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ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE TEACHERS’ PERSPECTIVES ON USING ENGLISH AS A MEDIUM OF INSTRUCTION
Corresponding Author(s) : Adeeb M. Jarrah
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 8 No. 4 (2020): July
Abstract
Purpose of the study: The purpose of the study is to investigate Mathematics and Science elementary school teachers’ perceptions of using English as a medium of instruction in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) primary schools.
Methodology: This research utilized an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design. The first phase of the research featured self-reporting by means of a questionnaire for elementary teachers (n=117), and the second phase used qualitative data by means of focus-group interviews (n=15).
Main Findings: The results revealed that there is consensus among Mathematics and Science teachers that students’ performance and achievements will benefit from the students’ native language (Arabic) when used. Additionally, the teachers expressed that the students’ low English proficiency embedded their understanding of Mathematics and Science concepts. Moreover, teachers indicated that they spend considerable class time teaching English instead of Mathematics and Science concepts.
Applications of this study: This study is intended to portray teachers’ perspectives on using English as a medium of instruction in the UAE elementary schools. It is hoped that the findings of the study may have implications for teachers, curriculum designers, and policymakers.
Novelty/Originality of this study: In the context of the UAE, studies involving the investigation of using English as a medium of instruction were focused mainly on higher education. Thus, this study has the potential to fill an important gap by extending the research to include teachers and students in elementary school and beyond.
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- Ahmad, R.R., Jaaman, S.H., Majid, N & Rambely, A.S. (2013). Challenges in Teaching and Learning Mathematics in the Transition to English Medium. Recent Advances in Educational Technologies, 146-149. Available from http://www.wseas.us/e-library/conferences/2013/CambridgeUSA/EET/EET-25.pdf
- Alhamami, M. (2015). Teaching science subjects in Arabic: Arab university scientists’ perspectives. Language Learning in Higher Education, 5(1), 105-123. https://doi.org/10.1515/cercles-2015-0006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/cercles-2015-0006
- Al-Issa, A. (2017). English as a medium of instruction and the endangerment of Arabic literacy: The case of the United Arab Emirates. Arab World English Journal (AWEJ), 8(3), 3-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3053550 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3053550
- Alieto, E. (2018). Language shift from English to Mother Tongue: Exploring language attitude and willingness to teach among pre-service teachers. TESOL International Journal, 13(3), 134-146. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330344045
- Asiri, R. H. A. (2019). Effect of Using English as a Medium of Instruction in Primary International Schools on the Children’s first language and Cultural Identity. Studies in Literature and Language, 18(2), 15-25 .http://www.cscanada.net/index.php/sll/article/view/10911
- Barnard, R. (2014). English medium instruction in Asian Universities: Some concerns and a suggested approach to dual-medium instruction. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 4(1), 10-22. https://doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v4i1.597 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v4i1.597
- Beka, M. B. (2016). Mother Tongue as a Medium of Instruction: Benefits and Challenges.â€â€â€International Journal of Language, Litrature & Art Studies. 4(1), 16-26.
- Belhiah, H., & Elhami, M. (2015). English as a medium of instruction in the Gulf: When students and teachers speak. Language Policy, 14(1), 3–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-014-9336-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-014-9336-9
- Briggs, J. G., Dearden, J., & Macaro, E. (2018). English medium instruction: Comparing teacher beliefs in secondary and tertiary education. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 8(3), 673-696. https://doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.2018.8.3.7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.2018.8.3.7
- Brock-Utne, B. (2010). English as the Language of Instruction or Destruction – How Do Teachers and Students in Tanzania Cope? In Brock-Utne, B., et al (eds.) Language of Instruction in Tanzania and South Africa - Highlights from a Project. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers. pp77-98. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789460912221_007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789460912221_007
- Clark, V. L. P. (2019). Meaningful integration within mixed methods studies: Identifying why, what, when, and how. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 57, 106-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2019.01.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2019.01.007
- Clegg, J., & Simpson, J. (2016). Improving the effectiveness of English as a medium of instruction in sub-Saharan Africa. Comparative Education, 52(3), 359-374. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315122151-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315122151-7
- Connelly, L. M., & Peltzer, J. N. (2016). Underdeveloped themes in qualitative research: Relationship with interviews and analysis. Clinical nurse specialist, 30(1), 52-57. https://doi.org/10.1097/nur.0000000000000173 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/NUR.0000000000000173
- Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications.
- Dearden, J. (2014). English as a Medium of Instruction–a Growing Global Phenomenon.Oxford:BritishCouncil.https://www.britishcouncil.org/sites/default/files/e484_emi_-_cover_option_3_final_web.pdf
- Early, M., & Norton, B. (2014). Revisiting English as medium of instruction in rural African classrooms. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 35 (7), 674–691. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2014.908890 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2014.908890
- Haryanto, E. (2012). Listening to students’ voice: A survey of implementation of English as a medium of instruction in an international standard school in Indonesia. Journal of Education and Practice, 3(15), 111-119.
- Ismail, S. A. A., & Jarrah, A. M. (2019). Exploring Pre-Service Teachers’ Perceptions of Their Pedagogical Preferences, Teaching Competence and Motivation. International Journal of Instruction, 12(1), 493-510. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2019.12132a DOI: https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2019.12132a
- Ismail, S. A. A., & Al Allaq, K. (2019). The nature of cooperative learning and differentiated instruction practices in English classes. SAGE Open, 9(2), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019856450 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019856450
- Kadbey, H., Dickson, M., & McMinn, M. (2015). Primary teachers’ perceived challenges in teaching Science in Abu Dhabi public schools. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences (Vol. 186, pp. 749–757). Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.055 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.055
- Kagwesage, A. M. (2012). Higher Education Students’ Reflections on Learning in Times of Academic Language Shift. International Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, 6(2), 1-14. https://doi.org/10. 20429/ijsotl.2012.060218 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20429/ijsotl.2012.060218
- Khalaf, H. (2009, June 30). Maths and Science to be taught in English. The National.
- Khatri, K. K. (2019). Teachers’ Attitudes Towards English as Medium of Instruction. Journal of NELTA Gandaki, 2, 43-54. https://doi.org/10.3126/jong.v2i0.26602 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/jong.v2i0.26602
- King, J.M. (2014). An exploratory investigation into content teacher views on English as a medium of instruction policy enactment in the UAE Feral Tertiary Sector. Unpublished PhD thesis, the University of Exeter.
- Komba,W.L., & Nkumbi, E. (2008). Teacher professional development in Tanzania: Perceptions and practices. Journal of International Cooperation in Education, 11(3), 67-83.
- Kuchah, K. (2016). English-medium instruction in an English–French bilingual setting: issues of quality and equity in Cameroon. Comparative education, 52(3), 311-327. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050068.2016.1185257 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03050068.2016.1185257
- Kyeyune, R. (2003). Challenges of using English as a medium of instruction in multilingual contexts: A view from Ugandan classrooms. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 16(2), 173-184. https://doi.org/10.1080/07908310308666666 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07908310308666666
- Macaro, E. (2019). Exploring the role of language in English medium instruction. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 23(3), 263-276. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2019.1620678 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2019.1620678
- Milligan, L. O., Clegg, J., & Tikly, L. (2016). Exploring the potential for language supportive learning in English medium instruction: a Rwandan case study. Comparative education, 52(3), 328-342. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050068.2016.1185258 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03050068.2016.1185258
- Mills, G. E., & Gay, L. R. (2019). Educational research: Competencies for analysis and applications. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
- Moore-Jones, P. J. (2015). Linguistic imposition: The policies and perils of English as a medium of instruction in the United Arab Emirates. Journal of ELT and Applied Linguistics (JELTAL),3(1), 63-73.
- Mouhanna, M. (2016). English as a medium of instruction in the tertiary education setting of the UAE: The perspectives of content teachers. Unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Exeter, U.K.
- Murphy, V. (2014). Second language learning in the early school years: Trends and contexts. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Ong, S. L., & May, T. (2008). Mathematics and Science in English: Teachers experience inside the classroom. Journal of Educators & Education, 23(1) 141–150.
- Owu-Ewie, C., & Eshun, E. S. (2015). The use of English as medium of instruction at the Upper Basic Level (Primary four to Junior High school) in Ghana: From theory to practice. Journal of Education and practice, 6(3), 72-82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/gjl.v3i2.3
- Pearson, P. (2014). Policy without a plan: English as a medium of instruction in Rwanda. Current Issues in Language Planning, 15(1), 39-56. https://doi.org/10.1080/14664208.2013.857286 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14664208.2013.857286
- Perez, A.L., & Alieto, E. (2018). “Change of “Tongue†from English to a local language: A correlation of Mother Tongue proficiency and Mathematics achievementâ€. The Asian ESP Journal, 14(7.2):136-150.
- Probyn, M. (2006). Language and Learning Science in South Africa. Language and Education, 20(5), 391–414. https://doi.org/10.2167/le554.0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2167/le554.0
- Rogier, D. (2012). The effects of English-medium instructions on language proficiency of students in higher education in the UAE. Unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Exeter, U.K.
- Rose, H., & McKinley, J. (2018). Japan’s English-medium instruction initiatives and the globalization of higher education. Higher Education, 75(1), 111-129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-017-0125-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-017-0125-1
- Siemund, P., Alâ€Issa, A., & Leimgruber, J. R. E. (2020). Multilingualism and the role of English in the United Arab Emirates. World Englishes. 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12507 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12507
- Solloway, A. (2016). English-medium instruction in higher education in the United Arab Emirates: The perspective of students. Unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Exeter, U.K.
- Solloway, A. (2017). English in the United Arab Emirates: Innocuous lingua franca or insidious cultural Trojan Horse. Language, identity and Education on the Arabian Peninsula: Bilingual policies in a multilingual context, 176-196. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781783096602-011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21832/9781783096602-011
- Taguchi, N. (2014). English-medium Education in the global society. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 52(2), 89–98. https://doi.org/10.1515/iral-2014-0004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/iral-2014-0004
- Troudi, S & Al Hafidh, G. (2017). The dilemma of English and its roles in the United Arab Emirates and the Gulf. In A. Mahboob and T. Elyas (Eds.), Challenges to Education in the GCC during the 21st century (pp. 93-116).Cambridge: Gulf Research Center Cambridge.
- Troudi, S. & Jendli, A. (2011). Emirati students’ experiences of English as a medium of instruction. In A. Al-Issa & L. S. Dahan (Eds.) Global English and Arabic: Issues of language, culture and identify. (pp. 23-48). Oxford: Peter Lang.
- Troudi, S. (2009). The effects of English as a medium of instruction on Arabic as a language of Science and academia. Power in the EFL classroom: Critical pedagogy in the Middle East, 199-216.
- Trudell, B. (2016). Language choice and education quality in Eastern and Southern Africa: A review. Comparative Education, 52(3), 281-293. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03050068.2016.1185252
- Wanphet, P., & Tantawi, N. (2018). Effectiveness of the policy of English as a medium of instruction: perspectives and outcomes from the instructors and students of university science courses at a university in the UAE. Journal of Education and Practice, 17(2), 145-172 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10671-017-9223-1
- Yadav, P. K., (2011). Blogging as a means of professional development for ELT professionals. Journal of NELTA, 16(1-2), 123-132. https://doi.org/10.3126/nelta.v16i1-2.6136 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/nelta.v16i1-2.6136
References
Ahmad, R.R., Jaaman, S.H., Majid, N & Rambely, A.S. (2013). Challenges in Teaching and Learning Mathematics in the Transition to English Medium. Recent Advances in Educational Technologies, 146-149. Available from http://www.wseas.us/e-library/conferences/2013/CambridgeUSA/EET/EET-25.pdf
Alhamami, M. (2015). Teaching science subjects in Arabic: Arab university scientists’ perspectives. Language Learning in Higher Education, 5(1), 105-123. https://doi.org/10.1515/cercles-2015-0006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/cercles-2015-0006
Al-Issa, A. (2017). English as a medium of instruction and the endangerment of Arabic literacy: The case of the United Arab Emirates. Arab World English Journal (AWEJ), 8(3), 3-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3053550 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3053550
Alieto, E. (2018). Language shift from English to Mother Tongue: Exploring language attitude and willingness to teach among pre-service teachers. TESOL International Journal, 13(3), 134-146. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330344045
Asiri, R. H. A. (2019). Effect of Using English as a Medium of Instruction in Primary International Schools on the Children’s first language and Cultural Identity. Studies in Literature and Language, 18(2), 15-25 .http://www.cscanada.net/index.php/sll/article/view/10911
Barnard, R. (2014). English medium instruction in Asian Universities: Some concerns and a suggested approach to dual-medium instruction. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 4(1), 10-22. https://doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v4i1.597 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v4i1.597
Beka, M. B. (2016). Mother Tongue as a Medium of Instruction: Benefits and Challenges.â€â€â€International Journal of Language, Litrature & Art Studies. 4(1), 16-26.
Belhiah, H., & Elhami, M. (2015). English as a medium of instruction in the Gulf: When students and teachers speak. Language Policy, 14(1), 3–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-014-9336-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-014-9336-9
Briggs, J. G., Dearden, J., & Macaro, E. (2018). English medium instruction: Comparing teacher beliefs in secondary and tertiary education. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 8(3), 673-696. https://doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.2018.8.3.7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.2018.8.3.7
Brock-Utne, B. (2010). English as the Language of Instruction or Destruction – How Do Teachers and Students in Tanzania Cope? In Brock-Utne, B., et al (eds.) Language of Instruction in Tanzania and South Africa - Highlights from a Project. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers. pp77-98. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789460912221_007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789460912221_007
Clark, V. L. P. (2019). Meaningful integration within mixed methods studies: Identifying why, what, when, and how. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 57, 106-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2019.01.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2019.01.007
Clegg, J., & Simpson, J. (2016). Improving the effectiveness of English as a medium of instruction in sub-Saharan Africa. Comparative Education, 52(3), 359-374. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315122151-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315122151-7
Connelly, L. M., & Peltzer, J. N. (2016). Underdeveloped themes in qualitative research: Relationship with interviews and analysis. Clinical nurse specialist, 30(1), 52-57. https://doi.org/10.1097/nur.0000000000000173 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/NUR.0000000000000173
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications.
Dearden, J. (2014). English as a Medium of Instruction–a Growing Global Phenomenon.Oxford:BritishCouncil.https://www.britishcouncil.org/sites/default/files/e484_emi_-_cover_option_3_final_web.pdf
Early, M., & Norton, B. (2014). Revisiting English as medium of instruction in rural African classrooms. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 35 (7), 674–691. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2014.908890 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2014.908890
Haryanto, E. (2012). Listening to students’ voice: A survey of implementation of English as a medium of instruction in an international standard school in Indonesia. Journal of Education and Practice, 3(15), 111-119.
Ismail, S. A. A., & Jarrah, A. M. (2019). Exploring Pre-Service Teachers’ Perceptions of Their Pedagogical Preferences, Teaching Competence and Motivation. International Journal of Instruction, 12(1), 493-510. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2019.12132a DOI: https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2019.12132a
Ismail, S. A. A., & Al Allaq, K. (2019). The nature of cooperative learning and differentiated instruction practices in English classes. SAGE Open, 9(2), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019856450 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019856450
Kadbey, H., Dickson, M., & McMinn, M. (2015). Primary teachers’ perceived challenges in teaching Science in Abu Dhabi public schools. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences (Vol. 186, pp. 749–757). Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.055 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.055
Kagwesage, A. M. (2012). Higher Education Students’ Reflections on Learning in Times of Academic Language Shift. International Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, 6(2), 1-14. https://doi.org/10. 20429/ijsotl.2012.060218 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20429/ijsotl.2012.060218
Khalaf, H. (2009, June 30). Maths and Science to be taught in English. The National.
Khatri, K. K. (2019). Teachers’ Attitudes Towards English as Medium of Instruction. Journal of NELTA Gandaki, 2, 43-54. https://doi.org/10.3126/jong.v2i0.26602 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/jong.v2i0.26602
King, J.M. (2014). An exploratory investigation into content teacher views on English as a medium of instruction policy enactment in the UAE Feral Tertiary Sector. Unpublished PhD thesis, the University of Exeter.
Komba,W.L., & Nkumbi, E. (2008). Teacher professional development in Tanzania: Perceptions and practices. Journal of International Cooperation in Education, 11(3), 67-83.
Kuchah, K. (2016). English-medium instruction in an English–French bilingual setting: issues of quality and equity in Cameroon. Comparative education, 52(3), 311-327. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050068.2016.1185257 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03050068.2016.1185257
Kyeyune, R. (2003). Challenges of using English as a medium of instruction in multilingual contexts: A view from Ugandan classrooms. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 16(2), 173-184. https://doi.org/10.1080/07908310308666666 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07908310308666666
Macaro, E. (2019). Exploring the role of language in English medium instruction. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 23(3), 263-276. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2019.1620678 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2019.1620678
Milligan, L. O., Clegg, J., & Tikly, L. (2016). Exploring the potential for language supportive learning in English medium instruction: a Rwandan case study. Comparative education, 52(3), 328-342. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050068.2016.1185258 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03050068.2016.1185258
Mills, G. E., & Gay, L. R. (2019). Educational research: Competencies for analysis and applications. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
Moore-Jones, P. J. (2015). Linguistic imposition: The policies and perils of English as a medium of instruction in the United Arab Emirates. Journal of ELT and Applied Linguistics (JELTAL),3(1), 63-73.
Mouhanna, M. (2016). English as a medium of instruction in the tertiary education setting of the UAE: The perspectives of content teachers. Unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Exeter, U.K.
Murphy, V. (2014). Second language learning in the early school years: Trends and contexts. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ong, S. L., & May, T. (2008). Mathematics and Science in English: Teachers experience inside the classroom. Journal of Educators & Education, 23(1) 141–150.
Owu-Ewie, C., & Eshun, E. S. (2015). The use of English as medium of instruction at the Upper Basic Level (Primary four to Junior High school) in Ghana: From theory to practice. Journal of Education and practice, 6(3), 72-82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/gjl.v3i2.3
Pearson, P. (2014). Policy without a plan: English as a medium of instruction in Rwanda. Current Issues in Language Planning, 15(1), 39-56. https://doi.org/10.1080/14664208.2013.857286 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14664208.2013.857286
Perez, A.L., & Alieto, E. (2018). “Change of “Tongue†from English to a local language: A correlation of Mother Tongue proficiency and Mathematics achievementâ€. The Asian ESP Journal, 14(7.2):136-150.
Probyn, M. (2006). Language and Learning Science in South Africa. Language and Education, 20(5), 391–414. https://doi.org/10.2167/le554.0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2167/le554.0
Rogier, D. (2012). The effects of English-medium instructions on language proficiency of students in higher education in the UAE. Unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Exeter, U.K.
Rose, H., & McKinley, J. (2018). Japan’s English-medium instruction initiatives and the globalization of higher education. Higher Education, 75(1), 111-129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-017-0125-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-017-0125-1
Siemund, P., Alâ€Issa, A., & Leimgruber, J. R. E. (2020). Multilingualism and the role of English in the United Arab Emirates. World Englishes. 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12507 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12507
Solloway, A. (2016). English-medium instruction in higher education in the United Arab Emirates: The perspective of students. Unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Exeter, U.K.
Solloway, A. (2017). English in the United Arab Emirates: Innocuous lingua franca or insidious cultural Trojan Horse. Language, identity and Education on the Arabian Peninsula: Bilingual policies in a multilingual context, 176-196. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781783096602-011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21832/9781783096602-011
Taguchi, N. (2014). English-medium Education in the global society. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 52(2), 89–98. https://doi.org/10.1515/iral-2014-0004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/iral-2014-0004
Troudi, S & Al Hafidh, G. (2017). The dilemma of English and its roles in the United Arab Emirates and the Gulf. In A. Mahboob and T. Elyas (Eds.), Challenges to Education in the GCC during the 21st century (pp. 93-116).Cambridge: Gulf Research Center Cambridge.
Troudi, S. & Jendli, A. (2011). Emirati students’ experiences of English as a medium of instruction. In A. Al-Issa & L. S. Dahan (Eds.) Global English and Arabic: Issues of language, culture and identify. (pp. 23-48). Oxford: Peter Lang.
Troudi, S. (2009). The effects of English as a medium of instruction on Arabic as a language of Science and academia. Power in the EFL classroom: Critical pedagogy in the Middle East, 199-216.
Trudell, B. (2016). Language choice and education quality in Eastern and Southern Africa: A review. Comparative Education, 52(3), 281-293. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03050068.2016.1185252
Wanphet, P., & Tantawi, N. (2018). Effectiveness of the policy of English as a medium of instruction: perspectives and outcomes from the instructors and students of university science courses at a university in the UAE. Journal of Education and Practice, 17(2), 145-172 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10671-017-9223-1
Yadav, P. K., (2011). Blogging as a means of professional development for ELT professionals. Journal of NELTA, 16(1-2), 123-132. https://doi.org/10.3126/nelta.v16i1-2.6136 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/nelta.v16i1-2.6136