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CARICATURES AND RELIGIO-POLITICAL IDEOLOGY IN PAKISTANI PRINT MEDIA DISCOURSES
Corresponding Author(s) : Muhammad Akber Sajid
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 3 (2021): May
Abstract
Purpose of the study: The research intends to decode semiotic discourses of Pakistani English newspaper daily DAWN from 1st October 2020 to 30th November 2020 to know how to word- picture conjunction works to mirror social reality about two Pakistani religiopolitical parties leaders (Jamait-e Islami & Jamait-ul –ulma Islam, (henceforth JI and JUI)). It also attempts to know how politics is done in the name of religion.
Methodology: The data for the present study was collected from the Pakistani English newspaper Dawn (daily) and analyzed at linguistic and semiotic levels by employing Hodge & Kress's (1997) research model. Besides, Kruger & Casey's (2000) model was operationalized to analyze focus group discussion data at five levels. It was done to validate researchers' semiotic analysis with general perception.
Main Finding: The study finds that highlighting the rhetoric of politics is one of the prominent features of print media semiotic discourses. The heads of religiopolitical parties use different visual and verbal practices to disseminate their political ideologies in the name of religion. The use of word-picture conjunction is a more persuasive technique for ideological investment.
Application of the Study: This study is significant for the researchers interested in media studies to know how ideologically loaded visual and verbal practices employed in print media discourses help disseminate ideology in and behind lessons.
Novelty/Originality of the study: The study is unique because it has critically decoded written and semiotic discourses of the mentioned Pakistani English newspaper related to the PDM anti-government move. It highlights that visual and verbal practices are more persuasive to propagate desired ideology. To the best of researchers' knowledge, this semiotic data has not been researched through this perspective before.
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- Barthes, R. (1977). Elements of Semiology, trans. Lavers, A. and Smith, C. New York. Hill and Wang.
- Barthes, R., & Mythologies, C. (1974). Points. Retrieved from https://www.uv.es/~fores/programa/ barthes_mythologies.html
- Beard, A. (2000). The language of politics (pp. 1748-1752). London: Routledge.
- Eco, U. (2001). (1976). A Theory of Semiotics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Silverblatt. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-15849-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-15849-2
- Eco, U. (2001). Foucault's pendulum. Random House.
- FAIRCLOUGH, N. (1995). Language, ideology and power. Fairclough, N. L. Critical discourse analysis: the critical study of language. Edinburg: Pearson, 21-84.
- Fairclough, N. (2012). Analyzing Discourse: Textual Analysis for Social Research. London: Routledge.
- Finnegan, R. H. (2002). Communicating: The multiple modes of human interconnection. Psychology Press.
- Hodge, R., & Kress, G. R. (1993). Language as ideology (Vol. 2). London: Routledge.
- Khan, A.. S. (2016). Stylistic Analysis of the Discursive Techniques Employed by Politicians to Propagate their Ideology. National University of Modern Languages Islamabad.
- Kress, G. R., & Hodge, R. I. V. (1979). Language as ideology. Routledge.
- Krueger, R & Casey, M. (2000). Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications
- Krueger, R. A., & Casey, M. A. (2002). Designing and conducting focus group interviews. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.607.4701&rep=rep1&type=pdf#page=10
- Kruger, B., Alberro, A., Foster, H., Gever, M., Kwon, M., & Squiers, C. (1999). Barbara Kruger. Museum of Contemporary Art.
- May, A. J., Carter, C., Smith, F., & Fairclough, S. H. (1995). An evaluation of an in-vehicle headway feedback system with a visual and auditory interface. IEE Colloquium on Design of the Driver Interface. https://doi.org/10.1049/ic:19950027 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1049/ic:19950027
- Pine, F., & Haukanes, H. (2021). Reconceptualising borders and boundaries: Gender, movement, reproduction, regulation. In Intimacy and mobility in an era of hardening borders (pp. 7-30). Manchester University Press. https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526150226 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526150226
- Reed, B. C. (2021). Discovering Voice Through Multimodal Writing: An Anti-Racist Model for Writing Instructors (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A&M University-Commerce).
- Sajid, M. A., & Zubair, S. (2011). You Can Cook, But You Can't Take Part In Elections: Gendered Representations Of Politics In Pakistani Newspaper Cartoons. Pakistan Journal of Women's Studies, 18(1).
- Sajid, M. A., Buzdar, H. Q., & Waqar, S. (2019). A Semiological Discourse Analysis of Pak-Army Representation in Pakistani Print Media. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences (PJSS), 39(4).
- Van Dijk, T. A. (1995). Aims of critical discourse analysis. Japanese discourse, 1(1), 17-28. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926595006001001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926595006001001
- Van Dijk, T. A. (2006). Ideology and discourse analysis. Journal of political ideologies, 11(2), 115-140. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569310600687908 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13569310600687908
- Waqar, S., Naz, S., & Ghani, M. (2020). Persuasion/Dissuasion on National Interest Agenda: A Semiotic Analysis of Pakistani Newspaper Cartoons. International Journal of English Linguistics, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v10n3p68 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v10n3p68
- Williamson, J. (1978). Decoding advertisements: ideology and meaning in advertising. Marion Boyers.
References
Barthes, R. (1977). Elements of Semiology, trans. Lavers, A. and Smith, C. New York. Hill and Wang.
Barthes, R., & Mythologies, C. (1974). Points. Retrieved from https://www.uv.es/~fores/programa/ barthes_mythologies.html
Beard, A. (2000). The language of politics (pp. 1748-1752). London: Routledge.
Eco, U. (2001). (1976). A Theory of Semiotics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Silverblatt. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-15849-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-15849-2
Eco, U. (2001). Foucault's pendulum. Random House.
FAIRCLOUGH, N. (1995). Language, ideology and power. Fairclough, N. L. Critical discourse analysis: the critical study of language. Edinburg: Pearson, 21-84.
Fairclough, N. (2012). Analyzing Discourse: Textual Analysis for Social Research. London: Routledge.
Finnegan, R. H. (2002). Communicating: The multiple modes of human interconnection. Psychology Press.
Hodge, R., & Kress, G. R. (1993). Language as ideology (Vol. 2). London: Routledge.
Khan, A.. S. (2016). Stylistic Analysis of the Discursive Techniques Employed by Politicians to Propagate their Ideology. National University of Modern Languages Islamabad.
Kress, G. R., & Hodge, R. I. V. (1979). Language as ideology. Routledge.
Krueger, R & Casey, M. (2000). Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications
Krueger, R. A., & Casey, M. A. (2002). Designing and conducting focus group interviews. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.607.4701&rep=rep1&type=pdf#page=10
Kruger, B., Alberro, A., Foster, H., Gever, M., Kwon, M., & Squiers, C. (1999). Barbara Kruger. Museum of Contemporary Art.
May, A. J., Carter, C., Smith, F., & Fairclough, S. H. (1995). An evaluation of an in-vehicle headway feedback system with a visual and auditory interface. IEE Colloquium on Design of the Driver Interface. https://doi.org/10.1049/ic:19950027 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1049/ic:19950027
Pine, F., & Haukanes, H. (2021). Reconceptualising borders and boundaries: Gender, movement, reproduction, regulation. In Intimacy and mobility in an era of hardening borders (pp. 7-30). Manchester University Press. https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526150226 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526150226
Reed, B. C. (2021). Discovering Voice Through Multimodal Writing: An Anti-Racist Model for Writing Instructors (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A&M University-Commerce).
Sajid, M. A., & Zubair, S. (2011). You Can Cook, But You Can't Take Part In Elections: Gendered Representations Of Politics In Pakistani Newspaper Cartoons. Pakistan Journal of Women's Studies, 18(1).
Sajid, M. A., Buzdar, H. Q., & Waqar, S. (2019). A Semiological Discourse Analysis of Pak-Army Representation in Pakistani Print Media. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences (PJSS), 39(4).
Van Dijk, T. A. (1995). Aims of critical discourse analysis. Japanese discourse, 1(1), 17-28. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926595006001001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926595006001001
Van Dijk, T. A. (2006). Ideology and discourse analysis. Journal of political ideologies, 11(2), 115-140. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569310600687908 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13569310600687908
Waqar, S., Naz, S., & Ghani, M. (2020). Persuasion/Dissuasion on National Interest Agenda: A Semiotic Analysis of Pakistani Newspaper Cartoons. International Journal of English Linguistics, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v10n3p68 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v10n3p68
Williamson, J. (1978). Decoding advertisements: ideology and meaning in advertising. Marion Boyers.