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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN METACOGNITIVE LEARNING STRATEGIES AND PROFICIENCY IN EFL CLASSROOM IN CHILE
Corresponding Author(s) : Ranjeeva Ranjan
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 7 No. 6 (2019): November
Abstract
Purpose of the study: The main aim of the present study is to analyze and explain the use of metacognitive strategies in learning English as a foreign language (EFL) in Chile. To comprehend the metacognitive strategy usage of EFL learners, Oxford´s (1990) Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL) was used in this study.
Methodology: The present research is a quantitative study within the characteristics of the descriptive correlational framework in which the metacognitive strategies used by participants were examined in a university EFL setting. Further, the mid-semester grades were used for quantifying proficiency to see the correlation between proficiency and the use of metacognitive strategies.
Main Findings: Results showed that the participants used metacognitive strategies more frequently with an average use of 4.16. Two groups of strategies showed a positive relationship with language performance; cognitive (r=.26) and metacognitive strategies (r=.585). The measured R² (coefficient of determination) was found to be .342 which means 34% of the variance for the language proficiency of the participants was explained by metacognitive strategy use.
Applications of this study: The results of this study can be applied by the language teachers in their classroom teaching practices and by researchers for furthering their research in the field of language learning strategies. It can also be used by the students to facilitate their learning process.
Novelty/Originality of this study: The present study is a contribution to our understanding of how the learners use metacognitive skills and strategies in learning a foreign language. Language teachers can use these strategies in their classroom for successful learning.
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- Al-Buainain, H. (2010). Language learning strategies employed by English majors at Qatar University: Questions and queries. ASIATIC, Journal of English Language and Literature, 4(2), 92-120. Retrieved from https://journals.iium.edu.my/asiatic/index.php/AJELL/article/view/525/492
- Anderson, N.J. (2002).The role of Metacognition in second/foreign language teaching and learning. ERIC Digest. Washington, DC: ERIC Clearinghouseon Languages and Linguistics. Retrieved from https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/ERIC-ED463659/pdf/ERIC-ED463659.pdf
- Anderson, N.J. (2005). L2 learning strategies. In E. Hinkel (ed.), Handbook of Research in Second Language Teaching and Learning. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp. 757–772.
- Anderson, N. (2008) Metacognition and good language learners. In C. Griffiths (Ed.), Lessons from Goof Language Learner (pp.99-109)New York: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CB O9780511497667.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511497667.010
- Brumfit, C. (1984) Communicative Methodology in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
- Dreyer, C. and Oxford, R. (1996). “Learning Strategies and Other Predictors of ESL Proficiency among Afrikaans-speakers in South Africa.†In R. L. Oxford (Ed.), Language Learning StrategiesAround the World: Cross-cultural Perspectives. (pp. 61-74)Manoa: U of Hawaii P.
- Feleciya, A. and Meenakshi, K. (2016). English Language Learning Strategies used by Female ESL Learners of Vellore district–An Empirical Study. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 9(39), https://www.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i39/98843 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i39/98843
- Flavell, J. H. (1976). Metacognitive aspects of problem solving. In L. B. Resnick (Ed.), The nature of intelligence (pp. 231-235). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
- GarcÃa H., M. M., & Jiménez, V. A. (2014). Estrategias en el aprendizaje de la lenguaextranjera y niveles de competencia en estudiantesuniversitarios de mag¬isterio. Revista de InvestigaciónEducativa, 32(2), 363-378. https://www.doi.org/10.6018/rie.32.2.167421 DOI: https://doi.org/10.6018/rie.32.2.167421
- Macaro, E. (2001). Learning Strategies in Foreign and Second Language Classrooms. London and New York: Continuum
- MartÃnez, JJR; MLV Pérez; JH Navarrete (2016). “Language learning strategy use by SpanishEFL students: the effect of proficiency level, gender, and motivationâ€. Revista de InvestigaciónEducativa, 34(1), 133-149, https://doi.org/10.6018/rie.34.1.232981 DOI: https://doi.org/10.6018/rie.34.1.232981
- Mauricio, V. C. (2012) Language Learning Strategies (LLSs) and L2 motivation associated with L2 pronunciation development in pre-service teachers of English.Literatura y LingüÃstica, 25,193-220, http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0716-58112012000100010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4067/S0716-58112012000100010
- Nyikos, M. & Oxford, R. (1993). A factor analytic study of language learning strategy use: Interpretations from information processing theory and social psychology. Modern Language Journal, 77(1), 11-22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1993.tb01940.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1993.tb01940.x
- O’Malley, M. and Chamot A., (1990). Language learning strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Oxford, R. (1990). Language learning strategies: What every teacher should know. New York: Newbury House.
- Oxford, R. and M. E. Ehrman. (1995) Adults’ Language Learning Strategies in an Intensive Foreign Language Program in the United States, System, 23(3), 359-386. https://doi.org/10.1016/0346-251X(95)00023-D DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0346-251X(95)00023-D
- Oxford, R. (1999). Relationships between second language learning strategies and language proficiency in the context of learner autonomy and self-regulation. RevistaCanaria de EstudiosIngleses, 38, pp.109-126.
- Oxford, R. (2017). Teaching and researching language learning strategies. New York: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315719146
- Pawlak, M. (2019). Investigating language learning strategies: Prospects, pitfalls and challenges. Language Teaching Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168819876156 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168819876156
- Richards, J.C., Platt, J., and Platt, H. (1992). Dictionary of language teaching and applied linguistics. London: Longman.
- Rubin, J. (1975). What the “Good Language Learner†Can Teach Us. TESOL Quarterly, 9(1), 41-51. https://doi.org/10.2307/3586011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3586011
- Rubin, J (1981). Study of cognitive processes in second language learning, Applied Linguistics, 2(2), 117-131. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/II.2.117 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/2.2.117
- Stern, H.H. (1975). What can we learn from the good language learner? Canadian Modern Language Review, 31(4), 304–319. https://doi.org/10.3138/cmlr.31.4.304 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3138/cmlr.31.4.304
- Takeuchi O. (2019) Language Learning Strategies: Insights from the Past and Directions for the Future. In: Gao X. (eds) Second Handbook of English Language Teaching. Springer International Handbooks of Education. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58542-0_37-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02899-2_37
- Wenden, A.L. (1998) Metacognitive knowledge and language learning. Applied Linguistics, 19(4), 515–537. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/19.4.515 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/19.4.515
- Wenden, A. L., & Rubin, J. (1987). Learner Strategies in Language Learning. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
- Vandergrift, L. (1997) The Comprehension Strategies of Second Language (French) listeners: A Descriptive Study. Foreign Language Annals, 30(3), https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-9720.1997.tb02362.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-9720.1997.tb02362.x
References
Al-Buainain, H. (2010). Language learning strategies employed by English majors at Qatar University: Questions and queries. ASIATIC, Journal of English Language and Literature, 4(2), 92-120. Retrieved from https://journals.iium.edu.my/asiatic/index.php/AJELL/article/view/525/492
Anderson, N.J. (2002).The role of Metacognition in second/foreign language teaching and learning. ERIC Digest. Washington, DC: ERIC Clearinghouseon Languages and Linguistics. Retrieved from https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/ERIC-ED463659/pdf/ERIC-ED463659.pdf
Anderson, N.J. (2005). L2 learning strategies. In E. Hinkel (ed.), Handbook of Research in Second Language Teaching and Learning. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp. 757–772.
Anderson, N. (2008) Metacognition and good language learners. In C. Griffiths (Ed.), Lessons from Goof Language Learner (pp.99-109)New York: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CB O9780511497667.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511497667.010
Brumfit, C. (1984) Communicative Methodology in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Dreyer, C. and Oxford, R. (1996). “Learning Strategies and Other Predictors of ESL Proficiency among Afrikaans-speakers in South Africa.†In R. L. Oxford (Ed.), Language Learning StrategiesAround the World: Cross-cultural Perspectives. (pp. 61-74)Manoa: U of Hawaii P.
Feleciya, A. and Meenakshi, K. (2016). English Language Learning Strategies used by Female ESL Learners of Vellore district–An Empirical Study. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 9(39), https://www.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i39/98843 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i39/98843
Flavell, J. H. (1976). Metacognitive aspects of problem solving. In L. B. Resnick (Ed.), The nature of intelligence (pp. 231-235). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
GarcÃa H., M. M., & Jiménez, V. A. (2014). Estrategias en el aprendizaje de la lenguaextranjera y niveles de competencia en estudiantesuniversitarios de mag¬isterio. Revista de InvestigaciónEducativa, 32(2), 363-378. https://www.doi.org/10.6018/rie.32.2.167421 DOI: https://doi.org/10.6018/rie.32.2.167421
Macaro, E. (2001). Learning Strategies in Foreign and Second Language Classrooms. London and New York: Continuum
MartÃnez, JJR; MLV Pérez; JH Navarrete (2016). “Language learning strategy use by SpanishEFL students: the effect of proficiency level, gender, and motivationâ€. Revista de InvestigaciónEducativa, 34(1), 133-149, https://doi.org/10.6018/rie.34.1.232981 DOI: https://doi.org/10.6018/rie.34.1.232981
Mauricio, V. C. (2012) Language Learning Strategies (LLSs) and L2 motivation associated with L2 pronunciation development in pre-service teachers of English.Literatura y LingüÃstica, 25,193-220, http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0716-58112012000100010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4067/S0716-58112012000100010
Nyikos, M. & Oxford, R. (1993). A factor analytic study of language learning strategy use: Interpretations from information processing theory and social psychology. Modern Language Journal, 77(1), 11-22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1993.tb01940.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1993.tb01940.x
O’Malley, M. and Chamot A., (1990). Language learning strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Oxford, R. (1990). Language learning strategies: What every teacher should know. New York: Newbury House.
Oxford, R. and M. E. Ehrman. (1995) Adults’ Language Learning Strategies in an Intensive Foreign Language Program in the United States, System, 23(3), 359-386. https://doi.org/10.1016/0346-251X(95)00023-D DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0346-251X(95)00023-D
Oxford, R. (1999). Relationships between second language learning strategies and language proficiency in the context of learner autonomy and self-regulation. RevistaCanaria de EstudiosIngleses, 38, pp.109-126.
Oxford, R. (2017). Teaching and researching language learning strategies. New York: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315719146
Pawlak, M. (2019). Investigating language learning strategies: Prospects, pitfalls and challenges. Language Teaching Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168819876156 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168819876156
Richards, J.C., Platt, J., and Platt, H. (1992). Dictionary of language teaching and applied linguistics. London: Longman.
Rubin, J. (1975). What the “Good Language Learner†Can Teach Us. TESOL Quarterly, 9(1), 41-51. https://doi.org/10.2307/3586011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3586011
Rubin, J (1981). Study of cognitive processes in second language learning, Applied Linguistics, 2(2), 117-131. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/II.2.117 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/2.2.117
Stern, H.H. (1975). What can we learn from the good language learner? Canadian Modern Language Review, 31(4), 304–319. https://doi.org/10.3138/cmlr.31.4.304 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3138/cmlr.31.4.304
Takeuchi O. (2019) Language Learning Strategies: Insights from the Past and Directions for the Future. In: Gao X. (eds) Second Handbook of English Language Teaching. Springer International Handbooks of Education. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58542-0_37-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02899-2_37
Wenden, A.L. (1998) Metacognitive knowledge and language learning. Applied Linguistics, 19(4), 515–537. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/19.4.515 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/19.4.515
Wenden, A. L., & Rubin, J. (1987). Learner Strategies in Language Learning. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
Vandergrift, L. (1997) The Comprehension Strategies of Second Language (French) listeners: A Descriptive Study. Foreign Language Annals, 30(3), https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-9720.1997.tb02362.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-9720.1997.tb02362.x