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FILM TRANSFORMATIONS FROM ANALOG TO DIGITAL: A CASE STUDY OF FILM RESTORATION IN INDONESIA
Corresponding Author(s) : Rizki Briandana
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 8 No. 1 (2020): January
Abstract
Purpose of the study: The purpose of this research is to analyze how the innovations are done in the film restoration process because each celluloid film has a different character.
Methodology: Methodology in this research is a case study by using data collecting technique of interview and observation.
Main Findings: The research results obtained that the film restoration process is able to meet the standardization of broadcast-quality on television.
Applications of this study: Primary data in the research comes from an interview with six informants. Each of the informants is a practitioner who is engaged in film restoration, from the production manager, head of the restoration, head of the film laboratory, film scanning, and film editor.
Novelty/Originality of this study: The digitalization is an innovation that has to be developed to save films and documentaries with high historical values so that each generation can learn and know the history of events that had occurred in the past.
Keywords
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- Amir, S. (2012). The technological state in Indonesia: The co-constitution of high technology and authoritarian politics. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203084120 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203084120
- Barker, T. A. C. (2011). A cultural economy of the contemporary Indonesian film industry. ScholarBank@NUS Repository.
- Bogdan, R., & Taylor, S. J. (1990). Looking at the bright side: A positive approach to qualitative policy and evaluation research. Qualitative Sociology, 13(2), 183–192. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00989686 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00989686
- Briandana, R., Doktoralina, C. M., & Sukmajati, D. (2018). Promotion Analysis of Marine Tourism in Indonesia : A Case Study. European Research Studies Journal, 7(7), 602–613. https://doi.org/10.35808/ersj/973 DOI: https://doi.org/10.35808/ersj/973
- Briandana, R., & Dwityas, N. A. (2018). Comedy Films as Social Representation in the Society : An Analysis of Indonesian Comedy Films. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Studies (IJHSSS), 6959(107), 107–118.
- Cave, D. (2008). “ Born Digitalâ€â€”Raised an Orphan?: Acquiring Digital Media through an Analog Paradigm. The Moving Image, 8(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1353/mov.0.0002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/mov.0.0002
- Creswell, J. W., & Miller, G. A. (1997). Research methodologies and the doctoral process. New Directions for Higher Education, 1997(99), 33–46. https://doi.org/10.1002/he.9903 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/he.9903
- Dixon, D. P., & Zonn, L. E. (2004). Film Networks and the Place (s) of Technology. In Geography and technology (pp. 243–266). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2353-8_11 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2353-8_11
- Dwityas, N. A. (2016). Komunikasi dan Pariwisata: Peran User Generated Content bagi Traveler dalam Media Sosial. JURNAL SIMBOLIKA: Research and Learning in Communication Study, 2(1).
- Dwityas, N. A., & Briandana, R. (2017). Social media in the travel decision-making process. International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 7(7), 291–292.
- Enticknap, L. (2013). Film restoration: The culture and science of audiovisual heritage. Leeds: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137328724 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137328724
- Flueckiger, B. (2012). Material properties of the historical film in the digital age. NECSUS. European Journal of Media Studies, 1(2), 135–153. https://doi.org/10.5117/NECSUS2012.2.FLUE DOI: https://doi.org/10.5117/NECSUS2012.2.FLUE
- Hargadon, A., & Sutton, R. I. (1997). Technology brokering and innovation in a product development firm. Administrative Science Quarterly, 716–749. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393655 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2393655
- Indriawanti, D. P. (2013). Restorasi Arsip Audiovisual di Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia (ANRI). Universitas Gadjah Mada.
- Jankowski, N. W., & Jensen, K. B. (2002). A handbook of qualitative methodologies for mass communication research. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203409800 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203409800
- Larry, J., Rosenberg, R., & Uhler, R. (1980). Thick-film technology: an introduction to the materials. IEEE Transactions on Components, Hybrids, and Manufacturing Technology, 3(2), 211–225. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCHMT.1980.1135609 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TCHMT.1980.1135609
- Lyytinen, K., & Damsgaard, J. (2001). What’s wrong with the diffusion of innovation theory? Working Conference on Diffusing Software Product and Process Innovations, 173–190. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-35404-0_11 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-35404-0_11
- Mattock, L. K. (2010). From film restoration to digital emulation: The archival code of ethics in the age of digital reproduction. Journal of Information Ethics, 19(1), 74. https://doi.org/10.3172/JIE.19.1.74 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3172/JIE.19.1.74
- Morissan, M. (2016). The Influence of Politicians on Television Content in Post-Authoritarian Indonesia. JSP (Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik), 20(3), 204–220. https://doi.org/10.22146/jsp.27205 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/jsp.27205
- O’Connell, P. J. (2010). Robert Drew and the development of cinema verite in America. SIU Press.
- Read, P., & Meyer, M.-P. (2000). Restoration of motion picture film (P. Read & M.-P. Meyer, Eds.). Oxford: Elsevier.
- Rogers, E. M. (2010). Diffusion of innovations. Simon and Schuster.
- Setijadi-Dunn, C., & Barker, T. (2010). Imagining “Indonesiaâ€: Ethnic Chinese film producers in pre-independence cinema. Asian Cinema, 21(2), 25–47. https://doi.org/10.1386/ac.21.2.25_1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1386/ac.21.2.25_1
- Soesastro, H. (1998). Emerging patterns of technology flows in the Asia-Pacific region: The relevance to Indonesia. Hill & Thee (Editors), 1998, 303–325.
- Suryani, J. (2019). Restorasi Film Indonesia Studi Kasus Film Bintang Ketjil (1963). Universitas Multimedia Nusantara.
- Wallmüller, J. (2007). Criteria for the use of digital technology in moving image restoration. The Moving Image, 7(1), 78–91. https://doi.org/10.1353/mov.2007.0032 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/mov.2007.0032
- Yin, R. K. (2006). Case study methods. In Handbook of complementary methods in education research (Vol. 3). London: Routledge.
References
Amir, S. (2012). The technological state in Indonesia: The co-constitution of high technology and authoritarian politics. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203084120 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203084120
Barker, T. A. C. (2011). A cultural economy of the contemporary Indonesian film industry. ScholarBank@NUS Repository.
Bogdan, R., & Taylor, S. J. (1990). Looking at the bright side: A positive approach to qualitative policy and evaluation research. Qualitative Sociology, 13(2), 183–192. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00989686 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00989686
Briandana, R., Doktoralina, C. M., & Sukmajati, D. (2018). Promotion Analysis of Marine Tourism in Indonesia : A Case Study. European Research Studies Journal, 7(7), 602–613. https://doi.org/10.35808/ersj/973 DOI: https://doi.org/10.35808/ersj/973
Briandana, R., & Dwityas, N. A. (2018). Comedy Films as Social Representation in the Society : An Analysis of Indonesian Comedy Films. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Studies (IJHSSS), 6959(107), 107–118.
Cave, D. (2008). “ Born Digitalâ€â€”Raised an Orphan?: Acquiring Digital Media through an Analog Paradigm. The Moving Image, 8(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1353/mov.0.0002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/mov.0.0002
Creswell, J. W., & Miller, G. A. (1997). Research methodologies and the doctoral process. New Directions for Higher Education, 1997(99), 33–46. https://doi.org/10.1002/he.9903 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/he.9903
Dixon, D. P., & Zonn, L. E. (2004). Film Networks and the Place (s) of Technology. In Geography and technology (pp. 243–266). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2353-8_11 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2353-8_11
Dwityas, N. A. (2016). Komunikasi dan Pariwisata: Peran User Generated Content bagi Traveler dalam Media Sosial. JURNAL SIMBOLIKA: Research and Learning in Communication Study, 2(1).
Dwityas, N. A., & Briandana, R. (2017). Social media in the travel decision-making process. International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 7(7), 291–292.
Enticknap, L. (2013). Film restoration: The culture and science of audiovisual heritage. Leeds: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137328724 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137328724
Flueckiger, B. (2012). Material properties of the historical film in the digital age. NECSUS. European Journal of Media Studies, 1(2), 135–153. https://doi.org/10.5117/NECSUS2012.2.FLUE DOI: https://doi.org/10.5117/NECSUS2012.2.FLUE
Hargadon, A., & Sutton, R. I. (1997). Technology brokering and innovation in a product development firm. Administrative Science Quarterly, 716–749. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393655 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2393655
Indriawanti, D. P. (2013). Restorasi Arsip Audiovisual di Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia (ANRI). Universitas Gadjah Mada.
Jankowski, N. W., & Jensen, K. B. (2002). A handbook of qualitative methodologies for mass communication research. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203409800 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203409800
Larry, J., Rosenberg, R., & Uhler, R. (1980). Thick-film technology: an introduction to the materials. IEEE Transactions on Components, Hybrids, and Manufacturing Technology, 3(2), 211–225. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCHMT.1980.1135609 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TCHMT.1980.1135609
Lyytinen, K., & Damsgaard, J. (2001). What’s wrong with the diffusion of innovation theory? Working Conference on Diffusing Software Product and Process Innovations, 173–190. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-35404-0_11 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-35404-0_11
Mattock, L. K. (2010). From film restoration to digital emulation: The archival code of ethics in the age of digital reproduction. Journal of Information Ethics, 19(1), 74. https://doi.org/10.3172/JIE.19.1.74 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3172/JIE.19.1.74
Morissan, M. (2016). The Influence of Politicians on Television Content in Post-Authoritarian Indonesia. JSP (Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik), 20(3), 204–220. https://doi.org/10.22146/jsp.27205 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/jsp.27205
O’Connell, P. J. (2010). Robert Drew and the development of cinema verite in America. SIU Press.
Read, P., & Meyer, M.-P. (2000). Restoration of motion picture film (P. Read & M.-P. Meyer, Eds.). Oxford: Elsevier.
Rogers, E. M. (2010). Diffusion of innovations. Simon and Schuster.
Setijadi-Dunn, C., & Barker, T. (2010). Imagining “Indonesiaâ€: Ethnic Chinese film producers in pre-independence cinema. Asian Cinema, 21(2), 25–47. https://doi.org/10.1386/ac.21.2.25_1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1386/ac.21.2.25_1
Soesastro, H. (1998). Emerging patterns of technology flows in the Asia-Pacific region: The relevance to Indonesia. Hill & Thee (Editors), 1998, 303–325.
Suryani, J. (2019). Restorasi Film Indonesia Studi Kasus Film Bintang Ketjil (1963). Universitas Multimedia Nusantara.
Wallmüller, J. (2007). Criteria for the use of digital technology in moving image restoration. The Moving Image, 7(1), 78–91. https://doi.org/10.1353/mov.2007.0032 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/mov.2007.0032
Yin, R. K. (2006). Case study methods. In Handbook of complementary methods in education research (Vol. 3). London: Routledge.