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INCOME GENERATION SCHEMES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF TRIBAL WOMEN
Corresponding Author(s) : Pacha Malyadri
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 8 No. 1 (2020): January
Abstract
Purpose of the study: The study tried to evaluate two issues which are socio-economic conditions of tribal women and the impact of welfare schemes financing by banks for income generation among tribal women.
Methodology: This empirical research adopted a quantitative method by distributing a schedule to 120 tribal women located in a rural-based Khammam district of Telangana state. The data analyzed by using the one-way ANOVA, mean, regression analysis and standard deviation (S.D.) with the assistance of Statistical Package for Social Sciences to determining the impact of income generation schemes on socio-economic conditions.
Main Findings: This study found that incomes are improved phenomenally after availing welfare schemes targeted at tribal women. However, the tribal women are needed to facilitate awareness of various schemes on circulation by the Government. The known income generation schemes were impacted positively among few tribal women and they have expressed satisfaction as there was significant empowerment in their livelihoods.
Applications of this study: The findings of the study are useful for the government in implementing income generation activities to strengthen tribal women economically, socially and politically. It would be relevant to apply solutions for the problems encountering by tribal women.
Novelty/Originality of this study: The impact of income generation schemes has been addressed categorically concerning empowerment. Therefore a determined plan of implementation of further action can significantly empower the tribal women in all respects.
Keywords
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- Agrawal et al. (2011). Effect of knowledge of community health workers on essential newborn health care: A study from rural India. Health Policy and Planning, 27(2), 115-126. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czr018
- Aparna Mitra. (2007). The status of women among the scheduled tribes in India. The Journal of SocioEconomics.37 (3), 1202-1217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2006.12.077 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2006.12.077
- Barik, S. K. (2012). Are tribal women empowered: understandings from Sustainable Tribal Empowerment Project (STEP) and IKP in ITDA Paderu of Visakhapatnam districts. Andhra Pradesh. Elixir Soc. Sci. 46(2012), 8323-8327. https://www.elixirpublishers.com/articles/1351162084_46%20(2012)%208323-8327.pdf
- Behera, M.C. and Basar, J. (2009). Implementation of Development Schemes and Exclusion: A Study with Reference to Growth Education in Arunachal Pradesh. The Oriental Anthropologist, 9(2) 233–253. https://doi.org/10.1177/0976343020090207 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0976343020090207
- Gangadhar, S., Bhat, M.S., & Malyadri, P. (2017). An Empirical Study on Microfinance and Women Empowerment in Karimnagar District of Telangana State, India. CSCanada International Business and Management, 14(2), 65-69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3968/9162
- Ganireddy Appala Swamy et al. (2018).Changing trends in the lifestyle of Chenchus tribes – A Study in Atmakur Mandal of Kurnool District Andhra Pradesh. Journal of Rural Development 37(3) 501-518. https://doi.org/10.25175/jrd/2018/v37/i3/139521 DOI: https://doi.org/10.25175/jrd/2018/v37/i3/139521
- Gopinath Reddy, M and Anil Kumar K. (2010).Political Economy of Tribal Development: A Case Study of Andhra Pradesh. Centre for Economic and Social Studies, Working Paper 3-54.
- http://saber.eaber.org/sites/default/files/documents/CESS_Reddy_2_2010.pdf
- Irshad Ali, ANM & Indranoshee Das. (2003) .Tribal Situation in North East India, Studies of Tribes and Tribals. 1(2), 141-148. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972639X.2003.11886492 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0972639X.2003.11886492
- Kiran Dungdung and Pattanaik. (2020).Tribal Development Disparities in Odisha: An Empirical Analysis. South Asia Research, 40(1), 94-110. https://doi.org/10.1177/0262728019894129 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0262728019894129
- Kishor Goswami et al. (2019).Socio-cultural motivation in women’s entrepreneurship: Exploring the handloom industry in Assam. Asian Journal of Women's Studies, 25(3), 317-351.
- https://doi.org/10.1080/12259276.2019.1637391 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/12259276.2019.1637391
- Malyadri, P & Srinivasa Rao, K. (2019).A study on impact of poverty alleviation programs on skill development of tribal women households in Telangana state Journal of Global Resources , 6 (01) ,53-57. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46587/JGR.2019.v06i01.008
- Maya Ghosh. (2014). Tribal Culture in the Matrix of an Inclusive Society: A Case of Marginality of Tribes in Terai and Dooars Region of West Bengal in India. Studies of Tribes and Tribals, 12(1), 71-83. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972639X.2014.11886688 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0972639X.2014.11886688
- Ministry of Tribal affairs, Government of India. (2013). Statistical profile of scheduled tribes in India.
- https://tribal.nic.in/ST/StatisticalProfileofSTs2013.pdf
- Mubashira Zaidi. (2019) .Tribal women's empowerment through the Forest Rights Act, 2006 in southern Rajasthan. Asian Journal of Women's Studies, 25(1), 47-75. https://doi.org/10.1080/12259276.2019.1565637 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/12259276.2019.1565637
- Nikky Toppo (2016). Impact of Modernisation on Political Empowerment of Tribal Women through Panchayati Raj Systems in Gumla District. Anusandhanika, 14(1/2), 29-35.
- http://anusandhanika.co.in/beta/ansandhanika_ssc_jan%2016.pdf
- Pal, T. (2011). Changing tribal culture: A photo-geographical explanation. Current Research Journal of Social Science, 3(6), 483-489.
- Pawar, I.A. (2016). Impact of Microfinance on Tribal Development in Telangana. Sumedha Journal of Management, 5(2), 35-45.
- http://cmrcetmba.in/SUMEDHA_ADMIN/journal_attachment/1548167210_1605071228.pdf
- Pulla Rao D. (2013).Socioeconomic Status of Scheduled Tribes. MERC Global's International Journal of Management, 1(1) 36-50. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/48761/1/MPRA_paper_48761.pdf
- Purshottam and Vanita Dhingra. (2017). Understanding the Indian tribal life and their issues. International Journal of Advanced Research. 5(7), 1588-1595. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/4873 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/4873
- Puttaraja Heggade & O.D. Heggade. (2012). Economic Empowerment of Tribal Women in Karnataka: A Case Study in Mysore and Chamarajanagara Districts. Studies of Tribes and Tribals, 10(2), 173-181.
- https://doi.org/10.1080/0972639X.2012.11886655 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0972639X.2012.11886655
- Rao, K. S & Venkateshwarlu, K. (2019). A Study on Select Microfinance Institutions in Telangana State. Global Journal for Research Analysis, 8(1), 39-40.
- http://worldwidejournals.net/index.php/GJRA/article/view/327/323
- Rajat Kanti Das. (2003) .Social Transformation and Political Orientation: The Case of Midnapore Tribals. Studies of Tribes and Tribals, 1(2), 149-153. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972639X.2003.11886493 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0972639X.2003.11886493
- Rajkishor Meher. (2007). Livelihood, Poverty and Morbidity: A Study on Health and Socio-economic Status of the Tribal Population in Orissa. Journal of Health Management. 9(3), 343-367.
- https://doi.org/10.1177/097206340700900303 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/097206340700900303
- Rupla Naik & Dasaratharamaiah. (2019). Education and Socio-Economic Development of Tribal Women: A Study. International Journal of Economics, 7(4), 9-19. https://doi.org/10.34293/economics.v7i4.608 DOI: https://doi.org/10.34293/economics.v7i4.608
- Sangita Dhal. (2018). Situating Tribal Women in Gender Discourse: A Study of the Socio-economic Roots of Gender Violence in Odisha. Indian Journal of Public Administration 64(1) 87–102.
- https://doi.org/10.1177/0019556117735459 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0019556117735459
- Sanjay Kanti Das, (2012). An analysis of constraints in women empowerment in Tribal area: Evidences from Assam. Asian Journal of Research in Social Science & Humanities, 2 (4), 61-74.
- Sanjeeta Kumari Devi and Nibedita Dhal. (2020). Socio-economic Initiative of the Government and its efficacy on Tribal Women. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 8(5) 22-35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.E5010.018520
- Sikligar, P. C. (2004). Women's Empowerment under the Wavli System: A Study on Tribal Women in South Gujarat in India. Asia-Pacific Journal of Rural Development, 14(2), 14-23.
- https://doi.org/10.1177/1018529120040202 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1018529120040202
- Sonowal. (2008). Indian Tribes and Issue of Social Inclusion and Exclusion, Studies of Tribes and Tribals, 6(2), 123-134. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972639X.2008.11886586 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0972639X.2008.11886586
- Sravana Kumar Gutta at al., (2019). Socio-demographic and socio-economic profile of tribal communities in East Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, 6(6), 2390-2395. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20192140 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20192140
- Swamy, G. A., Rao, K. V., & Reddy, V. N. (2016). The Impact of SHG Model on Chenchu Tribal Women in Andhra Pradesh. South Asian Journal of Participative Development, 16(2), 55-62.
- Swati Girase (2016). The problems of Indian tribal communities in current scenario. International Journal of Development Research. 6(5), 7924-7927. https://www.journalijdr.com/sites/default/files/issue-pdf/5356.pdf
- Subaldas and Kausik Bose. (2015). Adult tribal malnutrition in India: an anthropometric and socio-demographic review.Anthropological Review, 78(1), 47-65 . https://doi.org/10.1515/anre-2015-0004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/anre-2015-0004
- Suman Kalyani at al. (2013). Impact Analysis of Empowerment Programmes of Tribal Community in East Godavari Andhra Pradesh India. Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology, 2(2), 128-139. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9734/AJAEES/2013/5080
- Tribal welfare, Government of Telangana. (2019). Empowering Tribals, Annual Report 2018-19.
- https://www.telangana.gov.in/PDFDocuments/Telangana-Tribal-Welfare-Dept-Annual-Report-2018-19.pdf
- Uma Jyothi et al. (2015). Constraints Faced by Tribal Women Income Generating Activities. International Journal of Applied Research, 1(11), 799-801.
- Veena Bhasin. (2007) .Status of Tribal Women in India. Studies on Home and Community Science. 1(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/09737189.2007.11885234 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09737189.2007.11885234
- Venkatanarayana M. (2013). Stagnant Structure of Workforce among Scheduled Tribes (STs) in Andhra Pradesh: A Macro View. MPRA Paper National Institute of Rural Development, 4-6.
- Vijaya Lakshmi V and Milcah Paul M. (2019). Socio-Economic Conditions of Tribal Communities in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh- A Review. Acta Scientific Agriculture, 3(8) 104-109.
- https://doi.org/10.31080/ASAG.2019.03.0571 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31080/ASAG.2019.03.0571
- Vinay Kumar Srivastava. (2018). The National Committee Report on Tribal People. Social change. 48 (1), 120-130. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049085717743843 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0049085717743843
References
Agrawal et al. (2011). Effect of knowledge of community health workers on essential newborn health care: A study from rural India. Health Policy and Planning, 27(2), 115-126. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czr018
Aparna Mitra. (2007). The status of women among the scheduled tribes in India. The Journal of SocioEconomics.37 (3), 1202-1217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2006.12.077 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2006.12.077
Barik, S. K. (2012). Are tribal women empowered: understandings from Sustainable Tribal Empowerment Project (STEP) and IKP in ITDA Paderu of Visakhapatnam districts. Andhra Pradesh. Elixir Soc. Sci. 46(2012), 8323-8327. https://www.elixirpublishers.com/articles/1351162084_46%20(2012)%208323-8327.pdf
Behera, M.C. and Basar, J. (2009). Implementation of Development Schemes and Exclusion: A Study with Reference to Growth Education in Arunachal Pradesh. The Oriental Anthropologist, 9(2) 233–253. https://doi.org/10.1177/0976343020090207 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0976343020090207
Gangadhar, S., Bhat, M.S., & Malyadri, P. (2017). An Empirical Study on Microfinance and Women Empowerment in Karimnagar District of Telangana State, India. CSCanada International Business and Management, 14(2), 65-69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3968/9162
Ganireddy Appala Swamy et al. (2018).Changing trends in the lifestyle of Chenchus tribes – A Study in Atmakur Mandal of Kurnool District Andhra Pradesh. Journal of Rural Development 37(3) 501-518. https://doi.org/10.25175/jrd/2018/v37/i3/139521 DOI: https://doi.org/10.25175/jrd/2018/v37/i3/139521
Gopinath Reddy, M and Anil Kumar K. (2010).Political Economy of Tribal Development: A Case Study of Andhra Pradesh. Centre for Economic and Social Studies, Working Paper 3-54.
http://saber.eaber.org/sites/default/files/documents/CESS_Reddy_2_2010.pdf
Irshad Ali, ANM & Indranoshee Das. (2003) .Tribal Situation in North East India, Studies of Tribes and Tribals. 1(2), 141-148. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972639X.2003.11886492 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0972639X.2003.11886492
Kiran Dungdung and Pattanaik. (2020).Tribal Development Disparities in Odisha: An Empirical Analysis. South Asia Research, 40(1), 94-110. https://doi.org/10.1177/0262728019894129 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0262728019894129
Kishor Goswami et al. (2019).Socio-cultural motivation in women’s entrepreneurship: Exploring the handloom industry in Assam. Asian Journal of Women's Studies, 25(3), 317-351.
https://doi.org/10.1080/12259276.2019.1637391 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/12259276.2019.1637391
Malyadri, P & Srinivasa Rao, K. (2019).A study on impact of poverty alleviation programs on skill development of tribal women households in Telangana state Journal of Global Resources , 6 (01) ,53-57. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46587/JGR.2019.v06i01.008
Maya Ghosh. (2014). Tribal Culture in the Matrix of an Inclusive Society: A Case of Marginality of Tribes in Terai and Dooars Region of West Bengal in India. Studies of Tribes and Tribals, 12(1), 71-83. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972639X.2014.11886688 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0972639X.2014.11886688
Ministry of Tribal affairs, Government of India. (2013). Statistical profile of scheduled tribes in India.
https://tribal.nic.in/ST/StatisticalProfileofSTs2013.pdf
Mubashira Zaidi. (2019) .Tribal women's empowerment through the Forest Rights Act, 2006 in southern Rajasthan. Asian Journal of Women's Studies, 25(1), 47-75. https://doi.org/10.1080/12259276.2019.1565637 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/12259276.2019.1565637
Nikky Toppo (2016). Impact of Modernisation on Political Empowerment of Tribal Women through Panchayati Raj Systems in Gumla District. Anusandhanika, 14(1/2), 29-35.
http://anusandhanika.co.in/beta/ansandhanika_ssc_jan%2016.pdf
Pal, T. (2011). Changing tribal culture: A photo-geographical explanation. Current Research Journal of Social Science, 3(6), 483-489.
Pawar, I.A. (2016). Impact of Microfinance on Tribal Development in Telangana. Sumedha Journal of Management, 5(2), 35-45.
http://cmrcetmba.in/SUMEDHA_ADMIN/journal_attachment/1548167210_1605071228.pdf
Pulla Rao D. (2013).Socioeconomic Status of Scheduled Tribes. MERC Global's International Journal of Management, 1(1) 36-50. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/48761/1/MPRA_paper_48761.pdf
Purshottam and Vanita Dhingra. (2017). Understanding the Indian tribal life and their issues. International Journal of Advanced Research. 5(7), 1588-1595. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/4873 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/4873
Puttaraja Heggade & O.D. Heggade. (2012). Economic Empowerment of Tribal Women in Karnataka: A Case Study in Mysore and Chamarajanagara Districts. Studies of Tribes and Tribals, 10(2), 173-181.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0972639X.2012.11886655 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0972639X.2012.11886655
Rao, K. S & Venkateshwarlu, K. (2019). A Study on Select Microfinance Institutions in Telangana State. Global Journal for Research Analysis, 8(1), 39-40.
http://worldwidejournals.net/index.php/GJRA/article/view/327/323
Rajat Kanti Das. (2003) .Social Transformation and Political Orientation: The Case of Midnapore Tribals. Studies of Tribes and Tribals, 1(2), 149-153. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972639X.2003.11886493 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0972639X.2003.11886493
Rajkishor Meher. (2007). Livelihood, Poverty and Morbidity: A Study on Health and Socio-economic Status of the Tribal Population in Orissa. Journal of Health Management. 9(3), 343-367.
https://doi.org/10.1177/097206340700900303 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/097206340700900303
Rupla Naik & Dasaratharamaiah. (2019). Education and Socio-Economic Development of Tribal Women: A Study. International Journal of Economics, 7(4), 9-19. https://doi.org/10.34293/economics.v7i4.608 DOI: https://doi.org/10.34293/economics.v7i4.608
Sangita Dhal. (2018). Situating Tribal Women in Gender Discourse: A Study of the Socio-economic Roots of Gender Violence in Odisha. Indian Journal of Public Administration 64(1) 87–102.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0019556117735459 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0019556117735459
Sanjay Kanti Das, (2012). An analysis of constraints in women empowerment in Tribal area: Evidences from Assam. Asian Journal of Research in Social Science & Humanities, 2 (4), 61-74.
Sanjeeta Kumari Devi and Nibedita Dhal. (2020). Socio-economic Initiative of the Government and its efficacy on Tribal Women. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 8(5) 22-35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.E5010.018520
Sikligar, P. C. (2004). Women's Empowerment under the Wavli System: A Study on Tribal Women in South Gujarat in India. Asia-Pacific Journal of Rural Development, 14(2), 14-23.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1018529120040202 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1018529120040202
Sonowal. (2008). Indian Tribes and Issue of Social Inclusion and Exclusion, Studies of Tribes and Tribals, 6(2), 123-134. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972639X.2008.11886586 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0972639X.2008.11886586
Sravana Kumar Gutta at al., (2019). Socio-demographic and socio-economic profile of tribal communities in East Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, 6(6), 2390-2395. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20192140 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20192140
Swamy, G. A., Rao, K. V., & Reddy, V. N. (2016). The Impact of SHG Model on Chenchu Tribal Women in Andhra Pradesh. South Asian Journal of Participative Development, 16(2), 55-62.
Swati Girase (2016). The problems of Indian tribal communities in current scenario. International Journal of Development Research. 6(5), 7924-7927. https://www.journalijdr.com/sites/default/files/issue-pdf/5356.pdf
Subaldas and Kausik Bose. (2015). Adult tribal malnutrition in India: an anthropometric and socio-demographic review.Anthropological Review, 78(1), 47-65 . https://doi.org/10.1515/anre-2015-0004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/anre-2015-0004
Suman Kalyani at al. (2013). Impact Analysis of Empowerment Programmes of Tribal Community in East Godavari Andhra Pradesh India. Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology, 2(2), 128-139. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9734/AJAEES/2013/5080
Tribal welfare, Government of Telangana. (2019). Empowering Tribals, Annual Report 2018-19.
https://www.telangana.gov.in/PDFDocuments/Telangana-Tribal-Welfare-Dept-Annual-Report-2018-19.pdf
Uma Jyothi et al. (2015). Constraints Faced by Tribal Women Income Generating Activities. International Journal of Applied Research, 1(11), 799-801.
Veena Bhasin. (2007) .Status of Tribal Women in India. Studies on Home and Community Science. 1(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/09737189.2007.11885234 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09737189.2007.11885234
Venkatanarayana M. (2013). Stagnant Structure of Workforce among Scheduled Tribes (STs) in Andhra Pradesh: A Macro View. MPRA Paper National Institute of Rural Development, 4-6.
Vijaya Lakshmi V and Milcah Paul M. (2019). Socio-Economic Conditions of Tribal Communities in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh- A Review. Acta Scientific Agriculture, 3(8) 104-109.
https://doi.org/10.31080/ASAG.2019.03.0571 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31080/ASAG.2019.03.0571
Vinay Kumar Srivastava. (2018). The National Committee Report on Tribal People. Social change. 48 (1), 120-130. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049085717743843 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0049085717743843