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HEADMASTER LEADERSHIP EFFECT ON TASK LOAD OF SPECIAL EDUCATION INTEGRATION PROGRAM TEACHER
Corresponding Author(s) : Mohd Norazmi Bin Nordin
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 8 No. 2 (2020): March
Abstract
Purpose of the Study: The leadership of a headmaster at the school has a major influence on school management and teacher management. These influences also impact the task load of the Special Education Integration Program (SEIP) teacher. Various studies have been conducted in Malaysia and abroad on this issue. Based on previous studies and research on existing leadership theories, five leadership factors impact the SEIP teacher's task load, namely leadership style, attitude, knowledge, experience, and qualifications. The purpose of this study is to determine whether these factors affect the task load of the SEIP teacher.
Methodology: A fully quantitative method was used in this study by distributing a set of online questionnaires to SEIP teachers across Malaysia using the Google for platform. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) through AMOS software is used for data analysis purposes.
Main Findings: The findings show that all the factors mentioned in the leadership style, attitude, knowledge, experience, and competency of achievement are validated as influences on the SEIP teacher's task load. There have been several studies examining the leadership factor affecting the task load of the SEIP teacher, but the application of the CFA approach using AMOS is still underdeveloped. Therefore, the findings of this study can further confirm previous findings on this issue.
Application: This research can be useful for the headmaster and the SEIP teachers to give their best in school management.
Novelty: It is common to read about the issue for this research is the premier school, but this research was based on the special education field.
Keywords
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- Adam, C. G. (2014). Perceptions of Leadership through the Lens of Special Education Administrators and Principals. University of Massachusetts: Doctoral Dissertations.
- Amalina, B. R. & Azita, B. A. (2016). Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Tahap Stres Guru Pendidikan Khas. Active Online Journal UTHM, Volume 8, 1-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20527/ecopsy.v1i1.481
- Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative Fit Indexes in Structural Models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238-246. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238
- Billingsley, B., McLeskey, J., & Crockett, J. B. (2014). Principal Leadership: Moving Toward Inclusive and High-Achieving Schools for Students with Disabilities. Retrieved from http://ceedar.education.ufl.edu/t ools/innovation-configurations/
- Bryan, J. T. (2014). Pengaruh Gaya Kepemimpinan Dan Motivasi Terrhadap Kinerja Karyawan Pada Pt. Bank Negara Indonesia, Tbk (Regional Sales Manado). Journal Acta Diurna Volume III. No.4, 1-18.
- Budi, K. (2016). Tiga Gaya Kepemimpinan Utamadalam Manajemen. Retrieved from https://ilmuman ajemenindustri.com/tiga-gaya-kepemimpinan-utama-dalam-manajemen/
- Byrne, B. M. (2010). Multivariate Applications Series. Structural Equation Modeling With AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming (2nd edition). New York, US: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
- Citra, L. T. &Tewal, J.L. S. (2014). Kepemimpinan Otokratis, Demokratik Dan Laissez Faire Terhadap Peningkatan Prestasi Kerja Karyawan Pada Kpp Pratama Manado. Jurnal EMBA Vol.2 No.1 Mac 2014, 38-47.
- Dyah, P. F. L., Kusuma, W., Asfihanni, R. S., Ortin, K. & Lugas, P. S. (2015). Prodi Ilmu Administrasi Bisnis Pendekatan Situasional Terhadap Perilaku Pemimpin. FakultasIlmu Administrasi Universitas Brawijaya.
- Erica, N. &Raymond, L. Calabrese (2009). Special Education Teacher Retention and Attrition: The Impact of Increased Legal Requirements. International Journal of Educational Management, Vol. 23 Issue 5,431-440. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513540910970520 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09513540910970520
- Fornell, C. D., & Lacker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 39-50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312
- Habib, B. I. Ismail & Zaimah, B. R. (2012).Amalan Kepimpinan Transformasi Pengetuadan Hubungannya Dengan Kepuasan Kerja Guru. Prosiding Persidangan Kebangsaan Ekonomi Malaysia ke VII (PERKEM VII) Transformasi Ekonomidan Sosial Ke Arah Negara Maju Ipoh, Perak, 4 – 6 June 2012,JILID 2 (2012), 1471 – 1478.
- Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis (7th Ed). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
- Hatcher, L. (1994) A Step-by-Step Approach to Using the SAS System for Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling. SAS Institute: Inc., Cary.
- Hendryadi, M. (2014). Situational Leaderhip Model Hersey and Blanchard. Teori Online Personal PaperNo. 01/Feb-2014, 01-14.
- Hersey, P., & Blanchard, K. (1969). Life Cycle Theory of Leadership. Training and Development Journal, 23, 26-35.
- Johan, M. Y. (2013). Analisis Keperluan Latihan Guru Penolong Kanan Pendidikan Khas. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia: Master Thesis.
- John, A. (2017). A Workload Analysis Formula to Increase the Retention of Special Education Teachers in Minnesota. Culminating Projects in Special Education, 37.
- Junaidah, M. & NikRosila, N. Y. (2013).Kajian Tentang Kepuasan Bekerja Dalam Kalangan Guru-Guru Pendidikan Khas. Asia Pacific Journal of Educators and Education, Vol. 28, 103–115.
- Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and Practice of Strutural Equation Modelling 3rd Edition. New York: Guilford Press.
- Lewin, Kurt. (1939). Patterns of Aggressive Behavior in Experimentally Created Social Climates. Journal of Social Psychology, 10:2 (May) p.271. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1939.9713366
- Lokman, M. T. &Aini, K. (2011). Kepimpinan Situasi Dalam Kalangan Guru Besar Daerah Johor Bahru. Journal of Educational Management, Volume 1 March 2011, 121-144. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1939.9713366 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1939.9713366
- Marek, C. J., (2016). Building Principals’ Self-Efficacy Regarding Their Ability to Supervise Special Education Programing and Staff. Masters Theses. 820. Retrieved from http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/theses/820,
- Muchlisin, R. (2016). Gaya Kepemimpinan Situasional. Retrieved from https://www.kajianpustaka.com /2016/04/gaya-kepemimpinan-situasional.html
- Muhammad, H., Jamalul, L. &Azlin, N. (2017). Tahap Kepuasan Kerja Guru: Aspek Beban Kerja, Pengiktirafan Dan Penglibatan Dalam Pengurusan. Jurnal Penyelidikan Pendidikan Jilid 18 (2017),187-199.
- Muyan&Ramli. (2017). Hubungan Gaya Kepimpinan Guru Besar Dan Motivasi Guru Sekolah Rendah Di Daerah Bau, Sarawak. Jurnal Penyelidikan Pendidikan Jilid 18 (2017), 200-212.
- Nelson, C. B., Melissa, A. S. & Kathleen, L. L. (2014). Special Education Teacher Burnout: A Synthesis of Research from 1979 to 2013. Education and Treatment of Children, Volume 37, Number 4, November 2014, 681-711. https://doi.org/10.1353/etc.2014.0032 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/etc.2014.0032
- Norizan, A. G., Zahidah, A. M. &Che Wan Takwa, C. W. A. B. (2013). Teachers’ Challenges in Educating Special Children in Special Classes of Three Selected Primary Schools, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia. Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences, 7(3), 284-291.
- Rinaldo, S. (2016). Hubungan Gaya Kepemimpinan Situasional Dengan Kematangan Bawahan (Studi Pada Kepala Desa Dan Aparat Desa Purworejo, Kecamatan Kotagajah, Kabupaten Lampung Tengah). Universitas Lampung Bandar Lampung: Master Project.
- Sanghan, C. (2010). Democratic Leadership: The Lessons of Exemplary Models for Democratic Governance .International Journal of Leadership Studies, Vol. 2 Iss. 3, 2007, 243-262.
- Shawnee, B. D. F. & Ahlgrim-Delzell, L. (2006). Principals' Knowledge of Fundamental and Current Issues in Special Education. NASSP Bulletin. 90, 153-174. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192636506288858 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0192636506288858
- Stephanie, L. Chattman (2017). An Exploration of One School Leader's Experience of Creating a School Culture that Fosters Inclusion for Students in Special Education. Georgia State University: Ed.D Dissertation.
- Susan, C. Bon & Adam, J. Bigbee (2011). Special Education Leadership: Integrating Professional and Personal Codes of Ethics to Servethe Best Interests of the Child. Journal of School Leadership, Volume 21 May 2011, 324-359. https://doi.org/10.1177/105268461102100302 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/105268461102100302
- Syed Ismail, S. M. & Ahmad, S. M. (2010). Asas Kepimpinandan Perkembangan Profesional. Puchong, Selangor: Penerbitan Multimedia Sdn Bhd.
- Zainudin, A. (2015). SEM Made Simple.Bangi, Malaysia: MPWS Publication.
- Zakaria, O. (2016). Kepimpinan Instruksional Guru Besar Di Sekolah Kurang Murid. Retrieved from studentsrepo.um.edu.my/6763/1
References
Adam, C. G. (2014). Perceptions of Leadership through the Lens of Special Education Administrators and Principals. University of Massachusetts: Doctoral Dissertations.
Amalina, B. R. & Azita, B. A. (2016). Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Tahap Stres Guru Pendidikan Khas. Active Online Journal UTHM, Volume 8, 1-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20527/ecopsy.v1i1.481
Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative Fit Indexes in Structural Models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238-246. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238
Billingsley, B., McLeskey, J., & Crockett, J. B. (2014). Principal Leadership: Moving Toward Inclusive and High-Achieving Schools for Students with Disabilities. Retrieved from http://ceedar.education.ufl.edu/t ools/innovation-configurations/
Bryan, J. T. (2014). Pengaruh Gaya Kepemimpinan Dan Motivasi Terrhadap Kinerja Karyawan Pada Pt. Bank Negara Indonesia, Tbk (Regional Sales Manado). Journal Acta Diurna Volume III. No.4, 1-18.
Budi, K. (2016). Tiga Gaya Kepemimpinan Utamadalam Manajemen. Retrieved from https://ilmuman ajemenindustri.com/tiga-gaya-kepemimpinan-utama-dalam-manajemen/
Byrne, B. M. (2010). Multivariate Applications Series. Structural Equation Modeling With AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming (2nd edition). New York, US: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
Citra, L. T. &Tewal, J.L. S. (2014). Kepemimpinan Otokratis, Demokratik Dan Laissez Faire Terhadap Peningkatan Prestasi Kerja Karyawan Pada Kpp Pratama Manado. Jurnal EMBA Vol.2 No.1 Mac 2014, 38-47.
Dyah, P. F. L., Kusuma, W., Asfihanni, R. S., Ortin, K. & Lugas, P. S. (2015). Prodi Ilmu Administrasi Bisnis Pendekatan Situasional Terhadap Perilaku Pemimpin. FakultasIlmu Administrasi Universitas Brawijaya.
Erica, N. &Raymond, L. Calabrese (2009). Special Education Teacher Retention and Attrition: The Impact of Increased Legal Requirements. International Journal of Educational Management, Vol. 23 Issue 5,431-440. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513540910970520 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09513540910970520
Fornell, C. D., & Lacker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 39-50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312
Habib, B. I. Ismail & Zaimah, B. R. (2012).Amalan Kepimpinan Transformasi Pengetuadan Hubungannya Dengan Kepuasan Kerja Guru. Prosiding Persidangan Kebangsaan Ekonomi Malaysia ke VII (PERKEM VII) Transformasi Ekonomidan Sosial Ke Arah Negara Maju Ipoh, Perak, 4 – 6 June 2012,JILID 2 (2012), 1471 – 1478.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis (7th Ed). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
Hatcher, L. (1994) A Step-by-Step Approach to Using the SAS System for Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling. SAS Institute: Inc., Cary.
Hendryadi, M. (2014). Situational Leaderhip Model Hersey and Blanchard. Teori Online Personal PaperNo. 01/Feb-2014, 01-14.
Hersey, P., & Blanchard, K. (1969). Life Cycle Theory of Leadership. Training and Development Journal, 23, 26-35.
Johan, M. Y. (2013). Analisis Keperluan Latihan Guru Penolong Kanan Pendidikan Khas. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia: Master Thesis.
John, A. (2017). A Workload Analysis Formula to Increase the Retention of Special Education Teachers in Minnesota. Culminating Projects in Special Education, 37.
Junaidah, M. & NikRosila, N. Y. (2013).Kajian Tentang Kepuasan Bekerja Dalam Kalangan Guru-Guru Pendidikan Khas. Asia Pacific Journal of Educators and Education, Vol. 28, 103–115.
Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and Practice of Strutural Equation Modelling 3rd Edition. New York: Guilford Press.
Lewin, Kurt. (1939). Patterns of Aggressive Behavior in Experimentally Created Social Climates. Journal of Social Psychology, 10:2 (May) p.271. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1939.9713366
Lokman, M. T. &Aini, K. (2011). Kepimpinan Situasi Dalam Kalangan Guru Besar Daerah Johor Bahru. Journal of Educational Management, Volume 1 March 2011, 121-144. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1939.9713366 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1939.9713366
Marek, C. J., (2016). Building Principals’ Self-Efficacy Regarding Their Ability to Supervise Special Education Programing and Staff. Masters Theses. 820. Retrieved from http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/theses/820,
Muchlisin, R. (2016). Gaya Kepemimpinan Situasional. Retrieved from https://www.kajianpustaka.com /2016/04/gaya-kepemimpinan-situasional.html
Muhammad, H., Jamalul, L. &Azlin, N. (2017). Tahap Kepuasan Kerja Guru: Aspek Beban Kerja, Pengiktirafan Dan Penglibatan Dalam Pengurusan. Jurnal Penyelidikan Pendidikan Jilid 18 (2017),187-199.
Muyan&Ramli. (2017). Hubungan Gaya Kepimpinan Guru Besar Dan Motivasi Guru Sekolah Rendah Di Daerah Bau, Sarawak. Jurnal Penyelidikan Pendidikan Jilid 18 (2017), 200-212.
Nelson, C. B., Melissa, A. S. & Kathleen, L. L. (2014). Special Education Teacher Burnout: A Synthesis of Research from 1979 to 2013. Education and Treatment of Children, Volume 37, Number 4, November 2014, 681-711. https://doi.org/10.1353/etc.2014.0032 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/etc.2014.0032
Norizan, A. G., Zahidah, A. M. &Che Wan Takwa, C. W. A. B. (2013). Teachers’ Challenges in Educating Special Children in Special Classes of Three Selected Primary Schools, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia. Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences, 7(3), 284-291.
Rinaldo, S. (2016). Hubungan Gaya Kepemimpinan Situasional Dengan Kematangan Bawahan (Studi Pada Kepala Desa Dan Aparat Desa Purworejo, Kecamatan Kotagajah, Kabupaten Lampung Tengah). Universitas Lampung Bandar Lampung: Master Project.
Sanghan, C. (2010). Democratic Leadership: The Lessons of Exemplary Models for Democratic Governance .International Journal of Leadership Studies, Vol. 2 Iss. 3, 2007, 243-262.
Shawnee, B. D. F. & Ahlgrim-Delzell, L. (2006). Principals' Knowledge of Fundamental and Current Issues in Special Education. NASSP Bulletin. 90, 153-174. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192636506288858 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0192636506288858
Stephanie, L. Chattman (2017). An Exploration of One School Leader's Experience of Creating a School Culture that Fosters Inclusion for Students in Special Education. Georgia State University: Ed.D Dissertation.
Susan, C. Bon & Adam, J. Bigbee (2011). Special Education Leadership: Integrating Professional and Personal Codes of Ethics to Servethe Best Interests of the Child. Journal of School Leadership, Volume 21 May 2011, 324-359. https://doi.org/10.1177/105268461102100302 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/105268461102100302
Syed Ismail, S. M. & Ahmad, S. M. (2010). Asas Kepimpinandan Perkembangan Profesional. Puchong, Selangor: Penerbitan Multimedia Sdn Bhd.
Zainudin, A. (2015). SEM Made Simple.Bangi, Malaysia: MPWS Publication.
Zakaria, O. (2016). Kepimpinan Instruksional Guru Besar Di Sekolah Kurang Murid. Retrieved from studentsrepo.um.edu.my/6763/1