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HOW CAN THE SURGE OF SECTARIAN INTOLERANCE IN PAKISTAN BE TACKLED? BRIDGING THE WIDENING DIVIDE
Corresponding Author(s) : Musferah Mehfooz
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 3 (2021): May
Abstract
Problem and aim of the study: This article deals with the causes of the scary rise of sectarian Intolerance, violence, and prejudices in Pakistan. This article also investigates that how sectarian intolerance causes violence in society and what strategies should imply to curtail sectarianism from society?
Research methods: The research is qualitative, and applies the inductive and deductive methodology to the collected data. The data has been derived from the South Asian Terrorism Portal and to analyze the authenticity the author has collected the shared information from published articles, researches, and government official website that provide the statistics about violence and terrorism.
Main findings: The study concludes by arguing the dire need for the promulgation and dissemination of inclusive thoughts for attaining a tolerant society free from sectarian intolerance because the implications of sectarian violence are a great threat to the peace process in the country.
Application of the study: This study has significant implications from both a theoretical and a realistic perspective. The present study would be useful for policy-makers, to curtail the sectarianism in State. Therefore, the banning of sectarian speeches, sectarian literature, has been strongly suggested. The government should place a moratorium on the printing of sectarian literature for sectarian unity. The study also has tried to make realize to the state actors, including security forces and intelligence agencies, to avoid blame foreign involvement in sectarian polarization and why they ignore the fault lines destabilizing Pakistan's social fabric since Pakistan's inception. Therefore, the study would doubtlessly help decrease unpleasant incidents and reduce religious fanaticism.
Originality and novelty of the study: This is the fact that in the existing literature the least attention has been given to sectarianism in Pakistan. The present study aims to deals with the social, religious, and political aspects of sectarian violence. Therefore, this is the first study that has investigated sectarian violence by exploring the issue of sectarianism from a social, religious, and political perspective.
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- Abbas, H. (2015). Pakistan's Drift into Extremism: Allah, the Army, and America's War on Terror: Allah, the Army, and America's War on Terror. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315701912 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315701912
- Abbas, S. A., & Syed, S. H. (2021). Sectarian terrorism in Pakistan: Causes, impact and remedies. Journal of Policy Modeling, 43(2), 350-361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2020.06.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2020.06.004
- Afzal, S., Iqbal, H., & Inayat, M. (2012). Sectarianism and its implications for Pakistan security: Policy recommendations using exploratory study. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (JHSS), 4, 19-26. https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-0441926 DOI: https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-0441926
- Ahmar, M. (2007). Sectarian conflicts in Pakistan. Pakistan Vision, 9(1), 1-19.
- Ahmar, M. (2010). Sectarian conflict in Pakistan: Some lessons from the Irish experience. IPRI Journal, 10(1), 50-76.
- Asad Hashim, (2018). Pakistan's minorities in crosshairs of the latest violence in Quetta. https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/pakistan-minorities-crosshairs-latest-violencequetta18042707430 0008.html
- Asma, K. M & Muhammad, K. (2017). History of Sectarianism in Pakistan: Implications for Lasting Peace. J Pol Sci. Pub Aff 5: 291. https://doi.org/10.4172/2332-0761.1000291
- Bakhsh, R., Khan, S., & Haider, S. I. (2020). Contesting Sectarian Identity in Pakistan: Narratives from the Three Cities. Global Regional Review, 1, 51-57. https://doi.org/10.31703/grr.2020(V-I).07 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31703/grr.2020(V-I).07
- Basit, A. (2013). The Expansion of Sectarian Conflict in Pakistan. Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses, 5(4), 14-16.
- Grim, B. J. (2014). Religious Hostilities Reach Six-Year High. Pew Research Center, January 14, 2014, http://www.pewforum.org/2014/01/14/religious-hostilities-reach-six-year-high/
- Hyder, S., Akram, N., & Padda, I. U. H. (2015). Impact of terrorism on economic development in Pakistan. Pakistan Business Review, 839(1), 704-722.
- Human Rights Commission of Pakistan. (2014). Stats. Human Rights Commission of Pakistan. http://hrcp-web.org/publication/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/State-of-Human-Rights-in-2018-English.pdf
- Kalin, M., & Siddiqui, N. (2014). Religious Authority and the Promotion of Sectarian Tolerance in Pakistan (Vol. 21): 35-47 US Institute of Peace.
- Kashif, H., (2019). Terror Occurrences in Pakistan: Is it in Waves or Strains? Pakistan Journal of Terrorism Research, I(II), 38-49.
- Kfir, I. (2014). Sectarian violence and social group identity in Pakistan. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 37(6), 457-472. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2014.903374 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2014.903374
- Khan, A. U. (2005). The terrorist threat and the policy response in Pakistan. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.
- Mahsood, A. K., & Muhammad, K. (2017). History of sectarianism in Pakistan: Implications for lasting peace. Journal of Political Sciences & Public Affairs, 5(4), 2. https://doi.org/10.4172/2332-0761.1000291 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4172/2332-0761.1000291
- Majeed, G., & Hashmi, R. S. (2014). Sectarian Conflicts: A dominant threat to Pakistan's Internal Security. Journal of Political Studies, 21(1). 103-118.
- Malik, Z. U. A., Zhilong, H., & Ashraf, D. (2019). Terrorism: The Biggest Security Challenge to the Integrity of Pakistan. Orient Research Journal of Social Sciences, 4(1), 96-106.
- Mishra, V. K. (2004). Madrasas And Sectarian Violence In Pakistan. World Affairs: The Journal of International Issues, 8(3), 41-57.
- Naaz, S. (2019). Emergence Of Sectarian Violence In Pakistan. 4D International Journal of Management and Science, 10(1), 22.
- Naveed, A., Hussain, A., & Salim, A. (2011). Connecting the Dots: Education and religious discrimination in Pakistan: A study of public schools and madrasahs. accessed October 12, 2020, http://www.uscirf. gov/sites/default/files/resources/Pakistan-ConnectingTheDots-Email%283% 29.pdf
- Shah, M. N. (2014). Evolution of sectarianism in Pakistan: A threat to the state and society. South Asian Studies, 29(2), 441-459.
- Shah, M. N. (2014). Evolution of sectarianism in Pakistan: A threat to the state and society. South Asian Studies, 29(2), 441-459.
- Shaista, M., & Shafqat, M. A., (2018). Content analysis of hate-speech discourse in religious publications in punjab, pakistan, Journal of Contemporary Studies, VII (1), 38-48
- Siddiqui, N. (2015). Sectarian Violence and Intolerance in Pakistan. Retrieved September 11, 2017.
- Smith, C. (2014). Disruptive religion: The force of faith in social movement activism. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315022147 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315022147
- Waseem, M., Kamran, T., Ali, M. A., & Riikonen, K. (2010). Dilemmas of pride and pain: sectarian conflict and conflict transformation in Pakistan. http://www.religionsanddevelopment.org/
- Wibisono, S., Louis, W. R., & Jetten, J. (2019). A multidimensional analysis of religious extremism. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 2560. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02560 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02560
- Zaman, S., Burfat, G. M., & Yaseen, M. (2019). The Role of Madrasas in Sectarian Violence: An Empirical Study of Karachi. International Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies (IJHCS), 6(3), 91-104.
References
Abbas, H. (2015). Pakistan's Drift into Extremism: Allah, the Army, and America's War on Terror: Allah, the Army, and America's War on Terror. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315701912 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315701912
Abbas, S. A., & Syed, S. H. (2021). Sectarian terrorism in Pakistan: Causes, impact and remedies. Journal of Policy Modeling, 43(2), 350-361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2020.06.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2020.06.004
Afzal, S., Iqbal, H., & Inayat, M. (2012). Sectarianism and its implications for Pakistan security: Policy recommendations using exploratory study. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (JHSS), 4, 19-26. https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-0441926 DOI: https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-0441926
Ahmar, M. (2007). Sectarian conflicts in Pakistan. Pakistan Vision, 9(1), 1-19.
Ahmar, M. (2010). Sectarian conflict in Pakistan: Some lessons from the Irish experience. IPRI Journal, 10(1), 50-76.
Asad Hashim, (2018). Pakistan's minorities in crosshairs of the latest violence in Quetta. https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/pakistan-minorities-crosshairs-latest-violencequetta18042707430 0008.html
Asma, K. M & Muhammad, K. (2017). History of Sectarianism in Pakistan: Implications for Lasting Peace. J Pol Sci. Pub Aff 5: 291. https://doi.org/10.4172/2332-0761.1000291
Bakhsh, R., Khan, S., & Haider, S. I. (2020). Contesting Sectarian Identity in Pakistan: Narratives from the Three Cities. Global Regional Review, 1, 51-57. https://doi.org/10.31703/grr.2020(V-I).07 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31703/grr.2020(V-I).07
Basit, A. (2013). The Expansion of Sectarian Conflict in Pakistan. Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses, 5(4), 14-16.
Grim, B. J. (2014). Religious Hostilities Reach Six-Year High. Pew Research Center, January 14, 2014, http://www.pewforum.org/2014/01/14/religious-hostilities-reach-six-year-high/
Hyder, S., Akram, N., & Padda, I. U. H. (2015). Impact of terrorism on economic development in Pakistan. Pakistan Business Review, 839(1), 704-722.
Human Rights Commission of Pakistan. (2014). Stats. Human Rights Commission of Pakistan. http://hrcp-web.org/publication/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/State-of-Human-Rights-in-2018-English.pdf
Kalin, M., & Siddiqui, N. (2014). Religious Authority and the Promotion of Sectarian Tolerance in Pakistan (Vol. 21): 35-47 US Institute of Peace.
Kashif, H., (2019). Terror Occurrences in Pakistan: Is it in Waves or Strains? Pakistan Journal of Terrorism Research, I(II), 38-49.
Kfir, I. (2014). Sectarian violence and social group identity in Pakistan. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 37(6), 457-472. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2014.903374 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2014.903374
Khan, A. U. (2005). The terrorist threat and the policy response in Pakistan. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.
Mahsood, A. K., & Muhammad, K. (2017). History of sectarianism in Pakistan: Implications for lasting peace. Journal of Political Sciences & Public Affairs, 5(4), 2. https://doi.org/10.4172/2332-0761.1000291 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4172/2332-0761.1000291
Majeed, G., & Hashmi, R. S. (2014). Sectarian Conflicts: A dominant threat to Pakistan's Internal Security. Journal of Political Studies, 21(1). 103-118.
Malik, Z. U. A., Zhilong, H., & Ashraf, D. (2019). Terrorism: The Biggest Security Challenge to the Integrity of Pakistan. Orient Research Journal of Social Sciences, 4(1), 96-106.
Mishra, V. K. (2004). Madrasas And Sectarian Violence In Pakistan. World Affairs: The Journal of International Issues, 8(3), 41-57.
Naaz, S. (2019). Emergence Of Sectarian Violence In Pakistan. 4D International Journal of Management and Science, 10(1), 22.
Naveed, A., Hussain, A., & Salim, A. (2011). Connecting the Dots: Education and religious discrimination in Pakistan: A study of public schools and madrasahs. accessed October 12, 2020, http://www.uscirf. gov/sites/default/files/resources/Pakistan-ConnectingTheDots-Email%283% 29.pdf
Shah, M. N. (2014). Evolution of sectarianism in Pakistan: A threat to the state and society. South Asian Studies, 29(2), 441-459.
Shah, M. N. (2014). Evolution of sectarianism in Pakistan: A threat to the state and society. South Asian Studies, 29(2), 441-459.
Shaista, M., & Shafqat, M. A., (2018). Content analysis of hate-speech discourse in religious publications in punjab, pakistan, Journal of Contemporary Studies, VII (1), 38-48
Siddiqui, N. (2015). Sectarian Violence and Intolerance in Pakistan. Retrieved September 11, 2017.
Smith, C. (2014). Disruptive religion: The force of faith in social movement activism. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315022147 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315022147
Waseem, M., Kamran, T., Ali, M. A., & Riikonen, K. (2010). Dilemmas of pride and pain: sectarian conflict and conflict transformation in Pakistan. http://www.religionsanddevelopment.org/
Wibisono, S., Louis, W. R., & Jetten, J. (2019). A multidimensional analysis of religious extremism. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 2560. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02560 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02560
Zaman, S., Burfat, G. M., & Yaseen, M. (2019). The Role of Madrasas in Sectarian Violence: An Empirical Study of Karachi. International Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies (IJHCS), 6(3), 91-104.