H. (2011). Diffusion of innovations: The adoption of Facebook among youth in Malaysia. Innovation Journal, 16(3).
Ngang, T. K. (2011). The effect of transformational leadership on school culture in male’ primary schools Maldives. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30(2011), 2575–2580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.503 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.503
Nik Mustafa, M. A., Mohd Radzi, T., Hazlina, J., Wan Aida Rohana, M. S., & Mohd Nawawi, O. (2015). Principals’ Instructional Leadership and Teachers’ Commitment in Three Mara Junior Science Colleges (Mjsc) in Pahang, Malaysia. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 191(2015), 1848–1853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.512 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.512
Nir, A. E., & Hameiri, L. (2014). School principals’ leadership style and school outcomes: The mediating effect of powerbase utilization. Journal of Educational Administration, 52(2), 210–227. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEA-01-2013-0007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JEA-01-2013-0007
O’Donnell, A. M., & O’Kelly, J. (1994). Learning form Peers: Beyond the Rhetoric of Positive Results, Educational Psychology Review, 6(4), 321–349. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02213419 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02213419
Obama, M. O., Eunice2, L. A., & Orodho, J. A. (2015). Effect of Principals’ Leadership Styles on Students Academic Performance in Public Secondary Schools in Homa-Bay County, Kenya. IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science, 20(3), 51–60.
Piaget, J. (1997). Development and learning. Readings on the Development of Children, 19–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767333.2011.617145 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14767333.2011.617145
Ramsden, J. J. (2013). The moral leadership of universities. Nanotechnology Perceptions, 9(1), 3–5. https://doi.org/10.4024/N06RA13A.ntp.09.02 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4024/N06RA13A.ntp.09.02
Rienties, B., Beausaert, S., Grohnert, T., Niemantsverdriet, S., & Kommers, P. (2012). Understanding academic performance of international students: The role of ethnicity, academic and social integration. Higher Education, 63(6), 685–700. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-011-9468-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-011-9468-1
Rienties, B., & Tempelaar, D. (2013). The role of cultural dimensions of international and Dutch students on academic and social integration and academic performance in the Netherlands. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 37(2), 188–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2012.11.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2012.11.004
Robinson, P.L. (2006). Predicting Freshmen College Success: The Relationship Between Peer Learning, Help Seeking, Math Self-Efficacy, English Self-Efficacy and Institutional Integration. Doctoral Dissertation, University of South California.
Sekaran, U. & Bougie, R. (2013).Research methods for business: A Skill-Building Approach. Wiley: New York
Sluijsmans, D., Dochy, F., & Moerkerke, G. (1999). Creating a learning environment by using self-, peer- and co-assessment. Learning Environments Research, 1, 293–319. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009932704458 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009932704458
Sorden, S. D. (2012). The cognitive theory of multimedia learning. Handbook of Educational Theories, 1–31. https://doi.org/10.3102/0091732X09358129 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3102/0091732X09358129
Tajasom, A., & Ariffin, Z. (2013). Principals’ leadership style and school climate: teachers’ perspectives from Malaysia. International Journal of Leadership in Public Services, 7(4), 314–333. https://doi.org/10.1108/17479881111194198 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/17479881111194198
Taleb, H. M. (2010). Gender and leadership styles in single-sex academic institutions. International Journal of Educational Management, 24(4), 287–302. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513541011045236 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09513541011045236
Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Interaction between learning and development. In M. Cole, V. John-Steiner, S. Scribner, & E. Souber-Man (Eds.), Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes (79-91). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Wang, P., & Walumbwa, F. O. (2007). Family-friendly programs, organizational commitment, and work withdrawal: The moderating role of transformational leadership. Personnel Psychology, 60(2), 397–427. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00078.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00078.x
Yang, Y. (2014). Principals’ transformational leadership in school improvement. International Journal of Educational Management, 28(3), 279–288. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-04-2013-0063 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-04-2013-0063
York, T. T., Gibson, C., & Rankin, S. (2015). Defining and Measuring Academic Success. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 20(5), 1–20.
Zimmerman, B. J. (1990). Self-Regulated Learning and Academic Achievement: An Overview. Educational Psychologist,25(1), 3–17. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep2501_2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep2501_2
Zuffianò, A., Alessandri, G., Gerbino, M., Luengo Kanacri, B.P., Di Giunta, L., Milioni, M. & Caprara, G.V. (2013). Academic achievement: The unique contribution of self-efficacy beliefs in self-regulated learning beyond intelligence, personality traits, and self-esteem. Learning and Individual Differences,23(1), 158–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2012.07.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2012.07.010