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CONCEPTUAL BLENDING IN METAPHORS IN THE 2016 PRE-ELECTION CAMPAIGN
Corresponding Author(s) : Alzira Akhsianovna Minikeeva
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 7 No. 6 (2019): November
Abstract
Purpose: The article examines metaphor as transferring features of the social world onto the other elements of reality, the 2016 pre-election campaign in particular; the theory of conceptual integration of J. Fauconnier and M. Turner is used to analyzing the metaphor.
Methodology: As a material of the research, there were examined transcripts of the 2016 pre-election campaign debates for the presidential position of Donald Trump and Hilary Clinton.
Result: The analysis reveals convergent and divergent features of metaphor in the pre-election campaign of Donald Trump and Hilary Clinton. Metaphor in D. Trump’s texts tends to focus on conceptual models ‘we’ and ‘they’ which is deduced with the help of quantitative analysis whereas in H. Clinton’s texts ‘divided nation’ model is mostly described through metaphor.
Applications: This research can be used for universities, teachers, and students.
Novelty/Originality: In this research, the model of Conceptual Blending in Metaphors in the 2016 Pre-Election Campaign is presented in a comprehensive and complete manner.
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- Aldai, G., & Wichmann, S. (2018). Statistical observations on hierarchies of transitivity. Folia Linguistica, 52(2), 249-281. https://doi.org/10.1515/flin-2018-0006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/flin-2018-0006
- Ameen, A. M., Ahmed, M. F., & Hafez, M. A. A. (2018). The Impact of Management Accounting and How It Can Be Implemented into the Organizational Culture. Dutch Journal of Finance and Management, 2(1), 02. https://doi.org/10.20897/djfm/91582 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20897/djfm/91582
- Andrianova, N., Ostroumova, O., Zakamulina, M., & Vanchikova, E. (2017). Anglo-american borrowings in the political media discourse (a case study of modern french press). National Academy of Managerial Staff of Culture and Arts Herald, 2, 79-82. ISSN: 2226-3209 (Print), ISSN 2409-0506 (Online)
- Bentley, B., & Bossé, M. J. (2018). College Students’ Understanding of Fraction Operations. International Electronic Journal of Mathematics Education, 13(3), 233-247. https://doi.org/10.12973/iejme/3881 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12973/iejme/3881
- Dautova, L. A. & Badmatsirenova, D. B. (2014). Linguistic peculiarities of pre-election discourse, American preelection discourse. Filologicheskie nauki. Voprosy teori i praktiki, Tambov, Gramota, 39(9): 53-59.
- Husnutdinov, D. H., Akalin, S. H., Giniyatullina, L. M., & Sagdieva, R. K. (2017). Linguistic means of expression in proverbs of Tatar, Russian, Turkish. Revista San Gregorio, (20), 194-201.
- Ritchie, L. D. (2013). Metaphor (Key Topics in Semantics and Pragmatics). Cambridge university press, 1(2), 2-1.
- Seredina, E. V. (2012). Features of American political cartoon as a sign. Vestnik Kostroskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta, 18(3): Available: http://dlib.rsl.ru/viewer/01005533016#?page=1
- Taiwo, R. (2009). Legitimization and coercion in political discourse: A case study of Olusegun Obasanjo address to the PDP elders and stakeholders forum. Journal of political discourse analysis, 2(2), 191-205.
- Yapparova, V. N., Ageeva, J. V., & Agmanova, A. Y. (2018). Pre-Election Discourse as a Special Type of Institutional Discourse. conscience, 9, 245. https://doi.org/10.29042/2018-2324-2327 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29042/2018-2324-2327
- Yazdekhasti, A., Erfan, N., & Nazari, N. (2015). Investigating the Relationship between Spiritual Intelligence and Social Adaptation among Girl High School Students in Shahreza City. UCT Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research, 3(1), 20-23.
- Grady, J., Oakley, T., & Coulson, S. (1999). Blending and metaphor. AMSTERDAM STUDIES IN THE THEORY AND HISTORY OF LINGUISTIC SCIENCE SERIES 4, 101-124.¬ https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.175.07gra DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.175.07gra
- Yang, F. P. G., Bradley, K., Huq, M., Wu, D. L., & Krawczyk, D. C. (2013). Contextual effects on conceptual blending in metaphors: An event-related potential study. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 26(2), 312-326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2012.10.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2012.10.004
- Tunner, M., & Fauconnier, G. (1995). Conceptual integration and formal expression. Metaphor and Symbol, 10(3), 183-204. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327868ms1003_3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327868ms1003_3
- Coulson, S., & Van Petten, C. (2002). Conceptual integration and metaphor: An event-related potential study. Memory & cognition, 30(6), 958-968. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03195780 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03195780
- Gibbs Jr, R. W., & Steen, G. J. (Eds.). (1999). Metaphor in Cognitive Linguistics: Selected Papers from the 5th International Cognitive Linguistics Conference, Amsterdam, 1997 (Vol. 175). John Benjamins Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.175 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.175
- Joy, A., Sherry Jr, J. F., & Deschenes, J. (2009). Conceptual blending in advertising. Journal of Business Research, 62(1), 39-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2007.11.015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2007.11.015
- Goguen, J. A., & Harrell, D. F. (2010). Style: A computational and conceptual blending-based approach. In The structure of style (pp. 291-316). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12337-5_12 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12337-5_12
- Turner, M., & Fauconnier, G. (2003). Metaphor, metonymy, and binding. Metaphor and metonymy in comparison and contrast, 20, 469. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110894677.133 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110894677.133
- Coulson, S. (2006). Conceptual blending in thought, rhetoric, and ideology. APPLICATIONS OF COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS, 1, 187.
- Cornelissen, J. P. (2006). Making sense of theory construction: Metaphor and disciplined imagination. Organization Studies, 27(11), 1579-1597. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840606068333 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840606068333
- Ritchie, L. D. (2004). Lost in" conceptual space": Metaphors of conceptual integration. Metaphor and Symbol, 19(1), 31-50. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327868MS1901_2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327868MS1901_2
References
Aldai, G., & Wichmann, S. (2018). Statistical observations on hierarchies of transitivity. Folia Linguistica, 52(2), 249-281. https://doi.org/10.1515/flin-2018-0006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/flin-2018-0006
Ameen, A. M., Ahmed, M. F., & Hafez, M. A. A. (2018). The Impact of Management Accounting and How It Can Be Implemented into the Organizational Culture. Dutch Journal of Finance and Management, 2(1), 02. https://doi.org/10.20897/djfm/91582 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20897/djfm/91582
Andrianova, N., Ostroumova, O., Zakamulina, M., & Vanchikova, E. (2017). Anglo-american borrowings in the political media discourse (a case study of modern french press). National Academy of Managerial Staff of Culture and Arts Herald, 2, 79-82. ISSN: 2226-3209 (Print), ISSN 2409-0506 (Online)
Bentley, B., & Bossé, M. J. (2018). College Students’ Understanding of Fraction Operations. International Electronic Journal of Mathematics Education, 13(3), 233-247. https://doi.org/10.12973/iejme/3881 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12973/iejme/3881
Dautova, L. A. & Badmatsirenova, D. B. (2014). Linguistic peculiarities of pre-election discourse, American preelection discourse. Filologicheskie nauki. Voprosy teori i praktiki, Tambov, Gramota, 39(9): 53-59.
Husnutdinov, D. H., Akalin, S. H., Giniyatullina, L. M., & Sagdieva, R. K. (2017). Linguistic means of expression in proverbs of Tatar, Russian, Turkish. Revista San Gregorio, (20), 194-201.
Ritchie, L. D. (2013). Metaphor (Key Topics in Semantics and Pragmatics). Cambridge university press, 1(2), 2-1.
Seredina, E. V. (2012). Features of American political cartoon as a sign. Vestnik Kostroskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta, 18(3): Available: http://dlib.rsl.ru/viewer/01005533016#?page=1
Taiwo, R. (2009). Legitimization and coercion in political discourse: A case study of Olusegun Obasanjo address to the PDP elders and stakeholders forum. Journal of political discourse analysis, 2(2), 191-205.
Yapparova, V. N., Ageeva, J. V., & Agmanova, A. Y. (2018). Pre-Election Discourse as a Special Type of Institutional Discourse. conscience, 9, 245. https://doi.org/10.29042/2018-2324-2327 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29042/2018-2324-2327
Yazdekhasti, A., Erfan, N., & Nazari, N. (2015). Investigating the Relationship between Spiritual Intelligence and Social Adaptation among Girl High School Students in Shahreza City. UCT Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research, 3(1), 20-23.
Grady, J., Oakley, T., & Coulson, S. (1999). Blending and metaphor. AMSTERDAM STUDIES IN THE THEORY AND HISTORY OF LINGUISTIC SCIENCE SERIES 4, 101-124.¬ https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.175.07gra DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.175.07gra
Yang, F. P. G., Bradley, K., Huq, M., Wu, D. L., & Krawczyk, D. C. (2013). Contextual effects on conceptual blending in metaphors: An event-related potential study. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 26(2), 312-326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2012.10.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2012.10.004
Tunner, M., & Fauconnier, G. (1995). Conceptual integration and formal expression. Metaphor and Symbol, 10(3), 183-204. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327868ms1003_3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327868ms1003_3
Coulson, S., & Van Petten, C. (2002). Conceptual integration and metaphor: An event-related potential study. Memory & cognition, 30(6), 958-968. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03195780 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03195780
Gibbs Jr, R. W., & Steen, G. J. (Eds.). (1999). Metaphor in Cognitive Linguistics: Selected Papers from the 5th International Cognitive Linguistics Conference, Amsterdam, 1997 (Vol. 175). John Benjamins Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.175 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.175
Joy, A., Sherry Jr, J. F., & Deschenes, J. (2009). Conceptual blending in advertising. Journal of Business Research, 62(1), 39-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2007.11.015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2007.11.015
Goguen, J. A., & Harrell, D. F. (2010). Style: A computational and conceptual blending-based approach. In The structure of style (pp. 291-316). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12337-5_12 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12337-5_12
Turner, M., & Fauconnier, G. (2003). Metaphor, metonymy, and binding. Metaphor and metonymy in comparison and contrast, 20, 469. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110894677.133 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110894677.133
Coulson, S. (2006). Conceptual blending in thought, rhetoric, and ideology. APPLICATIONS OF COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS, 1, 187.
Cornelissen, J. P. (2006). Making sense of theory construction: Metaphor and disciplined imagination. Organization Studies, 27(11), 1579-1597. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840606068333 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840606068333
Ritchie, L. D. (2004). Lost in" conceptual space": Metaphors of conceptual integration. Metaphor and Symbol, 19(1), 31-50. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327868MS1901_2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327868MS1901_2