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THE STATUS OF REFUGEE RIGHTS IN LIGHT OF MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING AND MECHANISM OF IMPLEMENTATION
Corresponding Author(s) : Sarah Mahmoud Al-Arasi
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 8 No. 4 (2020): July
Abstract
Purpose: According to the importance of the refugee issue and refugee rights and since that Hashimte Kingdom of Jordan did not join the 1951 convention of refugees status and its 1967 protocol and managed to sign the memorandum of understanding instead with UNHCR, this study aimed to tackle the issue of refugees rights and duties between reality and implementation in Jordan.
Methodology: This study adopted the descriptive, analytical, and comparative methodology of international and regional conventions, in addition to the comparison between the Jordanian legislation and the Memorandum of Understanding on Refugees with the provisions of international law. Also, it utilized the empirical method by conducting a field study.
Main Findings: Results gained from the questionnaire concluded the refugees on Jordanian territory got rights more than what was stipulated on in the memorandum of understanding signed between the Jordan government and the United Nations high commissioner for refugees’ affairs (UNHCR). It also found out that the majority of refugees committed to their responsibilities in maintaining general security and order.
Implications/Applications: This study has addressed the implications of the memorandum of understanding signed between the Jordan government and the United Nations high commissioner for refugees' affairs (UNHCR) by its analysis and application on a random sample of 150 refugees in Jordan, including Syrians in the biggest refugee camp in Jordan; Al- Zaatari refugee camp, in addition to the implications of the memorandum on Iraqi and Yemeni refugees in Jordan.
Novelty/Originality of this study: This study was based on the memorandum of understanding between Jordan and (UNHCR) that was signed in the background of the refugee crisis that our countries witnessed. However, this study was the first to analyze the articles of the memorandum of understanding mentioned above and was backed up with a field study on a random sample of 150 Syrian refugees in Jordan refugees’ camps.
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- Akram, S. M. (2018). Assessing the Impact of the Global Compacts on Refugees and Migration in the Middle East. International Journal of Refugee Law, 30(4), 691-695. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eey071 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eey071
- Alfadhli, K., & Drury, J. (2018). A typology of secondary stressors among refugees of conflict in the Middle East: The case of Syrian refugees in Jordan. PLoS currents, 10. https://doi.org/10.1371/curr ents.dis.4bd3e6437bff47b33ddb9f73cb72f3d8
- Alrababa’h, A., Dillon, A., Williamson, S., Hainmueller, J., Hangartner, D., & Weinstein, J. (2020). Attitudes toward migrants in a highly impacted economy: Evidence from the Syrian refugee crisis in Jordan. Comparative Political Studies. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414020919910 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414020919910
- Alshoubaki, W., & Harris, M. (2018). The impact of Syrian refugees on Jordan: A framework for analysis. Journal of International Studies, 11(2), 154-179. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2018/11-2/11 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2018/11-2/11
- Al-Zubaidi, Ahmad Nedal. (2016). The extent of government obligation to protect refugees. M.A Thesis, Irbid, Jordan: Jordan University.
- Asfahani, M.G. (2017). Syrian refugees in Jordan. M. A Thesis, Amman, Jordan: Al- Zaytoonah University.
- Bdewi, B. H. (2016). The role of international governmental organizations in protecting refugees: UNHCR as a model. M.A thesis. Amman, Jordan: University of the Middle East.
- Benhabib, S. (2020). The end of the 1951 refugee convention? Dilemmas of sovereignty, territoriality, and human rights. Jus Cogens, 2, 75–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42439-020-00022-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42439-020-00022-1
- Blay, S. K., & Tsamenyi, B. M. (1990). Reservations and declarations under the 1951 convention and the 1967 protocol relating to the status of refugees. International Journal of Refugee Law, 2(4), 527-561. https://doi.org/10.1093/reflaw/2.4.527 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/reflaw/2.4.527
- Buckner, E., Spencer, D., & Cha, J. (2018). Between policy and practice: The education of Syrian refugees in Lebanon. Journal of Refugee Studies, 31(4), 444-465. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fex027 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fex027
- Burhan, A. A. (1982). Right of political asylum: Theoretical study in the asylum theory in International law. Cairo: Dar Al- Nahda Al- Arabia.
- Byrne, R., & Gammeltoft-Hansen, T. (2019). International Refugee Law Between Scholarship and Practice. International Journal of Refugee Law, 32(2). https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eeaa011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eeaa011
- Chandler, H., Boothby, N., McNatt, Z., Berrigan, M., Zebib, L., Freels, P. E., ... & Majd, E. (2020). Causes of family separation and barriers to reunification: Syrian refugees in Jordan. Journal of Refugee Studies. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/feaa033 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/feaa033
- Chica, N., & Acosta, P. (2018). Psychosocial support to foster social cohesion between refugee and host communities in Jordan. Intervention-Journal of Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Conflict Affected Areas, 16(2), 147-153. https://doi.org/10.4103/INTV.INTV_40_18 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/INTV.INTV_40_18
- Costello, C. (2018). refugees and (other) migrants: will the global compacts ensure safe flight and onward mobility for refugees? International Journal of Refugee Law, 30(4), 643–649. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eey060 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eey060
- Davis, R., Benton, G., Todman, W., & Murphy, E. (2017). Hosting guests, creating citizens: Models of refugee administration in Jordan and Egypt. Refugee Survey Quarterly, 36(2), 1-32. https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdx003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdx003
- Eghdamian, K. (2017). Religious identity and experiences of displacement: an examination into the discursive representations of Syrian refugees and their effects on religious minorities living in Jordan. Journal of Refugee Studies, 30(3), 447-467. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/few030 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/few030
- Elmolla, J. H. (2019). Birth Registration in Crisis: Exploring a Rights-Based Approach to Birth Registration through the Experience of Syrian Refugees. International Journal of Refugee Law, 31(4), 541-566. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eez043 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eez043
- Furtak, T. F. (2015). The refugee crisis-A challenge for Europe and the world. Journal of Civil & Legal Sciences, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.4172/2169-0170.1000163 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4172/2169-0170.1000163
- Ghosn, F., Braithwaite, A., & Chu, T. S. (2019). Violence, displacement, contact, and attitudes toward hosting refugees. Journal of Peace Research, 56(1), 118-133. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343318804581 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343318804581
- Hagelund, A. (2020). After the refugee crisis: public discourse and policy change in Denmark, Norway and Sweden. CMS, 8, 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-019-0169-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-019-0169-8
- Halaseh, A. S. (2015). State liability toward asylum seeker. Dissertation, Cairo: Cairo University.
- Halaseh. (2006). The legal position of non-Palestinian refugees in Jordan. Muatah Journal for Research and Studies, 21(2), 232. Muatah University.
- Hansen, R. (2018). The comprehensive refugee response framework: A commentary. Journal of Refugee Studies, 31(2), 131-151. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fey020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fey020
- https://www.Addustour.com/articles/47613. Retrieved on 5/4/2019.
- https://www.geiroom.net/archives, 68273. Retrieved on 3/4/2019.
- https://www.maqar.com. (2014). Retrieved on 3/4/2019
- https://www.marefa.com.org. Retrieved on 1/4/2019.
- Inder, C. (2018). The origins of ‘burden sharing’ in the contemporary refugee protection regime. International Journal of Refugee Law, 29(4), 523–554. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eex047 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eex047
- Jordanian Constitution (1952). Article 33/2.
- Kerll, H. W. (1990). New Dimensions of the Global Refugee Problem and the Need for a Comprehensive Human Rights and Development-Oriented Refugee Policy. International Journal of Refugee Law, 2(Special_Issue), 237-251. https://doi.org/10.1093/reflaw/2.Special_Issue.237 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/reflaw/2.Special_Issue.237
- Kinchin, N. (2016). The implied human rights obligations of UNHCR. International Journal of Refugee Law, 28(2), 251-275. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eew033 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eew033
- Kvittingen, A., Valenta, M., Tabbara, H., Baslan, D., & Berg, B. (2019). The conditions and migratory aspirations of Syrian and Iraqi refugees in Jordan. Journal of Refugee Studies, 32(1), 106-124. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fey015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fey015
- Lenner, K. (2020). “Biting our tonguesâ€: Policy Legacies and Memories in the Making of the Syrian Refugee Response in Jordan. Refugee Survey Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdaa005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdaa005
- Memorandum of understanding; (1998). Articles 1, 3,6,7,8.
- Meral, A. G. (2020). Assessing the Jordan Compact One Year On: An opportunity or a barrier to better achieving refugees’ right to work. Journal of Refugee Studies, 33(1), 42-61. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fez074 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fez074
- Miller, D. (2019). Our Responsibilities to Refugees. Proceedings of the 2018 ZiF Workshop “Studying Migration Policies at the Interface Between Empirical Research and Normative Analysis.
- Oliver, M., & Ilcan, S. (2018). The Politics of Protection: The Right to Food in Protracted Refugee Situations. Refugee Survey Quarterly, 37(4), 440-457. https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdy013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdy013
- Owen, D. (2016). Refugees, fairness and taking up the slack: On justice and the international refugee regime. Moral Philosophy and Politics, 3(2), 141-164. https://doi.org/10.1515/mopp-2016-0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/mopp-2016-0001
- Ruaudel, H. & S. Morrison-Métois (2017), "Responding to Refugee Crises in Developing Countries: What Can We Learn From Evaluations?" OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers, No. 37, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/ae4362bd-en DOI: https://doi.org/10.1787/ae4362bd-en
- Saeeda, H. (2015). Forced migration and refugee system of protection in Jordan: Syrians as a model- M. A Thesis, Palestine: Bir Zeit University.
- Schiff, J. L. (2018). Welcoming refugees: Mindful citizenship and the political responsibility of hospitality. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 43(3), 737-762. https://doi.org/10.1086/695305 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/695305
- Skran, C., & Easton-Calabria, E. (2020). Old concepts making new history: Refugee self-reliance, livelihoods and the ‘refugee entrepreneur’. Journal of Refugee Studies, 33(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fez061 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fez061
- Stone, D. (2018). Refugees then and now: memory, history and politics in the long twentieth century: an introduction. Patterns of Prejudice, 52, 2-3, 101-106. https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.2018.1433004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.2018.1433004
- Tsourapas, G. (2019). The Syrian refugee crisis and foreign policy decision-making in Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey. Journal of Global Security Studies, 4(4), 464-481. https://doi.org/10.1093/jogss/ogz016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jogss/ogz016
- UNHCR. (2015). Beyond Detention: A Global Strategy to Support Governments to End the Detention of Asylum-Seekers and Refugees 2014–2019. International Journal of Refugee Law, 27(2), 375-389. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eev025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eev025
- UNHR, The 1951 Refugee Convention. https://www.unhcr.org/1951-refugee-convention.html
- Verhellen, J. (2018). Cross-Border portability of refugees’ personal status. Journal of Refugee Studies, 31(4), 427-443. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fex026 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fex026
- Wake, C., & Barbelet, V. (2020). Towards a refugee livelihoods approach: Findings from Cameroon, Jordan, Malaysia and Turkey. Journal of Refugee Studies, 33(1), 125-142. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fez033 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fez033
- Ward, P. (2014). Refugee cities: reflections on the development and impact of UNHCR urban refugee policy in the Middle East. Refugee Survey Quarterly, 33(1), 77-93. https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdt024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdt024
References
Akram, S. M. (2018). Assessing the Impact of the Global Compacts on Refugees and Migration in the Middle East. International Journal of Refugee Law, 30(4), 691-695. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eey071 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eey071
Alfadhli, K., & Drury, J. (2018). A typology of secondary stressors among refugees of conflict in the Middle East: The case of Syrian refugees in Jordan. PLoS currents, 10. https://doi.org/10.1371/curr ents.dis.4bd3e6437bff47b33ddb9f73cb72f3d8
Alrababa’h, A., Dillon, A., Williamson, S., Hainmueller, J., Hangartner, D., & Weinstein, J. (2020). Attitudes toward migrants in a highly impacted economy: Evidence from the Syrian refugee crisis in Jordan. Comparative Political Studies. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414020919910 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414020919910
Alshoubaki, W., & Harris, M. (2018). The impact of Syrian refugees on Jordan: A framework for analysis. Journal of International Studies, 11(2), 154-179. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2018/11-2/11 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2018/11-2/11
Al-Zubaidi, Ahmad Nedal. (2016). The extent of government obligation to protect refugees. M.A Thesis, Irbid, Jordan: Jordan University.
Asfahani, M.G. (2017). Syrian refugees in Jordan. M. A Thesis, Amman, Jordan: Al- Zaytoonah University.
Bdewi, B. H. (2016). The role of international governmental organizations in protecting refugees: UNHCR as a model. M.A thesis. Amman, Jordan: University of the Middle East.
Benhabib, S. (2020). The end of the 1951 refugee convention? Dilemmas of sovereignty, territoriality, and human rights. Jus Cogens, 2, 75–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42439-020-00022-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42439-020-00022-1
Blay, S. K., & Tsamenyi, B. M. (1990). Reservations and declarations under the 1951 convention and the 1967 protocol relating to the status of refugees. International Journal of Refugee Law, 2(4), 527-561. https://doi.org/10.1093/reflaw/2.4.527 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/reflaw/2.4.527
Buckner, E., Spencer, D., & Cha, J. (2018). Between policy and practice: The education of Syrian refugees in Lebanon. Journal of Refugee Studies, 31(4), 444-465. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fex027 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fex027
Burhan, A. A. (1982). Right of political asylum: Theoretical study in the asylum theory in International law. Cairo: Dar Al- Nahda Al- Arabia.
Byrne, R., & Gammeltoft-Hansen, T. (2019). International Refugee Law Between Scholarship and Practice. International Journal of Refugee Law, 32(2). https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eeaa011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eeaa011
Chandler, H., Boothby, N., McNatt, Z., Berrigan, M., Zebib, L., Freels, P. E., ... & Majd, E. (2020). Causes of family separation and barriers to reunification: Syrian refugees in Jordan. Journal of Refugee Studies. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/feaa033 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/feaa033
Chica, N., & Acosta, P. (2018). Psychosocial support to foster social cohesion between refugee and host communities in Jordan. Intervention-Journal of Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Conflict Affected Areas, 16(2), 147-153. https://doi.org/10.4103/INTV.INTV_40_18 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/INTV.INTV_40_18
Costello, C. (2018). refugees and (other) migrants: will the global compacts ensure safe flight and onward mobility for refugees? International Journal of Refugee Law, 30(4), 643–649. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eey060 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eey060
Davis, R., Benton, G., Todman, W., & Murphy, E. (2017). Hosting guests, creating citizens: Models of refugee administration in Jordan and Egypt. Refugee Survey Quarterly, 36(2), 1-32. https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdx003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdx003
Eghdamian, K. (2017). Religious identity and experiences of displacement: an examination into the discursive representations of Syrian refugees and their effects on religious minorities living in Jordan. Journal of Refugee Studies, 30(3), 447-467. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/few030 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/few030
Elmolla, J. H. (2019). Birth Registration in Crisis: Exploring a Rights-Based Approach to Birth Registration through the Experience of Syrian Refugees. International Journal of Refugee Law, 31(4), 541-566. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eez043 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eez043
Furtak, T. F. (2015). The refugee crisis-A challenge for Europe and the world. Journal of Civil & Legal Sciences, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.4172/2169-0170.1000163 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4172/2169-0170.1000163
Ghosn, F., Braithwaite, A., & Chu, T. S. (2019). Violence, displacement, contact, and attitudes toward hosting refugees. Journal of Peace Research, 56(1), 118-133. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343318804581 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343318804581
Hagelund, A. (2020). After the refugee crisis: public discourse and policy change in Denmark, Norway and Sweden. CMS, 8, 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-019-0169-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-019-0169-8
Halaseh, A. S. (2015). State liability toward asylum seeker. Dissertation, Cairo: Cairo University.
Halaseh. (2006). The legal position of non-Palestinian refugees in Jordan. Muatah Journal for Research and Studies, 21(2), 232. Muatah University.
Hansen, R. (2018). The comprehensive refugee response framework: A commentary. Journal of Refugee Studies, 31(2), 131-151. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fey020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fey020
https://www.Addustour.com/articles/47613. Retrieved on 5/4/2019.
https://www.geiroom.net/archives, 68273. Retrieved on 3/4/2019.
https://www.maqar.com. (2014). Retrieved on 3/4/2019
https://www.marefa.com.org. Retrieved on 1/4/2019.
Inder, C. (2018). The origins of ‘burden sharing’ in the contemporary refugee protection regime. International Journal of Refugee Law, 29(4), 523–554. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eex047 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eex047
Jordanian Constitution (1952). Article 33/2.
Kerll, H. W. (1990). New Dimensions of the Global Refugee Problem and the Need for a Comprehensive Human Rights and Development-Oriented Refugee Policy. International Journal of Refugee Law, 2(Special_Issue), 237-251. https://doi.org/10.1093/reflaw/2.Special_Issue.237 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/reflaw/2.Special_Issue.237
Kinchin, N. (2016). The implied human rights obligations of UNHCR. International Journal of Refugee Law, 28(2), 251-275. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eew033 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eew033
Kvittingen, A., Valenta, M., Tabbara, H., Baslan, D., & Berg, B. (2019). The conditions and migratory aspirations of Syrian and Iraqi refugees in Jordan. Journal of Refugee Studies, 32(1), 106-124. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fey015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fey015
Lenner, K. (2020). “Biting our tonguesâ€: Policy Legacies and Memories in the Making of the Syrian Refugee Response in Jordan. Refugee Survey Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdaa005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdaa005
Memorandum of understanding; (1998). Articles 1, 3,6,7,8.
Meral, A. G. (2020). Assessing the Jordan Compact One Year On: An opportunity or a barrier to better achieving refugees’ right to work. Journal of Refugee Studies, 33(1), 42-61. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fez074 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fez074
Miller, D. (2019). Our Responsibilities to Refugees. Proceedings of the 2018 ZiF Workshop “Studying Migration Policies at the Interface Between Empirical Research and Normative Analysis.
Oliver, M., & Ilcan, S. (2018). The Politics of Protection: The Right to Food in Protracted Refugee Situations. Refugee Survey Quarterly, 37(4), 440-457. https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdy013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdy013
Owen, D. (2016). Refugees, fairness and taking up the slack: On justice and the international refugee regime. Moral Philosophy and Politics, 3(2), 141-164. https://doi.org/10.1515/mopp-2016-0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/mopp-2016-0001
Ruaudel, H. & S. Morrison-Métois (2017), "Responding to Refugee Crises in Developing Countries: What Can We Learn From Evaluations?" OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers, No. 37, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/ae4362bd-en DOI: https://doi.org/10.1787/ae4362bd-en
Saeeda, H. (2015). Forced migration and refugee system of protection in Jordan: Syrians as a model- M. A Thesis, Palestine: Bir Zeit University.
Schiff, J. L. (2018). Welcoming refugees: Mindful citizenship and the political responsibility of hospitality. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 43(3), 737-762. https://doi.org/10.1086/695305 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/695305
Skran, C., & Easton-Calabria, E. (2020). Old concepts making new history: Refugee self-reliance, livelihoods and the ‘refugee entrepreneur’. Journal of Refugee Studies, 33(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fez061 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fez061
Stone, D. (2018). Refugees then and now: memory, history and politics in the long twentieth century: an introduction. Patterns of Prejudice, 52, 2-3, 101-106. https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.2018.1433004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.2018.1433004
Tsourapas, G. (2019). The Syrian refugee crisis and foreign policy decision-making in Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey. Journal of Global Security Studies, 4(4), 464-481. https://doi.org/10.1093/jogss/ogz016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jogss/ogz016
UNHCR. (2015). Beyond Detention: A Global Strategy to Support Governments to End the Detention of Asylum-Seekers and Refugees 2014–2019. International Journal of Refugee Law, 27(2), 375-389. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eev025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eev025
UNHR, The 1951 Refugee Convention. https://www.unhcr.org/1951-refugee-convention.html
Verhellen, J. (2018). Cross-Border portability of refugees’ personal status. Journal of Refugee Studies, 31(4), 427-443. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fex026 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fex026
Wake, C., & Barbelet, V. (2020). Towards a refugee livelihoods approach: Findings from Cameroon, Jordan, Malaysia and Turkey. Journal of Refugee Studies, 33(1), 125-142. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fez033 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fez033
Ward, P. (2014). Refugee cities: reflections on the development and impact of UNHCR urban refugee policy in the Middle East. Refugee Survey Quarterly, 33(1), 77-93. https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdt024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdt024