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LITERATURE REVIEW STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LEADERSHIP STYLE, LEADERSHIP BEHAVIOUR, AND LEADERSHIP TRAITS
Corresponding Author(s) : Wael Ibrahim Alsarrani
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 4 (2021): July
Abstract
Purpose: This paper attempts to interpret and discuss leadership and the three contradicted terms to reveal the misuse of those three terms with leadership.
Methodology: The study uses a systematic method to review the previous literature related to the leadership domain and the three contradicted terms related to leadership. These are leadership style, leadership behaviour, and leadership traits. In addition, this study provides the definitions of the three contradicted terms from a linguistic and management literature perspective.
Main Findings: The study proposed a definition of each of the three contradicted terms. Additionally, the study suggested a conceptual framework that combined how the three contradicted terms can be related. The findings will contribute to the expansion of theoretical knowledge in the field of leadership.
Applications of this study: This paper indicates that the review of the literature regarding what differentiates the three contradicted terms is an important aspect to deeply understand leadership concepts. The definition of each of the three contradicted terms will expand the understanding of junior leadership researchers and university students.
The study's originality: This study will reveal the ambiguity and misinterpretation in the literature regarding the three contradicted terms of leadership. Moreover, it will present the definition of each of the three terms; leadership style, leadership behaviour, and leadership traits. Furthermore, the proposed conceptual framework will contribute to the expansion of theoretical knowledge in the leadership domain.
Keywords
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- Audi, R. (1999). The Cambridge dictionary of philosophy.The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Ahmed, Z., Nawaz, A., & Khan, I. (2016). Leadership Theories and Styles: A Literature Review. Journal of Resources Development and Management, 16(1), 1-7.
- Alblooshi, M., Shamsuzzaman, M., & Haridy, S. (2020). The relationship between leadership styles and organisational innovation. European Journal of Innovation Management, 24(2). https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-11-2019-0339 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-11-2019-0339
- Alharbi, M., & Yusoff, R. Z. (2012). Leadership styles, and their relationship with quality management practices in public hospitals in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Economics & Management Sciences, 1(10), 59-67.
- Ali, A. (2012). Leadership and its Influence in Organizations–A Review of Intellections. International Journal of Learning and Development, 2(6), 73-85. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijld.v2i6.2690 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5296/ijld.v2i6.2690
- Alimo-Metcalfe, B. (2013). A critical review of leadership theory. The wiley-blackwell handbook of the psychology of leadership, change, and organizational development, 13-47. https://doi.org/10.1002/9 781118326404.ch2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118326404.ch2
- Alshammari, F. (2014). Nursing leadership in the Ministry of Health hospitals of Saudi Arabia.
- Alsolami, B., Embi, M. R., & Enegbuma, W. I. (2016). The influence of personal factors on Hajj crowd perception among African Pilgrim Group in Mina. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 9(46),1-9. https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i46/107123 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i46/107123
- Bass, B. M., & Stogdill, R. M. (1990). Handbook of leadership (Vol. 11): New York: free press.
- Bavik, Y. L., Shao, B., Newman, A., & Schwarz, G. (2021). Crisis leadership: A review and future research agenda. The Leadership Quarterly, 101518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2021.101518 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2021.101518
- Bensimon, E., Neumann, A., & Birnbaum, R. (1989). Making sense of administrative leadership: The" L" word in higher education (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED316074).
- Blackburn, S. (2005). The Oxford dictionary of philosophy: OUP Oxford.
- Bolden, R., Gosling, J., Marturano, A., & Dennison, P. (2003). A review of leadership theory and competency frameworks. Centre for Leadership Studies, University of Exeter.UK.
- Burns, J. M. (1978). Leadership. New York: Harper & Row.
- Chemers, M. (2014). An integrative theory of leadership: Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9 781315805726 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315805726
- Derue, D. S., Nahrgang, J. D., Wellman, N., & Humphrey, S. E. (2011). Trait and behavioral theories of leadership: An integration and metaâ€analytic test of their relative validity. Personnel psychology, 64(1), 7-52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2010.01201.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2010.01201.x
- Dinh, J. E., Lord, R. G., Gardner, W. L., Meuser, J. D., Liden, R. C., & Hu, J. (2014). Leadership theory and research in the new millennium: Current theoretical trends and changing perspectives. The Leadership Quarterly, 25(1), 36-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.11.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.11.005
- Dionne, S. D., Gupta, A., Sotak, K. L., Shirreffs, K. A., Serban, A., Hao, C., . . . Yammarino, F. J. (2014). A 25-year perspective on levels of analysis in leadership research. The Leadership Quarterly, 25(1), 6-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.11.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.11.002
- Dóci, E., Stouten, J., & Hofmans, J. (2015). The cognitive-behavioral system of leadership: cognitive antecedents of active and passive leadership behaviors. Frontiers in psychology, 6, 1344. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01344 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01344
- Dubé, L., & Paré, G. (2003). Rigor in information systems positivist case research: current practices, trends, and recommendations. MIS quarterly, 597-636. https://doi.org/10.2307/30036550 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/30036550
- Firth-Cozens, J., & Mowbray, D. (2001). Leadership and the quality of care. Quality in health care, 10(suppl 2), ii3-ii7. https://doi.org/10.1136/qhc.0100003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/qhc.0100003
- France, S.-H. (2008). Leadership Theories: Toward a Relational Model. Retrospective Exam, EXD-66909 for the Ad Hoc doctoral programme of administrative sciences, Université Laval, Québec.
- Freedman, A. M. (2016). The Wiley-Blackwell handbook of the psychology of leadership, change and organizational development: John Wiley & Sons.
- Ford, J., Ford, L., & Polin, B. (2021). Leadership in the Implementation of Change: Functions, Sources, and Requisite Variety. Journal of Change Management, 21(1), 87-119. https://doi.org/10.1080/146 97017.2021.1861697 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14697017.2021.1861697
- Goodman, N. (1975). The status of style. Critical Inquiry, 1(4), 799-811. https://doi.org/10.1086/447816 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/447816
- Gordon, V. (2009). Early twentieth century management theories and models that shaped twenty-first century school leadership. Journal of Philosophy & History of Education, 59, 67-70.
- Grinerud, K., Aarseth, W. K., & Robertsen, R. (2021). Leadership strategies, management decisions and safety culture in road transport organizations. Research in Transportation Business & Management, 100670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2021.100670 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2021.100670
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- Horner, M. (1997). Leadership theory: past, present and future. Team Performance Management: An International Journal, 3(4), 270-287. https://doi.org/10.1108/13527599710195402 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13527599710195402
- Huang, C.-C. (1994). Assessing the leadership styles and total quality leadership behaviors of presidents of four-year universities and colleges that have implemented the principles of Total Quality Management. The Ohio State University.
- Islam the modern religion. (1984, 14/09/2016). Retrieved from http://www.themodernreligion.com/ basic/charac/muslim_organise.html
- Joseph, D. L., Dhanani, L. Y., Shen, W., McHugh, B. C., & McCord, M. A. (2015). Is a happy leader a good leader? A meta-analytic investigation of leader trait affect and leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 26(4), 557-576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2015.04.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2015.04.001
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- Kosicek, P. M., Soni, R., Sandbothe, R., & Slack, F. (2012). Leadership styles, industry fit, and quality focus. Paper presented at the Competition Forum.
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- Laohavichien, T., Fredendall, L. D., & Cantrell, R. S. (2009). The effects of transformational and transactional leadership on quality improvement. The Quality Management Journal, 16(2), 7. https://doi.org/10.1080/10686967.2009.11918223 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10686967.2009.11918223
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- Loulas, N. (2014). How leadership theory can contribute in quality improvement efforts, by influencing change, teamwork and goal management, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Dissertation. Complete the reference
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- Ramakrishnan, S., Hishan, S. S., Shahabuddin, A. S. M., & Kanjanapathy, M. (2016). The Role of Corporate Social Responsibility in Flood Mitigation among the Listed Insurance Companies in Malaysia. International Review of Management and Marketing, 6(4S), 86-90
- Sanil, H. S., & Ramakrishnan, S. (2015). Communicating the corporate social responsibility on the company website: A study conducted on worldwide responsible accredited production certified apparel manufacturers in India. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 5, 52-56.
- Sousa, M., & van Dierendonck, D. (2021). Serving the need of people: the case for servant leadership against populism. Journal of Change Management, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/14697017.2021.1917494 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14697017.2021.1917494
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- Stewart, J. (2006). Transformational leadership: An evolving concept examined through the works of Burns, Bass, Avolio, and Leithwood. Canadian Journal of Educational Administration and Policy, 54, 1-29.
- Stogdill, R. M. (1974). Handbook of leadership: A survey of theory and research: Free Press.
- Uhl-Bien, M. (2021). Complexity Leadership and Followership: Changed Leadership in a Changed World. Journal of Change Management, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/14697017.2021.1917490 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14697017.2021.1917490
- Ulle, R. S., & Kumar, A. S. (2014). A Review on Total Quality Leadership in TQM Practices-Industrial Management and Organizations. International Journal of Emerging Research in Management &Technology, 3(5), 152-155.
- Van Wart, M. (2013). Lessons from leadership theory and the contemporary challenges of leaders. Public Administration Review, 73(4), 553-565. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12069 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12069
- Vilegi-Peters, D. (2010). The impact of effective leadership on quality: The role of leadership in managing quality initiatives in health care. Available from Dissertations & Theses database( 305245109).
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Audi, R. (1999). The Cambridge dictionary of philosophy.The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Ahmed, Z., Nawaz, A., & Khan, I. (2016). Leadership Theories and Styles: A Literature Review. Journal of Resources Development and Management, 16(1), 1-7.
Alblooshi, M., Shamsuzzaman, M., & Haridy, S. (2020). The relationship between leadership styles and organisational innovation. European Journal of Innovation Management, 24(2). https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-11-2019-0339 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-11-2019-0339
Alharbi, M., & Yusoff, R. Z. (2012). Leadership styles, and their relationship with quality management practices in public hospitals in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Economics & Management Sciences, 1(10), 59-67.
Ali, A. (2012). Leadership and its Influence in Organizations–A Review of Intellections. International Journal of Learning and Development, 2(6), 73-85. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijld.v2i6.2690 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5296/ijld.v2i6.2690
Alimo-Metcalfe, B. (2013). A critical review of leadership theory. The wiley-blackwell handbook of the psychology of leadership, change, and organizational development, 13-47. https://doi.org/10.1002/9 781118326404.ch2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118326404.ch2
Alshammari, F. (2014). Nursing leadership in the Ministry of Health hospitals of Saudi Arabia.
Alsolami, B., Embi, M. R., & Enegbuma, W. I. (2016). The influence of personal factors on Hajj crowd perception among African Pilgrim Group in Mina. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 9(46),1-9. https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i46/107123 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i46/107123
Bass, B. M., & Stogdill, R. M. (1990). Handbook of leadership (Vol. 11): New York: free press.
Bavik, Y. L., Shao, B., Newman, A., & Schwarz, G. (2021). Crisis leadership: A review and future research agenda. The Leadership Quarterly, 101518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2021.101518 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2021.101518
Bensimon, E., Neumann, A., & Birnbaum, R. (1989). Making sense of administrative leadership: The" L" word in higher education (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED316074).
Blackburn, S. (2005). The Oxford dictionary of philosophy: OUP Oxford.
Bolden, R., Gosling, J., Marturano, A., & Dennison, P. (2003). A review of leadership theory and competency frameworks. Centre for Leadership Studies, University of Exeter.UK.
Burns, J. M. (1978). Leadership. New York: Harper & Row.
Chemers, M. (2014). An integrative theory of leadership: Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9 781315805726 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315805726
Derue, D. S., Nahrgang, J. D., Wellman, N., & Humphrey, S. E. (2011). Trait and behavioral theories of leadership: An integration and metaâ€analytic test of their relative validity. Personnel psychology, 64(1), 7-52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2010.01201.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2010.01201.x
Dinh, J. E., Lord, R. G., Gardner, W. L., Meuser, J. D., Liden, R. C., & Hu, J. (2014). Leadership theory and research in the new millennium: Current theoretical trends and changing perspectives. The Leadership Quarterly, 25(1), 36-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.11.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.11.005
Dionne, S. D., Gupta, A., Sotak, K. L., Shirreffs, K. A., Serban, A., Hao, C., . . . Yammarino, F. J. (2014). A 25-year perspective on levels of analysis in leadership research. The Leadership Quarterly, 25(1), 6-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.11.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.11.002
Dóci, E., Stouten, J., & Hofmans, J. (2015). The cognitive-behavioral system of leadership: cognitive antecedents of active and passive leadership behaviors. Frontiers in psychology, 6, 1344. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01344 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01344
Dubé, L., & Paré, G. (2003). Rigor in information systems positivist case research: current practices, trends, and recommendations. MIS quarterly, 597-636. https://doi.org/10.2307/30036550 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/30036550
Firth-Cozens, J., & Mowbray, D. (2001). Leadership and the quality of care. Quality in health care, 10(suppl 2), ii3-ii7. https://doi.org/10.1136/qhc.0100003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/qhc.0100003
France, S.-H. (2008). Leadership Theories: Toward a Relational Model. Retrospective Exam, EXD-66909 for the Ad Hoc doctoral programme of administrative sciences, Université Laval, Québec.
Freedman, A. M. (2016). The Wiley-Blackwell handbook of the psychology of leadership, change and organizational development: John Wiley & Sons.
Ford, J., Ford, L., & Polin, B. (2021). Leadership in the Implementation of Change: Functions, Sources, and Requisite Variety. Journal of Change Management, 21(1), 87-119. https://doi.org/10.1080/146 97017.2021.1861697 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14697017.2021.1861697
Goodman, N. (1975). The status of style. Critical Inquiry, 1(4), 799-811. https://doi.org/10.1086/447816 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/447816
Gordon, V. (2009). Early twentieth century management theories and models that shaped twenty-first century school leadership. Journal of Philosophy & History of Education, 59, 67-70.
Grinerud, K., Aarseth, W. K., & Robertsen, R. (2021). Leadership strategies, management decisions and safety culture in road transport organizations. Research in Transportation Business & Management, 100670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2021.100670 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2021.100670
Hewitt, L., Dahlen, H. G., Hartz, D. L., & Dadich, A. (2021). Leadership and management in midwifery-led continuity of care models: A thematic and lexical analysis of a scoping review. Midwifery, 102986. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2021.102986 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2021.102986
Hirtz, P. D., Murray, S. L., & Riordan, C. A. (2015). The Effects of Leadership on Quality. Engineering Management Journal, 19(1), 22-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/10429247.2007.11431718 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10429247.2007.11431718
Horner, M. (1997). Leadership theory: past, present and future. Team Performance Management: An International Journal, 3(4), 270-287. https://doi.org/10.1108/13527599710195402 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13527599710195402
Huang, C.-C. (1994). Assessing the leadership styles and total quality leadership behaviors of presidents of four-year universities and colleges that have implemented the principles of Total Quality Management. The Ohio State University.
Islam the modern religion. (1984, 14/09/2016). Retrieved from http://www.themodernreligion.com/ basic/charac/muslim_organise.html
Joseph, D. L., Dhanani, L. Y., Shen, W., McHugh, B. C., & McCord, M. A. (2015). Is a happy leader a good leader? A meta-analytic investigation of leader trait affect and leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 26(4), 557-576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2015.04.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2015.04.001
Kendra, C. (2018). Leadership Styles and Frameworks You Should Know. Retrieved from https://www.ver ywellmind.com/leadership-styles-2795312
Khanin, D. (2007). Contrasting Burns and Bass: Does the transactionalâ€transformational paradigm live up to Burns' philosophy of transforming leadership? Journal of Leadership Studies, 1(3), 7-25. https://doi.org/10.1002/jls.20022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jls.20022
Kosicek, P. M., Soni, R., Sandbothe, R., & Slack, F. (2012). Leadership styles, industry fit, and quality focus. Paper presented at the Competition Forum.
Lakshman, C. (2006). A theory of leadership for quality: Lessons from TQM for leadership theory 1. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 17(1), 41-60. https://doi.org/10.1080/14783360500249729 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14783360500249729
Laohavichien, T., Fredendall, L. D., & Cantrell, R. S. (2009). The effects of transformational and transactional leadership on quality improvement. The Quality Management Journal, 16(2), 7. https://doi.org/10.1080/10686967.2009.11918223 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10686967.2009.11918223
Latham, J. R. (2014). Leadership for quality and innovation: Challenges, theories, and a framework for future research. Latham, JR (2014). Leadership for quality and innovation: Challenge, theories, and a framework for future research. Quality Management Journal, 21(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.1080/10686967.2014.11918372 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10686967.2014.11918372
Loulas, N. (2014). How leadership theory can contribute in quality improvement efforts, by influencing change, teamwork and goal management, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Dissertation. Complete the reference
Miao, Q., Newman, A., Schwarz, G., & Xu, L. (2014). Servant leadership, trust, and the organizational commitment of public sector employees in China. Public Administration, 92(3), 727-743. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12091 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12091
Michel, J. W., Wallace, D. L., & Rawlings, R. A. (2013). Charismatic leaders: the role of admiration and system justification. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 34(5), 469-487. https://doi.org/10.1 108/LODJ-11-0099 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-11-0099
Newstrom, J. W., Davis, K., & Pierce, J. L. (1993). Organizational behavior: Human behavior at work.
Poon Teng Fatt, J. (2000). Charismatic leadership. Equal Opportunities International, 19(8), 24-28. https://doi.org/10.1108/02610150010786184 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/02610150010786184
Ramakrishnan, S., Hishan, S. S., Shahabuddin, A. S. M., & Kanjanapathy, M. (2016). The Role of Corporate Social Responsibility in Flood Mitigation among the Listed Insurance Companies in Malaysia. International Review of Management and Marketing, 6(4S), 86-90
Sanil, H. S., & Ramakrishnan, S. (2015). Communicating the corporate social responsibility on the company website: A study conducted on worldwide responsible accredited production certified apparel manufacturers in India. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 5, 52-56.
Sousa, M., & van Dierendonck, D. (2021). Serving the need of people: the case for servant leadership against populism. Journal of Change Management, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/14697017.2021.1917494 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14697017.2021.1917494
Spinks, N., & Wells, B. (1995). Quality communication: a key to quality leadership. Training for Quality, 3(2), 14-19. https://doi.org/10.1108/09684879510087486 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09684879510087486
Stewart, J. (2006). Transformational leadership: An evolving concept examined through the works of Burns, Bass, Avolio, and Leithwood. Canadian Journal of Educational Administration and Policy, 54, 1-29.
Stogdill, R. M. (1974). Handbook of leadership: A survey of theory and research: Free Press.
Uhl-Bien, M. (2021). Complexity Leadership and Followership: Changed Leadership in a Changed World. Journal of Change Management, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/14697017.2021.1917490 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14697017.2021.1917490
Ulle, R. S., & Kumar, A. S. (2014). A Review on Total Quality Leadership in TQM Practices-Industrial Management and Organizations. International Journal of Emerging Research in Management &Technology, 3(5), 152-155.
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