Authors retain the copyright without restrictions for their published content in this journal. HSSR is a SHERPA ROMEO Green Journal.
Publishing License
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of
THE ROLE OF QUALITY OF WORK LIFE AS MEDIATOR: PSYCHOLOGICAL CAPITAL AND WORK ENGAGEMENT
Corresponding Author(s) : Laila Meiliyandrie Indah Wardani
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 7 No. 6 (2019): November
Abstract
Purpose: This study realizing the importance of psychological capital on employee's as well as individual components, this study addresses to investigate the mediating role of quality of work-life in the relationship between psychological capital and work engagement.
Methodology: The data collected from 356 employees of multinational companies in Indonesia, with technique cluster sampling. There are three measuring instruments used in this study namely the Quality of Work Life Model by Walton, which consists of 35 items; Implicit Psychological Capital (IPCQ) 24 items by Harm and Luthan, and The Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES) by Schaufeli and Bakker, which consists of 17 items. The analysis used mediation regression model no. 4 V3.0 PROCESS by Andrew F. Hayes.
Main Findings: The results of this study indicate the quality of work-life partially mediated the relationship between psychological capital and work engagement. Psychological capital has both direct and indirect impacts to work engagement and quality of work-life as mediators. The result found a positive relationship between psychological capital and work engagement, psychological capital, and quality of work-life, also work engagement and quality of work-life.
Applications: This study throws light on literature psychology, especially the industry and organization field. Also, as a torchlight in companies and employees to create and implement strategies and programs for the development of existing human resources. So that employees have the expected performance so that the goals of the company can achieve and employees feel involved in the company's development and generate feelings of confidence and sense of worth on his job. The results of this study also give some contributions to developing the existing body of knowledge, especially in positive psychology literature.
Novelty/Originality: The critical role of Quality of work-life as a mediator on the relationship between psychological capital and work engagement among employees in Developing Countries.
Keywords
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
- Akbar, M. R. (2013). Pengaruh Budaya Organisasi Terhadap Employee Engagement (Studi Pada Karyawan Pt.Primatexco Indonesia Di Batang). Journal of Social and Industrial Psychology, 2 (1), 10-18.
- Alqarni, S. A. Y. (2016). Quality of Work Life as a Predictor of Work Engagement among the Teaching Faculty at King Abdulaziz University. International journal of humanities and social sciences, 6(8), 119 – 121.
- Avey, J. B., Luthans, F., and Jensen, S. M. (2009). Psychological capital: Combating employee stress and turnover. Human Resource Management, 48, 677-693. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20294 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20294
- Mangkunegara, A. P., & Octorend, T. R. (2015). Effect of work discipline, work motivation, and job satisfaction on employee organizational commitment in the company (Case study in PT. Dada Indonesia). Universal Journal of Management, 3(8), 318-328. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujm.2015.030803 DOI: https://doi.org/10.13189/ujm.2015.030803
- Anwar, F. (2017, Ocktober 29). Engagement tenaga kerja milenial Indonesia hanya 25%. Retrieved from https://youngster.id/featured/engagement-tenaga-kerja-milenial-indonesia-hanya-25
- Astuti, Ni Luh Putu, Mimba, Ni Putu S. H., dan Ratnadi, Ni Made Dwi. (2016). Pengaruh work engagement pada bendahara pengeluaran dengan kepemimpinan transformasional sebagai pemoderasi. E-Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Udayana, 5(12), 4057-4082.
- Bakker, A. B. 2011. An Evidence-Based Model of Work Engagement. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(4), 265-269. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721411414534 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721411414534
- Baker, A. B., and Sanz-Vergel, A. I. (2013). Weekly work engagement and flourishing: The role of hindrance and challenge job demands. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 83(3), 397-409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2013.06.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2013.06.008
- Bakker, A. B, Schaufeli, W. B., Leiter, M. P, and Tarris, T. W. (2008). Work engagement: An emerging concept in occupational health psychology. Work & Stress: An International Journal of Work, Health & Organisation, 22(3), 187-200. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370802393649 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370802393649
- Bakker, A. B., and Demerouti, E. (2007). The job demands-resources model: state of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), 309-328. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940710733115 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940710733115
- Carnegie, D. (2017). Mayoritas milenial galau dalam pekerjaan, kamu juga? Ditemu kembali dari https://www.dalecarnegie.id/sumberdaya/media/media-coverage/mayoritas-milenial-galau-dalam-pekerjaan-kamu-juga/
- Costantini, A., De Paola, F., Ceschi, A., Sartori, R., Meneghini, A. M., & Di Fabio, A. (2017). Work engagement and psychological capital in the Italian public administration: A new resource-based intervention program. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 43(0), 1-11, https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v43i0.1413 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v43i0.1413
- Dawar, S., Singh, H. & Dawar, P. (2014). Dynamics of Quality of Work Life: A Study of Life Insurance Sector. Asian Journal Management, 5(3), 312-314.
- Erbasi, A. & Ozbek, M. C. (2016). The Effect of Psychological Capital on Work Engagement. Australian Academy of business and economic review, 2(4), 276-284.
- Fernandes, R. B., Martins, B. S., Caixeta, R. P., Costa Filho, C. G. D., Braga, G. A., and Antonialli, L. M. (2017). Quality of work life: an evaluation of the Walton model with an analysis of structural equations. Revista Espacios, 38(3).
- Gallup. 2017. State of the global workplace. New York: Gallup Press.
- Gibson, A. & Hicks, R. E. (2018). Psychological Capital and Core Self-Evaluations in the Workplace. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 10(2), 15-24. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v10n2p15 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v10n2p15
- Gillet, N., Fouquereau, E., Bonnaud-Antignac, A., Mokounkolo, R., & Colombat, P. (2013). The mediating role of organizational justice in the relationship between transformational leadership and nurses' quality of work-life: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey. The International Journal Of Nursing Studies, 50(10), 1359-1367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2012.12.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2012.12.012
- Gupta, M., Shaheen, M. & Das, Manoj. (2018). Engaging employees for the quality of life: mediation by psychological capital, The Service Industries Journal, 39(5-6), 403-419. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2018.1462799 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2018.1462799
- Hackman, J. R., and Oldham, G. R. (1976). Motivation through the design of work: Test of a theory. Organizaional Behavior and Human Performance, 16, 250-279. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(76)90016-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(76)90016-7
- Harms, P. D., Krasikova, D. V., and Luthans, F. (2018). Not Me, But Reflects Me: validating a Simple Implicit Measure of Psychological Capital. Journal Of Personality Assessment, 100(5), 551-562. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2018.1480489 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2018.1480489
- Harms, P. D., Vanhove, A., & Luthans, F. (2017). Positive Projections and Health: An Initial Validation of the Implicit Psychological Capital Health Measure. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 66(1), 78-102. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12077 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12077
- Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L., and Hayes, T. L. (2002). Business-Unit-Level relationship between employee satisfaction, employee engagement, and business outcomes: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(2), 268-279. https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.87.2.268 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.87.2.268
- Indrianti, R & Hadi, C. (2012). Hubungan antara modal psikologis dengan keterikatan kerja pada perawat di instalasi rawat inap rumah sakit jiwa Menur Surabaya. Jurnal Psikologi Industri dan Organisasi, 1(2), 110-115.
- Kanten, Selahattin, and Omer, Sadullah. (2012). Empirical research on relationship quality of work-life and work engagement. Procedia - Social And Behavioral Science, 62(24), 360-366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.057 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.057
- Karatepe, O. M., and Talebzadeh, N. (2016). An empirical investigation of psychological capital among flight attendants. Journal of Air Transport Management, 55 (C), 193-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2016.06.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2016.06.001
- Khaleghkhah A, Babelan A & Karmianpour G. (2017). Prediction of job engagement of teachers based on psychological capital and psychological hardiness. Revista De La Universidad Del Zulia, 8(22), 39-40.
- Khan, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. The Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 692-724. https://doi.org/10.5465/256287 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/256287
- Khera, A. (2015). Impact of Quality of Work Life on Job Satisfaction: An Empirical Study on Nurses of Government Hospital in Chandigarh (India). The International Journal Of Business & Management, 3(8), 34-45.
- Kim, T., Karatepe, O. M. K., Lee, G., Lee, S., Hur, K., and Xijing, C. (2017). Does the hotel employees' quality of work-life mediate the effect of psychological capital on job outcomes?. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29(6), 1638-1657. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-04-2016-0224 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-04-2016-0224
- Klatt, A. L., Murdick, G. R., and Schuster, F. E.. (1985). Human Resource Management. Ohio: Charter E.
- Lehtinen, T. A. (2013). Quality of Working Life and Engagement in an envolving Hospitality Subsector: The Case Of Hostel. Thesis. Portugal: Instituto Universitario of Lisboa.
- Long, J. S. (1983). Confirmatory factor analysis: A Preface to LISREL. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412983778 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412983778
- Luthans, F. & Youssef, C. M. (2004). Human, Social, and now positive psychological capital management: Investing in people for competitive advantage. Organizational Dynamics, 33(2), 143-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2004.01.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2004.01.003
- Luthans, F., Avolio, B. J., Avey, J. B., & Norman, S. M. (2007). Positive psychological capital: measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction. Personnel Psychology, 60(3), 541-572. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00083.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00083.x
- Luthans, F., Youssef, C. M. & Avolio, B. J. (2007). Psychological capital: Developing the human competitive edge. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Markos, S., and Sridevi, M. S. (2010). Employee Engagement: The Key to Improving Performance. International Journal of Business and Management, 5(12), 89-96. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v5n12p89 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v5n12p89
- Mirkamali, S. M. and Thani, F. N. (2011). A study on the quality of work life (QWL) among fculty members of university of Tehran (UT) and Sharif university of technology (SUT). Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 29, 179-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.11.223 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.11.223
- Mortazavi, S. Yazdi, S. V. S., and Amini, A. (2012). The Role of the Psychological Capital on the Quality of Work Life And organization performance. Interdisciplinary journal of contemporary research in business, 4(2), 206 - 217.
- Nafei, W. (2015). Meta-analysis of the impact of psychological capital on quality of work life and organizational citizenship behavior: Astudy on sadat city university. International Journal of Business Administration, 6(2), 42-59 . https://doi.org/10.5430/ijba.v6n2p42 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5430/ijba.v6n2p42
- Nanjundeswaraswamy, T. S., and Swamy, D. R. (2013). A review of the literature on quality of work-life. International Journal for Quality Research, 7(2) 201-214.
- Nguyen, T. D, and Nguyen, T. T. M. (2011). Psychological Capital, Quality of Work Life, and Quality of Life of Marketers: Evidence from Vietnam. Journal of macro marketing, 32(1), 87-95. https://doi.org/10.1177/0276146711422065. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0276146711422065
- Nugroho, D. A. S., Mujiasih, E., & Prihatsanti, U. (2013). Hubungan antara psychological capital dengan work engagement pada karyawan PT. Bank Mega Regional Area Semarang.. Jurnal Psikologi Undip, 12(2), 191–202.
- Nurendra, A. M. and Purnamasari, W. (2017). Hubungan antara kualitas kehidupan kerja dan keterikatan kerja pada pekerja wanita. Indigenous: Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi, 2(2), 148-154. https://doi.org/10.23917/indigenous.v2i2.5649 DOI: https://doi.org/10.23917/indigenous.v2i2.5649
- Osborne, S., and Hammoud, M. S. (2017). Effective employee engagement in the workplace. International Journal of Applied Management and Technology, 16(1), 50-67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5590/IJAMT.2017.16.1.04
- Priatrini, P. S. (2011). Keterikatan karyawan merupakan alternative, ketika kepuasan kerja dan komitmen tidak cukup untuk meningkatkan kinerja orgnaisasi. PIRAMIDA-Jurnal Kependudukan dan Pengembangan Sumber Daya Manusia, 14(1), 1-12.
- Rachmawati, F. (2016). Pengaruh pelatihan kerja dan motivasi kerja terhadap kinerja karyawan pada PT. Trias Sentosa, Krian Sidoarjo. Agora, 4(2), 259-264.
- Ratanjee, V., and Emond, L. (2013, December 17). Why Indonesia must engage younger workers. Business Journal. Retrieved from https://news.gallup.com/businessjournal/166280/why-indonesia-engage-younger-workers.aspx
- Robbins, S. P. & Judge, T. A. (2017). Organizational Behavior. 17th edition. England: Pearson Education Limited.
- Robinson, D., Perryman, S., & Hayday, S. (2004). The Drives of Employee Engagement. Brighton: Institute for Employment Studies.
- Sakovska, M. (2012). Importance of Employee Engagement in Business Environment: Measuring the engagement level of administrative personnel in VUC Aarhus and detecting factors requiring improvement. Denmark: Aarhus School of Business and Social Sciences at Aarhus University.
- Saks, M. A. (2006). Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(7), 600-619. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940610690169 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940610690169
- Salanova, S. & Shaufeli, W. B. (2008). A cross-national study of work engagement as a mediator between Job Resources and Proactive Behavior. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19(1), 116-131. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190701763982 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190701763982
- Sari, D. S. A. (2016). The Role of Quality of Work Life (QWL) As Mediator in the Relationship of Psychological Capital (PsyCap) with the Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) On Civil Servants (PNS) in Buleleng. Prosiding Konferensi Nasional Peneliti Muda Psikologi, 1(1), 85-93.
- Schaufeli, W. B. & Bakker, A. B. (2003). Uwes Utrecht Work Engagement Scale. Preliminary Manual [Version 1, November 2003]. Utrecht: Utrecht University, Occupational Health Psychology Unit. https://doi.org/10.1037/t07164-000 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/t07164-000
- Schaufeli, W. B. & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship wih burnout and engagement: a multi-sample study. Journal of Organizational behavior, 25, 293-315. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.248 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.248
- Schaufeli, W. B. & Bakker, A. B. (2010). The conceptualization and measurement of work. In A.B. Bakker & M. P Leiter (Eds.), Work engagement: A handbook of essential theory and research and research. New York: Psychology Press.
- Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., Gonzalez-Roma, V., and Bakker, A. (2002). The Measurement of Engagement and Burnout a Two-Sample Confirmatory Factor Analytic Approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3, 71-92. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015630930326 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015630930326
- Seppala, E. & Moeller, J. (2018). 1 in 5 employees is highly engaged and at risk of burnout. Harvard Business Review. Advanced Online Publication.
- Shabnambidarian, Parivashjafari, and Naderghologhourchian. (2015). The relationship between quality of lifeland psychological capital in faculty members of Islamic azad university in Iran. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 17(7), 116-120. Doi: 10.9790/487X-1771116120
- Sihag, P., & Sarikwal, L. (2014). Impact of Psychological Capital on Employee Engagement: A Study of IT Professionals in Indian Context. Management Studies And Economic System, 1(2), 127-139. https://doi.org/10.12816/0006211 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12816/0006211
- Simon, J. C. & Buitendach, J. H. (2013). Psychological capital, work engagement, and organizational commitment amongst call center employees in South Africa. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 39(2), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v39i2.1071 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v39i2.1071
- Sonnentag, S. (2011). Research on work engagement is well and alive. The European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 20(1), 29-38. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2010.510639 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2010.510639
- Sriwidodo, U. dan Haryanto, A. B. (2010). Pengaruh kompetensi, motivasi, komunikasi dan kesejahteraan terhadap kinerja pegeawai dinas Pendidikan. Jurnal Manajemen Sumber Daya ManusiaI, 4(1), 47-57. https://doi.org/10.21009/jmp.01106 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21009/jmp.01106
- Syarizka, D. (2018, April 03). Sumber daya manusia:Keterikatan karyawan tentukan kemampuan adaptasi perusahaan. Retrieved from dari http://sumatra.bisnis.com/read/20180403/448/779079/sumber-daya-manusia-keterikatan-karyawan-tentukan-kemampuan-adaptasi-perusahaan.
- Tahir, R. (2013). Keterikatan karyawan dan kontribusinya dalam meningkatkan kinerja perusahaan. Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen & Bisnis, 4(1), 1-11 . https://doi.org/10.17509/jimb.v4i1.988 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17509/jimb.v4i1.988
- Tripathi, J. P. & Sharma, S. (2016). The key to improving performance: employee engagement. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 18(10), 19-25. https://doi.org/10.9790/487X-1810041925 DOI: https://doi.org/10.9790/487X-1810041925
- Van Der Schoor, S. C. M. (2015). Teacher engagement and psychological capital. Master Theses. Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit.
- Wah, L. (1999). Engaging employees a big challenge. Management Review, 88(9), 10.
- Walton, R. (1980). Quality of work life activities: A research agenda. Professional Psychology, 11(3), 484-493. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.11.3.484 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.11.3.484
- Widiasih, P. A. (2017). Peran kepemimpinan profetik dan pemberdayaan psikologis dalam membangun keterikatan kerja karyawan. Jurnal Ilmiah Penelitian Psikologi: Kajian Empiris & Non-Empiris, 3(1), 31-41, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22236/JIPP-26
- Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., and Demerouti, E. (2011). Work engagement and financial returns: A diary study on the role of job and personal resources. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 82(1), 183-200. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317908X285633 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1348/096317908X285633
- Yakin, M., and Erdil, O. (2012). Relationships Between Self-Efficacy and Work Engagement and the Effects on Job Satisfaction: A Survey on Certified Public Accountants. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 58, 370-378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.1013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.1013
- Yildiz, E. (2018). A Case Study on Relationships Between Psychological Capital, Personality, and Organizational Commitment. International Journal of Business Administration, 9(2), 99-122. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijba.v9n2p99 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5430/ijba.v9n2p99
- Youssef, C. M. & Luthans, F. (2007). Positive organizational behavior in the workplace: The impact of hope, optimism, and resilience. Journal of Management, 33(5), 774-800. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206307305562 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206307305562
References
Akbar, M. R. (2013). Pengaruh Budaya Organisasi Terhadap Employee Engagement (Studi Pada Karyawan Pt.Primatexco Indonesia Di Batang). Journal of Social and Industrial Psychology, 2 (1), 10-18.
Alqarni, S. A. Y. (2016). Quality of Work Life as a Predictor of Work Engagement among the Teaching Faculty at King Abdulaziz University. International journal of humanities and social sciences, 6(8), 119 – 121.
Avey, J. B., Luthans, F., and Jensen, S. M. (2009). Psychological capital: Combating employee stress and turnover. Human Resource Management, 48, 677-693. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20294 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20294
Mangkunegara, A. P., & Octorend, T. R. (2015). Effect of work discipline, work motivation, and job satisfaction on employee organizational commitment in the company (Case study in PT. Dada Indonesia). Universal Journal of Management, 3(8), 318-328. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujm.2015.030803 DOI: https://doi.org/10.13189/ujm.2015.030803
Anwar, F. (2017, Ocktober 29). Engagement tenaga kerja milenial Indonesia hanya 25%. Retrieved from https://youngster.id/featured/engagement-tenaga-kerja-milenial-indonesia-hanya-25
Astuti, Ni Luh Putu, Mimba, Ni Putu S. H., dan Ratnadi, Ni Made Dwi. (2016). Pengaruh work engagement pada bendahara pengeluaran dengan kepemimpinan transformasional sebagai pemoderasi. E-Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Udayana, 5(12), 4057-4082.
Bakker, A. B. 2011. An Evidence-Based Model of Work Engagement. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(4), 265-269. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721411414534 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721411414534
Baker, A. B., and Sanz-Vergel, A. I. (2013). Weekly work engagement and flourishing: The role of hindrance and challenge job demands. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 83(3), 397-409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2013.06.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2013.06.008
Bakker, A. B, Schaufeli, W. B., Leiter, M. P, and Tarris, T. W. (2008). Work engagement: An emerging concept in occupational health psychology. Work & Stress: An International Journal of Work, Health & Organisation, 22(3), 187-200. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370802393649 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370802393649
Bakker, A. B., and Demerouti, E. (2007). The job demands-resources model: state of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), 309-328. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940710733115 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940710733115
Carnegie, D. (2017). Mayoritas milenial galau dalam pekerjaan, kamu juga? Ditemu kembali dari https://www.dalecarnegie.id/sumberdaya/media/media-coverage/mayoritas-milenial-galau-dalam-pekerjaan-kamu-juga/
Costantini, A., De Paola, F., Ceschi, A., Sartori, R., Meneghini, A. M., & Di Fabio, A. (2017). Work engagement and psychological capital in the Italian public administration: A new resource-based intervention program. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 43(0), 1-11, https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v43i0.1413 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v43i0.1413
Dawar, S., Singh, H. & Dawar, P. (2014). Dynamics of Quality of Work Life: A Study of Life Insurance Sector. Asian Journal Management, 5(3), 312-314.
Erbasi, A. & Ozbek, M. C. (2016). The Effect of Psychological Capital on Work Engagement. Australian Academy of business and economic review, 2(4), 276-284.
Fernandes, R. B., Martins, B. S., Caixeta, R. P., Costa Filho, C. G. D., Braga, G. A., and Antonialli, L. M. (2017). Quality of work life: an evaluation of the Walton model with an analysis of structural equations. Revista Espacios, 38(3).
Gallup. 2017. State of the global workplace. New York: Gallup Press.
Gibson, A. & Hicks, R. E. (2018). Psychological Capital and Core Self-Evaluations in the Workplace. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 10(2), 15-24. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v10n2p15 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v10n2p15
Gillet, N., Fouquereau, E., Bonnaud-Antignac, A., Mokounkolo, R., & Colombat, P. (2013). The mediating role of organizational justice in the relationship between transformational leadership and nurses' quality of work-life: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey. The International Journal Of Nursing Studies, 50(10), 1359-1367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2012.12.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2012.12.012
Gupta, M., Shaheen, M. & Das, Manoj. (2018). Engaging employees for the quality of life: mediation by psychological capital, The Service Industries Journal, 39(5-6), 403-419. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2018.1462799 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2018.1462799
Hackman, J. R., and Oldham, G. R. (1976). Motivation through the design of work: Test of a theory. Organizaional Behavior and Human Performance, 16, 250-279. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(76)90016-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(76)90016-7
Harms, P. D., Krasikova, D. V., and Luthans, F. (2018). Not Me, But Reflects Me: validating a Simple Implicit Measure of Psychological Capital. Journal Of Personality Assessment, 100(5), 551-562. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2018.1480489 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2018.1480489
Harms, P. D., Vanhove, A., & Luthans, F. (2017). Positive Projections and Health: An Initial Validation of the Implicit Psychological Capital Health Measure. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 66(1), 78-102. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12077 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12077
Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L., and Hayes, T. L. (2002). Business-Unit-Level relationship between employee satisfaction, employee engagement, and business outcomes: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(2), 268-279. https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.87.2.268 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.87.2.268
Indrianti, R & Hadi, C. (2012). Hubungan antara modal psikologis dengan keterikatan kerja pada perawat di instalasi rawat inap rumah sakit jiwa Menur Surabaya. Jurnal Psikologi Industri dan Organisasi, 1(2), 110-115.
Kanten, Selahattin, and Omer, Sadullah. (2012). Empirical research on relationship quality of work-life and work engagement. Procedia - Social And Behavioral Science, 62(24), 360-366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.057 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.057
Karatepe, O. M., and Talebzadeh, N. (2016). An empirical investigation of psychological capital among flight attendants. Journal of Air Transport Management, 55 (C), 193-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2016.06.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2016.06.001
Khaleghkhah A, Babelan A & Karmianpour G. (2017). Prediction of job engagement of teachers based on psychological capital and psychological hardiness. Revista De La Universidad Del Zulia, 8(22), 39-40.
Khan, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. The Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 692-724. https://doi.org/10.5465/256287 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/256287
Khera, A. (2015). Impact of Quality of Work Life on Job Satisfaction: An Empirical Study on Nurses of Government Hospital in Chandigarh (India). The International Journal Of Business & Management, 3(8), 34-45.
Kim, T., Karatepe, O. M. K., Lee, G., Lee, S., Hur, K., and Xijing, C. (2017). Does the hotel employees' quality of work-life mediate the effect of psychological capital on job outcomes?. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29(6), 1638-1657. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-04-2016-0224 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-04-2016-0224
Klatt, A. L., Murdick, G. R., and Schuster, F. E.. (1985). Human Resource Management. Ohio: Charter E.
Lehtinen, T. A. (2013). Quality of Working Life and Engagement in an envolving Hospitality Subsector: The Case Of Hostel. Thesis. Portugal: Instituto Universitario of Lisboa.
Long, J. S. (1983). Confirmatory factor analysis: A Preface to LISREL. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412983778 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412983778
Luthans, F. & Youssef, C. M. (2004). Human, Social, and now positive psychological capital management: Investing in people for competitive advantage. Organizational Dynamics, 33(2), 143-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2004.01.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2004.01.003
Luthans, F., Avolio, B. J., Avey, J. B., & Norman, S. M. (2007). Positive psychological capital: measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction. Personnel Psychology, 60(3), 541-572. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00083.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00083.x
Luthans, F., Youssef, C. M. & Avolio, B. J. (2007). Psychological capital: Developing the human competitive edge. New York: Oxford University Press.
Markos, S., and Sridevi, M. S. (2010). Employee Engagement: The Key to Improving Performance. International Journal of Business and Management, 5(12), 89-96. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v5n12p89 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v5n12p89
Mirkamali, S. M. and Thani, F. N. (2011). A study on the quality of work life (QWL) among fculty members of university of Tehran (UT) and Sharif university of technology (SUT). Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 29, 179-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.11.223 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.11.223
Mortazavi, S. Yazdi, S. V. S., and Amini, A. (2012). The Role of the Psychological Capital on the Quality of Work Life And organization performance. Interdisciplinary journal of contemporary research in business, 4(2), 206 - 217.
Nafei, W. (2015). Meta-analysis of the impact of psychological capital on quality of work life and organizational citizenship behavior: Astudy on sadat city university. International Journal of Business Administration, 6(2), 42-59 . https://doi.org/10.5430/ijba.v6n2p42 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5430/ijba.v6n2p42
Nanjundeswaraswamy, T. S., and Swamy, D. R. (2013). A review of the literature on quality of work-life. International Journal for Quality Research, 7(2) 201-214.
Nguyen, T. D, and Nguyen, T. T. M. (2011). Psychological Capital, Quality of Work Life, and Quality of Life of Marketers: Evidence from Vietnam. Journal of macro marketing, 32(1), 87-95. https://doi.org/10.1177/0276146711422065. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0276146711422065
Nugroho, D. A. S., Mujiasih, E., & Prihatsanti, U. (2013). Hubungan antara psychological capital dengan work engagement pada karyawan PT. Bank Mega Regional Area Semarang.. Jurnal Psikologi Undip, 12(2), 191–202.
Nurendra, A. M. and Purnamasari, W. (2017). Hubungan antara kualitas kehidupan kerja dan keterikatan kerja pada pekerja wanita. Indigenous: Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi, 2(2), 148-154. https://doi.org/10.23917/indigenous.v2i2.5649 DOI: https://doi.org/10.23917/indigenous.v2i2.5649
Osborne, S., and Hammoud, M. S. (2017). Effective employee engagement in the workplace. International Journal of Applied Management and Technology, 16(1), 50-67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5590/IJAMT.2017.16.1.04
Priatrini, P. S. (2011). Keterikatan karyawan merupakan alternative, ketika kepuasan kerja dan komitmen tidak cukup untuk meningkatkan kinerja orgnaisasi. PIRAMIDA-Jurnal Kependudukan dan Pengembangan Sumber Daya Manusia, 14(1), 1-12.
Rachmawati, F. (2016). Pengaruh pelatihan kerja dan motivasi kerja terhadap kinerja karyawan pada PT. Trias Sentosa, Krian Sidoarjo. Agora, 4(2), 259-264.
Ratanjee, V., and Emond, L. (2013, December 17). Why Indonesia must engage younger workers. Business Journal. Retrieved from https://news.gallup.com/businessjournal/166280/why-indonesia-engage-younger-workers.aspx
Robbins, S. P. & Judge, T. A. (2017). Organizational Behavior. 17th edition. England: Pearson Education Limited.
Robinson, D., Perryman, S., & Hayday, S. (2004). The Drives of Employee Engagement. Brighton: Institute for Employment Studies.
Sakovska, M. (2012). Importance of Employee Engagement in Business Environment: Measuring the engagement level of administrative personnel in VUC Aarhus and detecting factors requiring improvement. Denmark: Aarhus School of Business and Social Sciences at Aarhus University.
Saks, M. A. (2006). Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(7), 600-619. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940610690169 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940610690169
Salanova, S. & Shaufeli, W. B. (2008). A cross-national study of work engagement as a mediator between Job Resources and Proactive Behavior. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19(1), 116-131. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190701763982 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190701763982
Sari, D. S. A. (2016). The Role of Quality of Work Life (QWL) As Mediator in the Relationship of Psychological Capital (PsyCap) with the Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) On Civil Servants (PNS) in Buleleng. Prosiding Konferensi Nasional Peneliti Muda Psikologi, 1(1), 85-93.
Schaufeli, W. B. & Bakker, A. B. (2003). Uwes Utrecht Work Engagement Scale. Preliminary Manual [Version 1, November 2003]. Utrecht: Utrecht University, Occupational Health Psychology Unit. https://doi.org/10.1037/t07164-000 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/t07164-000
Schaufeli, W. B. & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship wih burnout and engagement: a multi-sample study. Journal of Organizational behavior, 25, 293-315. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.248 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.248
Schaufeli, W. B. & Bakker, A. B. (2010). The conceptualization and measurement of work. In A.B. Bakker & M. P Leiter (Eds.), Work engagement: A handbook of essential theory and research and research. New York: Psychology Press.
Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., Gonzalez-Roma, V., and Bakker, A. (2002). The Measurement of Engagement and Burnout a Two-Sample Confirmatory Factor Analytic Approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3, 71-92. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015630930326 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015630930326
Seppala, E. & Moeller, J. (2018). 1 in 5 employees is highly engaged and at risk of burnout. Harvard Business Review. Advanced Online Publication.
Shabnambidarian, Parivashjafari, and Naderghologhourchian. (2015). The relationship between quality of lifeland psychological capital in faculty members of Islamic azad university in Iran. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 17(7), 116-120. Doi: 10.9790/487X-1771116120
Sihag, P., & Sarikwal, L. (2014). Impact of Psychological Capital on Employee Engagement: A Study of IT Professionals in Indian Context. Management Studies And Economic System, 1(2), 127-139. https://doi.org/10.12816/0006211 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12816/0006211
Simon, J. C. & Buitendach, J. H. (2013). Psychological capital, work engagement, and organizational commitment amongst call center employees in South Africa. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 39(2), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v39i2.1071 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v39i2.1071
Sonnentag, S. (2011). Research on work engagement is well and alive. The European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 20(1), 29-38. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2010.510639 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2010.510639
Sriwidodo, U. dan Haryanto, A. B. (2010). Pengaruh kompetensi, motivasi, komunikasi dan kesejahteraan terhadap kinerja pegeawai dinas Pendidikan. Jurnal Manajemen Sumber Daya ManusiaI, 4(1), 47-57. https://doi.org/10.21009/jmp.01106 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21009/jmp.01106
Syarizka, D. (2018, April 03). Sumber daya manusia:Keterikatan karyawan tentukan kemampuan adaptasi perusahaan. Retrieved from dari http://sumatra.bisnis.com/read/20180403/448/779079/sumber-daya-manusia-keterikatan-karyawan-tentukan-kemampuan-adaptasi-perusahaan.
Tahir, R. (2013). Keterikatan karyawan dan kontribusinya dalam meningkatkan kinerja perusahaan. Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen & Bisnis, 4(1), 1-11 . https://doi.org/10.17509/jimb.v4i1.988 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17509/jimb.v4i1.988
Tripathi, J. P. & Sharma, S. (2016). The key to improving performance: employee engagement. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 18(10), 19-25. https://doi.org/10.9790/487X-1810041925 DOI: https://doi.org/10.9790/487X-1810041925
Van Der Schoor, S. C. M. (2015). Teacher engagement and psychological capital. Master Theses. Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit.
Wah, L. (1999). Engaging employees a big challenge. Management Review, 88(9), 10.
Walton, R. (1980). Quality of work life activities: A research agenda. Professional Psychology, 11(3), 484-493. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.11.3.484 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.11.3.484
Widiasih, P. A. (2017). Peran kepemimpinan profetik dan pemberdayaan psikologis dalam membangun keterikatan kerja karyawan. Jurnal Ilmiah Penelitian Psikologi: Kajian Empiris & Non-Empiris, 3(1), 31-41, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22236/JIPP-26
Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., and Demerouti, E. (2011). Work engagement and financial returns: A diary study on the role of job and personal resources. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 82(1), 183-200. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317908X285633 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1348/096317908X285633
Yakin, M., and Erdil, O. (2012). Relationships Between Self-Efficacy and Work Engagement and the Effects on Job Satisfaction: A Survey on Certified Public Accountants. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 58, 370-378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.1013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.1013
Yildiz, E. (2018). A Case Study on Relationships Between Psychological Capital, Personality, and Organizational Commitment. International Journal of Business Administration, 9(2), 99-122. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijba.v9n2p99 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5430/ijba.v9n2p99
Youssef, C. M. & Luthans, F. (2007). Positive organizational behavior in the workplace: The impact of hope, optimism, and resilience. Journal of Management, 33(5), 774-800. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206307305562 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206307305562