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“GENERALS DON’T CRY...â€: A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF THE REASONS FOR THE DEFEAT OF THE WHITE MOVEMENT
Corresponding Author(s) : Gayane Nikolayevna Edigarova
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 7 No. 6 (2019): November
Abstract
Purpose of study: The purpose of this research is to carry out a comprehensive analysis of the military-strategic, ideological and theoretical, foreign policy and socioeconomic reasons for the defeat of the White movement.
Methodology: The methodology is based on the principles of historicism and objectivity with the involvement of archival material, documentary sources, memoirs and biographical literature.
Result: The main message of the article is to show the lack of unanimity and coordination in the actions of the internal and external forces of counter-revolution during the Russian Civil War. Significant attention is paid to the characterization and estimation of the military and ideological leaders of the counter-revolution, such as A.I. Denikin, P.N. Wrangel, I.P. Romanovsky and G.V. Florovsky, V.V. Shulgin.
Originality/Novelty: The authors conclude by defining the main peculiarities of the historical development of Russia which contributed to the outbreak of the Civil War and led to the complete failure of the White Guard.
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- Arshinov, P.A. (1923). History of the Makhnovist Movement (1918-1921). Berlin.
- Berdyaev, N.A. (1955). The Origin of Russian Communism. Moscow: Nauka.
- Denikin, A.I. (1991). Essays on Russian Turmoil. In 5 volumes. Moscow: Nauka.
- Denikin, A.I. (1992). White movement and the struggle of the volunteer army. Beloe delo, Vol. 3. Moscow: Golos.
- Denikin, A.I., & von Lampe, A.A. (1991). The Tragedy of the White Army. Moscow: Rossijskij arhiv.
- Dumova, N.G. (1982). Cadet Counter-Revolution and its Defeat. Moscow: Nauka.
- Florovsky, G.V. (1991). On Righteous and Sinful Patriotism, Parallels. Russia â‚‹ East â‚‹ West. Almanac of philosophical comparative studies, 2. Moscow: RAS Institute of Philosophy.
- Gurevich, V. (1923). Real Politics during the Revolution // Volya Rossii. Prague. â„– 12.
- Il’in, I.A. (1926). Belaya ideya // Beloe delo. Letopis' beloj bor'by. Berlin. V. 1.
- Joffe, G.Z. (1989). «Beloe Delo». General Kornilov. Moscow: Nauka.
- Lukomsky, A.S. (1922). Memories of General A. S. Lukomsky: The Period of the European War. The beginning of the devastation in Russia. Struggle against the Bolsheviks. Berlin: Book publishing of O. Kirchner and Co.
- Milyukov, P.N. (1927). Russia at the Break. Vol. 2: The anti-Bolshevik movement. Paris: Imprimerie d'Art Voltaire.
- Shulgin, V.V. (2002). The Last Witness: Memoirs. Essays. Dreams. Moscow: OLMA-PRESS Zvezdnyj mir.
- N.I. Astrov to A.I. Denikin, 23 October, 1918. The collection of the State Archive of the Russian Federation.
- The State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF). Fund. 440. List. 1. File. 3. Sh. 1-15.
- The State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF). Fund. 448. List. 1. File. 15. Sh. 12-15.
- Tsvetkov, V.Zh. (2000). The White Armies of the South of Russia, 1917 – 1920. Moscow: Posev.
- Vlasov, Yu.P. (1993). Fire Cross: The Former. Moscow: Progress.
- Vestnik Dobrovol'cheskoj armii [The Bulletin of the Volunteer Army]. (1918). No4. June 20-21.
- Volkov, S.V. (1999). The Tragedy of the Russian Officers. Moscow: Tsentrpoligraf.
References
Arshinov, P.A. (1923). History of the Makhnovist Movement (1918-1921). Berlin.
Berdyaev, N.A. (1955). The Origin of Russian Communism. Moscow: Nauka.
Denikin, A.I. (1991). Essays on Russian Turmoil. In 5 volumes. Moscow: Nauka.
Denikin, A.I. (1992). White movement and the struggle of the volunteer army. Beloe delo, Vol. 3. Moscow: Golos.
Denikin, A.I., & von Lampe, A.A. (1991). The Tragedy of the White Army. Moscow: Rossijskij arhiv.
Dumova, N.G. (1982). Cadet Counter-Revolution and its Defeat. Moscow: Nauka.
Florovsky, G.V. (1991). On Righteous and Sinful Patriotism, Parallels. Russia â‚‹ East â‚‹ West. Almanac of philosophical comparative studies, 2. Moscow: RAS Institute of Philosophy.
Gurevich, V. (1923). Real Politics during the Revolution // Volya Rossii. Prague. â„– 12.
Il’in, I.A. (1926). Belaya ideya // Beloe delo. Letopis' beloj bor'by. Berlin. V. 1.
Joffe, G.Z. (1989). «Beloe Delo». General Kornilov. Moscow: Nauka.
Lukomsky, A.S. (1922). Memories of General A. S. Lukomsky: The Period of the European War. The beginning of the devastation in Russia. Struggle against the Bolsheviks. Berlin: Book publishing of O. Kirchner and Co.
Milyukov, P.N. (1927). Russia at the Break. Vol. 2: The anti-Bolshevik movement. Paris: Imprimerie d'Art Voltaire.
Shulgin, V.V. (2002). The Last Witness: Memoirs. Essays. Dreams. Moscow: OLMA-PRESS Zvezdnyj mir.
N.I. Astrov to A.I. Denikin, 23 October, 1918. The collection of the State Archive of the Russian Federation.
The State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF). Fund. 440. List. 1. File. 3. Sh. 1-15.
The State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF). Fund. 448. List. 1. File. 15. Sh. 12-15.
Tsvetkov, V.Zh. (2000). The White Armies of the South of Russia, 1917 – 1920. Moscow: Posev.
Vlasov, Yu.P. (1993). Fire Cross: The Former. Moscow: Progress.
Vestnik Dobrovol'cheskoj armii [The Bulletin of the Volunteer Army]. (1918). No4. June 20-21.
Volkov, S.V. (1999). The Tragedy of the Russian Officers. Moscow: Tsentrpoligraf.