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DOES SCHOOL COOPERATIVE PROGRAM INCREASE ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTION? A STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELLING APPROACH
Corresponding Author(s) : Norliana Abd Majid
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 8 No. 2 (2020): March
Abstract
Purpose of the study: The primary purpose of this empirical research is to investigate the impact of school cooperative involvement on entrepreneurial intention among Malaysian secondary school students. The school cooperative program was introduced in Malaysia in 1968, and presently, 2421 school cooperatives are operating nationwide. Despite so, the impact of school cooperative towards students’ entrepreneurial intention remains unclear.
Methodology: This research employed the quantitative method, using a cross-sectional survey. The data collected from secondary school students in the East Coast Peninsular of Malaysia involve three states, namely Kelantan, Terengganu, and Pahang. The study employed the Covariance Based Structural Equation Modelling (CB SEM) to analyze the data using the Analysis of Moment Structure (AMOS) graphic.
Principal finding: The result shows that the students’ involvement in the school cooperative increases their entrepreneurial intention.
Applications of this study: The Malaysian government should focus on nurturing entrepreneurship in schools. The Ministry of Education (MOE) and Angkatan Koperasi Kebangsaan Malaysia (ANGKASA) need to enforce assessments on participating students to ensure the effectiveness of this entrepreneurship education program. Moreover, school administrators should support the school cooperative owing to its positive impact on students.
Novelty/Originality of this study: This research delivers the best way to increase entrepreneurial intention by measuring the impact of students’ involvement in school cooperatives. Also, the paper proposes a framework for enhancing entrepreneurial intention by clarifying the Theory of Students’ Involvement. Consequently, this research fills the previous research gap on entrepreneurial intention and lack of information on Malaysian school cooperatives.
Keywords
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- Afthanorhan, A., Awang, Z., & Fazella, S. (2017). Perception of tourism impact and support tourism development in Terengganu, Malaysia. Social Sciences, 6(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci6030106 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci6030106
- Afthanorhan, A., Foziah, H., Rusli, R., & Khalid, S. (2019a). Modelling reflective constructs in generalized structure component analysis: An application to service quality and customer satisfaction in UniSZA library. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 7(10), 33-41.
- Afthanorhan, A., Foziah, H., Rusli, R., & Khalid, S. (2019). The effect of service quality on customer satisfaction in three campuses of UniSZA. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 7(10), 42-56.
- Aimran, A. N., Ahmad, S., Afthanorhan, A., & Awang, Z. (2017). The development of comparative bias index. Paper presented at the AIP Conference Proceedings, 1870. https://doi:10.1063/1.4995935 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4995935
- Asnawi, A., Awang, Z., Afthanorhan, A., Mohamad, M., & Karim, F. (2019). The influence of hospital image and service quality on patients’ satisfaction and loyalty. Management Science Letters, 9(6), 911-920.https://doi: 10.5267/j.msl.2019.2.011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2019.2.011
- Ahmad Marzuki Ismail. (2004). Panduan Asas Gerakan Koperasi Sekolah di Malaysia. (P. N. Malaysia, Ed.) (First). Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Utusan Publications & Distributors Sdn. Bhd.
- Astin, A. W. (1984). Student Involvement : A Developmental Theory for Higher Education. Journal of College Student Development, 40 no 5(July), 518–529.
- Awang, Z. (2016). SEM Made Simple A Gentle Approach To Learning Structural Equation Modelling (Second). Bandar Baru Bangi: MPWS Rich Publication Sdn Bhd.
- Aziz, U. A. (1980). Prinsip-prinsip Koperasi. Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Baharu, K., & Mohammed, Z. Y. (2013). Sikap Keusahawanan dan Hasrat Keusahawanan: Satu Penilaian Instrumen Dalam Mengkaji Kecenderungan Keusahawanan (Entrepreneurial Attitude and Entrepreneurial Intention: An Assessment of Instruments in The Study of Entrepreneurial Tendency). Jurnal Personalia Pelajar, 15, 61–69. Retrieved from http://www.ukm.my/personalia/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Jurnal-7.pdf
- Bollen, K. A. (2019). Model Implied Instrumental Variables (MIIVs): An Alternative Orientation to Structural Equation Modeling. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 54(1), 31–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2018.1483224 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2018.1483224
- Cárcamo-SolÃs, M. de L., Arroyo-López, M. del P., Alvarez-Castañón, L. del C., & GarcÃa-López, E. (2017). Developing entrepreneurship in primary schools. The Mexican experience of “My first enterprise: Entrepreneurship by playing.†Teaching and Teacher Education, 64, 291–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2017.02.013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2017.02.013
- Cieślik, J., & van Stel, A. (2017). Explaining university students’ career path intentions from their current entrepreneurial exposure. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 24(2), 313–332. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-09-2016-0143 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-09-2016-0143
- Dalila, Latif, H., Jaafar, N., Aziz, I., & Afthanorhan, A. (2020). The mediating effect of personal values on the relationships between attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control and intention to use. Management Science Letters, 10(1), 153-162. https://doi:10.5267/j.msl.2019.8.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2019.8.007
- Darwas, R., Syukhri, Wulandari, A., & Afthanorhan, A. (2020). Level of student satisfaction with laboratory facilities using the importance-performance analysis (IPA) method. Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems, 12(3), 195-201. https://doi:10.5373/JARDCS/V12I3/20201182 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5373/JARDCS/V12I3/20201182
- Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312
- Gerbing, D. W., & Anderson, J. C. (1988). Structural equation modelling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411–423. Retrieved from http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1989-14190-001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411
- Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Rabin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis (Seventh). New York: Pearson Prentice Hall.
- Hutasuhut, S., Irwansyah, I., Rahmadsyah, A., & Aditia, R. (2020). Impact of Business Models Canvas Learning on Improving Learning Achievement and Entrepreneurial Intention. Jurnal Cakrawala Pendidikan, 39(1), 168–182. https://doi.org/10.21831/cp.v39i1.28308 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21831/cp.v39i1.28308
- Jamilah, D., Noranita, M. N., Rosidah, R., & Muhammad Yusuf, I. (2012). Analisis Kompetensi Anggota Lembaga Koperasi Sekolah Dalam 100 Buah Sekolah-Sekolah Gred A. In Monograf Penyelidikan MKM (p. 62). Pusat Pengurusan Penyelidikan dan Inovasi. https://doi.org/10.15713/ins.mmj.3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15713/ins.mmj.3
- Khalifa, A. H., & Dhiaf, M. M. (2016). WpÅyw edukacji przedsiĘbiorczoÅšci na chĘĆ prowadzenia przedsiĘbiorstwa w zea. Polish Journal of Management Studies, 14(1), 119–128. https://doi.org/10.17512/pjms.2016.14.1.11 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17512/pjms.2016.14.1.11
- Krueger, N. F., Reilly, M. D., & Carsrud, A. L. (2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(5–6), 411–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(98)00033-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(98)00033-0
- Liñán, F., & Chen, Y. (2006). Testing the Entrepreneurial Intention Model on a two-country Sample. Documents de Treball, 06/7(May 2014), 1–37.
- Luca, M. R., & Cazan, A. M. (2011). Involvement in entrepreneurial training and personality. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30, 1251–1256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.242 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.242
- Majid, N. A., Zainol, F. A., Wan Daud, W. N., & Afthanorhan, A. (2019). Cooperative entrepreneurship in Malaysian secondary schools: A review of current practices. Journal of Social Sciences Research, 5(3), 812-818. https://doi:10.32861/jssr.53.812.818 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32861/jssr.53.812.818
- Miralles, F., Giones, F., & Riverola, C. (2016). Evaluating the impact of prior experience in entrepreneurial intention. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 12(3), 791–813. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-015-0365-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-015-0365-4
- Mohamad, M., Afthanorhan, A., Awang, Z., & Mohammad, M. (2019). Comparison between CB-SEM and PLS-SEM: Testing and confirming the maqasid syariah quality of life measurement model. Journal of Social Sciences Research, 5(3), 608-614. https://doi:10.32861/jssr.53.608.614 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32861/jssr.53.608.614
- Mohamad, M., Mohammad, M., Salleh, F., Abd Ghani, M., Ramli, R., & Afthanorhan, A. (2019). The antecedent and consequence of youth drug abusers' life satisfaction: Delinquency behaviour as the mediator. Journal of Reviews on Global Economics, 8, 783-796. https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-7092.2019.08.68 DOI: https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-7092.2019.08.68
- Nasir, M. N. M., Mohamad, M., Ghani, N. I. A., & Afthanorhan, A. (2020). Testing mediation roles of place attachment and tourist satisfaction on destination attractiveness and destination loyalty relationship using the phantom approach. Management Science Letters, 10(2), 443-454. https://doi:10.5267/j.msl.2019.8.026 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2019.8.026
- Noraishah. (2013). Pendidikan Keusahawanan (First). Bangi Selangor, Malaysia: Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
- Norliana, A. M., & Zainol, F. A. (2019). Entrepreneurship Education: Inspiration from the Greatest Entrepreneur. Journal of Science and Management Research, 1(2600-738X), 17–25.
- Rahlin, N. A., Awang, Z., Afthanorhan, A., & Aimran, N. (2019). The art of covariance-based analysis in behaviour-based safety performance study using confirmatory factor analysis: Evidence from SMEs. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 7(10), 351-370.
- Salmianti, M. (2013). Tinjauan Kecenderungan Keusahawanan Dalam Kalangan Pelajar Di Institusi Pengajian Tinggi Awam. Tinjauan Kecenderungan Keusahawanan Dalam Kalangan Pelajar Di Institusi Pengajian Tinggi Awam, 5(1), 38–50.
- Soria-Barreto, K., Honores-Marin, G., Gutiérrez-Zepeda, P., & Gutiérrez-RodrÃguez, J. (2017). Prior exposure and educational environment towards entrepreneurial intention. Journal of Technology Management and Innovation (Vol. 12). https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27242017000200006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27242017000200006
- Wan Mohd Zaifurin, W. N., Ibrahim, M., Nor Hayati, S., & Sabri, A. (2016). Entrepreneurship’™s Intention of Secondary School Student in Kuala Terengganu District, Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 6(2), 110–122. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v6-i2/2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v6-i2/2021
- Wang, D., Wang, L., & Chen, L. (2018). Unlocking the influence of family business exposure on entrepreneurial intentions. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 14(4), 951–974. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-017-0475-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-017-0475-2
- Xu, X., Ni, H., & Ye, Y. (2016). Factors influencing entrepreneurial intentions of Chinese secondary school students: an empirical study. Asia Pacific Education Review, 17(4), 625–635. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-016-9439-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-016-9439-4
- Zaidatol Akmaliah, L. P., & Hisyamuddin, H. (2010). Memperkasa Tekad Keusahawanan (First Edit). Serdang: Penerbit Universiti Putra Malaysia 2010.
References
Afthanorhan, A., Awang, Z., & Fazella, S. (2017). Perception of tourism impact and support tourism development in Terengganu, Malaysia. Social Sciences, 6(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci6030106 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci6030106
Afthanorhan, A., Foziah, H., Rusli, R., & Khalid, S. (2019a). Modelling reflective constructs in generalized structure component analysis: An application to service quality and customer satisfaction in UniSZA library. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 7(10), 33-41.
Afthanorhan, A., Foziah, H., Rusli, R., & Khalid, S. (2019). The effect of service quality on customer satisfaction in three campuses of UniSZA. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 7(10), 42-56.
Aimran, A. N., Ahmad, S., Afthanorhan, A., & Awang, Z. (2017). The development of comparative bias index. Paper presented at the AIP Conference Proceedings, 1870. https://doi:10.1063/1.4995935 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4995935
Asnawi, A., Awang, Z., Afthanorhan, A., Mohamad, M., & Karim, F. (2019). The influence of hospital image and service quality on patients’ satisfaction and loyalty. Management Science Letters, 9(6), 911-920.https://doi: 10.5267/j.msl.2019.2.011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2019.2.011
Ahmad Marzuki Ismail. (2004). Panduan Asas Gerakan Koperasi Sekolah di Malaysia. (P. N. Malaysia, Ed.) (First). Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Utusan Publications & Distributors Sdn. Bhd.
Astin, A. W. (1984). Student Involvement : A Developmental Theory for Higher Education. Journal of College Student Development, 40 no 5(July), 518–529.
Awang, Z. (2016). SEM Made Simple A Gentle Approach To Learning Structural Equation Modelling (Second). Bandar Baru Bangi: MPWS Rich Publication Sdn Bhd.
Aziz, U. A. (1980). Prinsip-prinsip Koperasi. Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
Baharu, K., & Mohammed, Z. Y. (2013). Sikap Keusahawanan dan Hasrat Keusahawanan: Satu Penilaian Instrumen Dalam Mengkaji Kecenderungan Keusahawanan (Entrepreneurial Attitude and Entrepreneurial Intention: An Assessment of Instruments in The Study of Entrepreneurial Tendency). Jurnal Personalia Pelajar, 15, 61–69. Retrieved from http://www.ukm.my/personalia/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Jurnal-7.pdf
Bollen, K. A. (2019). Model Implied Instrumental Variables (MIIVs): An Alternative Orientation to Structural Equation Modeling. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 54(1), 31–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2018.1483224 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2018.1483224
Cárcamo-SolÃs, M. de L., Arroyo-López, M. del P., Alvarez-Castañón, L. del C., & GarcÃa-López, E. (2017). Developing entrepreneurship in primary schools. The Mexican experience of “My first enterprise: Entrepreneurship by playing.†Teaching and Teacher Education, 64, 291–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2017.02.013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2017.02.013
Cieślik, J., & van Stel, A. (2017). Explaining university students’ career path intentions from their current entrepreneurial exposure. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 24(2), 313–332. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-09-2016-0143 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-09-2016-0143
Dalila, Latif, H., Jaafar, N., Aziz, I., & Afthanorhan, A. (2020). The mediating effect of personal values on the relationships between attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control and intention to use. Management Science Letters, 10(1), 153-162. https://doi:10.5267/j.msl.2019.8.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2019.8.007
Darwas, R., Syukhri, Wulandari, A., & Afthanorhan, A. (2020). Level of student satisfaction with laboratory facilities using the importance-performance analysis (IPA) method. Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems, 12(3), 195-201. https://doi:10.5373/JARDCS/V12I3/20201182 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5373/JARDCS/V12I3/20201182
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312
Gerbing, D. W., & Anderson, J. C. (1988). Structural equation modelling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411–423. Retrieved from http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1989-14190-001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Rabin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis (Seventh). New York: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Hutasuhut, S., Irwansyah, I., Rahmadsyah, A., & Aditia, R. (2020). Impact of Business Models Canvas Learning on Improving Learning Achievement and Entrepreneurial Intention. Jurnal Cakrawala Pendidikan, 39(1), 168–182. https://doi.org/10.21831/cp.v39i1.28308 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21831/cp.v39i1.28308
Jamilah, D., Noranita, M. N., Rosidah, R., & Muhammad Yusuf, I. (2012). Analisis Kompetensi Anggota Lembaga Koperasi Sekolah Dalam 100 Buah Sekolah-Sekolah Gred A. In Monograf Penyelidikan MKM (p. 62). Pusat Pengurusan Penyelidikan dan Inovasi. https://doi.org/10.15713/ins.mmj.3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15713/ins.mmj.3
Khalifa, A. H., & Dhiaf, M. M. (2016). WpÅyw edukacji przedsiĘbiorczoÅšci na chĘĆ prowadzenia przedsiĘbiorstwa w zea. Polish Journal of Management Studies, 14(1), 119–128. https://doi.org/10.17512/pjms.2016.14.1.11 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17512/pjms.2016.14.1.11
Krueger, N. F., Reilly, M. D., & Carsrud, A. L. (2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(5–6), 411–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(98)00033-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(98)00033-0
Liñán, F., & Chen, Y. (2006). Testing the Entrepreneurial Intention Model on a two-country Sample. Documents de Treball, 06/7(May 2014), 1–37.
Luca, M. R., & Cazan, A. M. (2011). Involvement in entrepreneurial training and personality. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30, 1251–1256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.242 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.242
Majid, N. A., Zainol, F. A., Wan Daud, W. N., & Afthanorhan, A. (2019). Cooperative entrepreneurship in Malaysian secondary schools: A review of current practices. Journal of Social Sciences Research, 5(3), 812-818. https://doi:10.32861/jssr.53.812.818 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32861/jssr.53.812.818
Miralles, F., Giones, F., & Riverola, C. (2016). Evaluating the impact of prior experience in entrepreneurial intention. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 12(3), 791–813. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-015-0365-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-015-0365-4
Mohamad, M., Afthanorhan, A., Awang, Z., & Mohammad, M. (2019). Comparison between CB-SEM and PLS-SEM: Testing and confirming the maqasid syariah quality of life measurement model. Journal of Social Sciences Research, 5(3), 608-614. https://doi:10.32861/jssr.53.608.614 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32861/jssr.53.608.614
Mohamad, M., Mohammad, M., Salleh, F., Abd Ghani, M., Ramli, R., & Afthanorhan, A. (2019). The antecedent and consequence of youth drug abusers' life satisfaction: Delinquency behaviour as the mediator. Journal of Reviews on Global Economics, 8, 783-796. https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-7092.2019.08.68 DOI: https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-7092.2019.08.68
Nasir, M. N. M., Mohamad, M., Ghani, N. I. A., & Afthanorhan, A. (2020). Testing mediation roles of place attachment and tourist satisfaction on destination attractiveness and destination loyalty relationship using the phantom approach. Management Science Letters, 10(2), 443-454. https://doi:10.5267/j.msl.2019.8.026 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2019.8.026
Noraishah. (2013). Pendidikan Keusahawanan (First). Bangi Selangor, Malaysia: Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Norliana, A. M., & Zainol, F. A. (2019). Entrepreneurship Education: Inspiration from the Greatest Entrepreneur. Journal of Science and Management Research, 1(2600-738X), 17–25.
Rahlin, N. A., Awang, Z., Afthanorhan, A., & Aimran, N. (2019). The art of covariance-based analysis in behaviour-based safety performance study using confirmatory factor analysis: Evidence from SMEs. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 7(10), 351-370.
Salmianti, M. (2013). Tinjauan Kecenderungan Keusahawanan Dalam Kalangan Pelajar Di Institusi Pengajian Tinggi Awam. Tinjauan Kecenderungan Keusahawanan Dalam Kalangan Pelajar Di Institusi Pengajian Tinggi Awam, 5(1), 38–50.
Soria-Barreto, K., Honores-Marin, G., Gutiérrez-Zepeda, P., & Gutiérrez-RodrÃguez, J. (2017). Prior exposure and educational environment towards entrepreneurial intention. Journal of Technology Management and Innovation (Vol. 12). https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27242017000200006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27242017000200006
Wan Mohd Zaifurin, W. N., Ibrahim, M., Nor Hayati, S., & Sabri, A. (2016). Entrepreneurship’™s Intention of Secondary School Student in Kuala Terengganu District, Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 6(2), 110–122. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v6-i2/2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v6-i2/2021
Wang, D., Wang, L., & Chen, L. (2018). Unlocking the influence of family business exposure on entrepreneurial intentions. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 14(4), 951–974. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-017-0475-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-017-0475-2
Xu, X., Ni, H., & Ye, Y. (2016). Factors influencing entrepreneurial intentions of Chinese secondary school students: an empirical study. Asia Pacific Education Review, 17(4), 625–635. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-016-9439-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-016-9439-4
Zaidatol Akmaliah, L. P., & Hisyamuddin, H. (2010). Memperkasa Tekad Keusahawanan (First Edit). Serdang: Penerbit Universiti Putra Malaysia 2010.