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EXPLORING THE HIDDEN CUSTOM OF PUKHTUNWALI WITH REFERENCE TO CONFLICT RESOLUTION AMONG PUKHTUN SOCIETY
Corresponding Author(s) : Habib ur Rahman
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 3 (2021): May
Abstract
Purpose of the study: The purpose of the current study is designed to explore the hidden custom among Pukhtuns’ society (Nanawati) as a traditional mechanism for conflict resolution.
Methodology: A cross-sectional-based research design was conducted with the sole aim to explore the role of Nanawage in the conflict resolution process among Pukhtun inhabitants in District Dir Lower Khyber Pukhtunkhwa. The potential sampled respondents of the study were household heads particularly elders/ Jirgmar (mediators)/ religious leaders/ and those who practiced and observed Nanawate as the traditional mechanism of conflict resolution from 217 respondents out of 420 Household Head as per Sekaran (2003) criteria through proportional allocation method. Descriptive (univaraite) and inferential statistics (bivaraite analysis) was used to ascertain the level of association among practiced of Nanwati (independent variable) and conflict resolution (dependent variable) through the application of chi-square test statistics.
Main Findings: Based on the results Nanawate is widely practiced by Pakhtun inhabitants locally by the virtue of gray beard (Speengeries), religious clergies (Mullas), and family head. Moreover, religion also plays a vital role as a mediator among two party’s conflicts through the perpetuation of Nanawate as it to be believed satisfactory, while not the rejection of Nanawate by someone may consider as damnation on that party who negated the contribution of the religious institution.
Applications of this study: Exposing the role of Nanawate in terms of conflict resolution particularly is the order of the day through awareness and social media at the macro (government/ non-government sectors) and micro-level (familial and community level), with the collaboration of by giving a legal status in judiciary system will dethrone the conflicting situation among local inhabitants through the hidden custom of Nanawate were put forward some of the recommendations in light of the present study.
Novelty/Originality of this study: This study is designed to explore the hidden custom deliverance of Nanawate (a traditional mechanism) in conflict resolution with reference to Pakhtun’s society through perceptional based study, along with quantitative research designs to measure the association between the practicing of Nanawate in conflict resolution system among Pakhtun’s tribe.
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- Afsar, S., Samples, C., & Wood, T. (2008). The Taliban: An organizational analysis. Retrieved from https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a485136.pdf
- Ahmed, A. (2013). Thistle and Drone: America’s War on Terror or War on Tribal Islam. Vanguard Book, Lahore.
- Ahmed, Z. S., & Yousaf, F. (2018). Pashtun Jirgas, their potential in Pak-Afghan reconciliation and national reconstruction. South Asia Research, 38(1), 57-74. https://doi.org/10.1177/0262728017748382 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0262728017748382
- Alam, J., & Ali, S. R. (2013). Honor: An Uncompromised Feature of Afridi Tribe. JL & Soc'y, 44, 115.
- Alam, J., Ali, S. R., Shah, M., & Jamal, H. (2014). Feud: An Arena of Pakhtunwali and Violence among Pakhtun of Afridi Tribe. FWU Journal of Social Sciences, 8(2), 37.
- Ambreen, M., & Mohyuddin, A. (2013). Power structure and conflict resolution among pashtun tribes (a case study of zandra village in balochistan). Power, 2(1). Retrived from https://www.researchgate.net/pub lication/259480793_POWER_STRUCTURE_AND_CONFLICT_RESOLUTION_AMONG_PASHTUN_TRIBES_A_CASE_STUDY_OF_ZANDRA_VILLAGE_IN_BALOCHISTAN
- Atayee, M. I. (1979). A Dictionary of the Terminology of Pashtun's Tribal Customary Law and Usages. International Centre for Pashto Studies, Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan.
- Beattie, H. (2011). Negotiations with the tribes of Waziristan 1849–1914—The British experience. The journal of imperial and commonwealth history, 39(4), 571-587. https://doi.org/10.1080/03086534.2011.615597 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03086534.2011.615597
- Braithwaite, J. (1989). Crime, shame and reintegration. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/ CBO9780511804618 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511804618
- Braithwaite, J., & D’costa, B. (2018). Cascades of violence war, crime and peacebuilding across South Asia. Acton, ACT: ANU Press. https://doi.org/10.22459/CV.02.2018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22459/CV.02.2018
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- Cabanes, P. (2017). Philippines: The indigenous conflict resolution practices of the higaunon tribe. Conflict Studies Quarterly, 19, 65–84.
- Coughlin, C. (2013). Churchill’s first war. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Pan Macmillan UK. Retrieved from https://www. panmacmillan.com/authors/con-coughlin/churchills-first-war/9780230771529
- Dahal, D. R., & Bhatta, C. D. (2008). The relevance of local conflict resolution mechanisms for systemic conflict transformation in Nepal. Berghof foundation for peace support.
- Dawar,S and Khan, H. (2017). Riwaj The Way of Life in Tribal Areas.https:// shahmbookco.com/product/ riwaj-the-way-of-life-in-tribal-areas/
- Dupree, L. (1980). Afghanistan Princeton University Press. Princeton, New Jersey.
- Hadid, D., Sattar, A. (2018). Caught between the military and militants, Pakistan’s Pashtuns fight for rights. Retrieved from https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2018/04/07/598045758/caught-between-the-military-and -militants-pakistans-pashtuns-fight-for-rights
- Khan, M. A., & Saeed, F. (2017). Constitutional spaces for leadership in FATA: Analysis of leadership crisis and conflict management. Pakistan Perspective, 22(1).
- Khan, Y., Shah, M., Fakhrudin, N. K., Ullah, A., & Rehan, Z. U. (2018). Excluding Women’s from Political Institution through Educational Deprivation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), 3, 249-255.
- Khan, Y., Shah, M., Ud-din, F., Ullah, Z., & Rehan, S. (2018a). Familial Impediments to Women Political Status in Pukhtun Society. Anthropol, 6(208), 2332-0915. https://doi.org/10.4172/2332-0915.1000208 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4172/2332-0915.1000208
- Kilcullen, D. J. (2009). Terrain tribes and terrorists: Pakistan, 2006-2008. Brookings Counterinsurgency and Pakistan Paper Series, 3.
- Must, E. (2018). Structural inequality, natural resources and mobilization in southern Tanzania. African Affairs, 117, 83–108. https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adx048 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adx048
- Peter, S. (2017). Nigeria: ADR and the oku iboku-ikot offiong conflict (1987-2005). Conflict Studies Quarterly, 19, 3–22.
- Sanaullah. (2020). Effectiveness of civilians’ survival strategies: insights from the Taliban’s insurgency (2007–09) in Swat Valley, Pakistan. Global Change, Peace & Security, 32(3), 275-296. https://doi.org/10.1080 /14781158.2020.1809366 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14781158.2020.1809366
- Sekaran, U. (2003). Research Methods for Business Students. Book.
- Siddique, A. (2014). The Pashtun question: The unresolved key to the future of Pakistan and Afghanistan. Hurst & Company Limited.
- Taizi, S. (2007). Jirga system in tribal life. Area Study Center (Russia, China and Central Asia). University of Peshawar.
- The International Legal Foundation (2004, September). The Customary Laws of Afghanistan, Kabul: ILF, 2004. Available from http://www.usip.org/files/file/ilf_customary_law_afghanistan.pdf
- Wylly, H. C. (1912). From the Black Mountain to Waziristan: being an account of the border countries and the more turbulent of the tribes controlled by the North-West Frontier Province, and of our military relations with them in the past. Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.2307/1778225 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1778225
- Yousaf, F., & FurrukhZad, S. (2020). Pashtun Jirga and prospects of peace and conflict resolution in Pakistan’s ‘tribal’frontier. Third World Quarterly, 41(7), 1200-1217. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2020.1760088 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2020.1760088
- Yousaf, F., & Poncian, J. (2018). Detriments of colonialism on indigenous conflict resolution: An analysis of Pakistan and Tanzania. Contemporary Justice Review, 21(4), 455-473. https://doi.org/10.1080/1 0282580.2018.1532795 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10282580.2018.1532795
- Yousaf, F., Rasheed, H., & Gul, I. (2018). FATA tribes: Finally out of colonial clutches? Past, present and future. Center for Research and Security Studies. Retrieved from http://crss.pk/wp-content /uploads/2018/07/FATA-Tribes-Finally-Out-of-Colonial-Clutches.pdf
- Yousufzai, H. M., & Gohar, A. (2005). Towards Understanding Pukhtoon Jirga: An Indigenous Way of Peace building and More... Just Peace International. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203106884-18 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203106884-18
References
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Ahmed, A. (2013). Thistle and Drone: America’s War on Terror or War on Tribal Islam. Vanguard Book, Lahore.
Ahmed, Z. S., & Yousaf, F. (2018). Pashtun Jirgas, their potential in Pak-Afghan reconciliation and national reconstruction. South Asia Research, 38(1), 57-74. https://doi.org/10.1177/0262728017748382 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0262728017748382
Alam, J., & Ali, S. R. (2013). Honor: An Uncompromised Feature of Afridi Tribe. JL & Soc'y, 44, 115.
Alam, J., Ali, S. R., Shah, M., & Jamal, H. (2014). Feud: An Arena of Pakhtunwali and Violence among Pakhtun of Afridi Tribe. FWU Journal of Social Sciences, 8(2), 37.
Ambreen, M., & Mohyuddin, A. (2013). Power structure and conflict resolution among pashtun tribes (a case study of zandra village in balochistan). Power, 2(1). Retrived from https://www.researchgate.net/pub lication/259480793_POWER_STRUCTURE_AND_CONFLICT_RESOLUTION_AMONG_PASHTUN_TRIBES_A_CASE_STUDY_OF_ZANDRA_VILLAGE_IN_BALOCHISTAN
Atayee, M. I. (1979). A Dictionary of the Terminology of Pashtun's Tribal Customary Law and Usages. International Centre for Pashto Studies, Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan.
Beattie, H. (2011). Negotiations with the tribes of Waziristan 1849–1914—The British experience. The journal of imperial and commonwealth history, 39(4), 571-587. https://doi.org/10.1080/03086534.2011.615597 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03086534.2011.615597
Braithwaite, J. (1989). Crime, shame and reintegration. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/ CBO9780511804618 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511804618
Braithwaite, J., & D’costa, B. (2018). Cascades of violence war, crime and peacebuilding across South Asia. Acton, ACT: ANU Press. https://doi.org/10.22459/CV.02.2018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22459/CV.02.2018
Brigg, M., and P. O. Walker. 2016. “Indigeneity and Peace.†In The Palgrave Handbook of Disciplinary and Regional Approaches to Peace, edited by O. P. Richmond, S. Pogodda, and J. Ramovic, 259–271. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-40761-0_20 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-40761-0_20
Cabanes, P. (2017). Philippines: The indigenous conflict resolution practices of the higaunon tribe. Conflict Studies Quarterly, 19, 65–84.
Coughlin, C. (2013). Churchill’s first war. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Pan Macmillan UK. Retrieved from https://www. panmacmillan.com/authors/con-coughlin/churchills-first-war/9780230771529
Dahal, D. R., & Bhatta, C. D. (2008). The relevance of local conflict resolution mechanisms for systemic conflict transformation in Nepal. Berghof foundation for peace support.
Dawar,S and Khan, H. (2017). Riwaj The Way of Life in Tribal Areas.https:// shahmbookco.com/product/ riwaj-the-way-of-life-in-tribal-areas/
Dupree, L. (1980). Afghanistan Princeton University Press. Princeton, New Jersey.
Hadid, D., Sattar, A. (2018). Caught between the military and militants, Pakistan’s Pashtuns fight for rights. Retrieved from https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2018/04/07/598045758/caught-between-the-military-and -militants-pakistans-pashtuns-fight-for-rights
Khan, M. A., & Saeed, F. (2017). Constitutional spaces for leadership in FATA: Analysis of leadership crisis and conflict management. Pakistan Perspective, 22(1).
Khan, Y., Shah, M., Fakhrudin, N. K., Ullah, A., & Rehan, Z. U. (2018). Excluding Women’s from Political Institution through Educational Deprivation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), 3, 249-255.
Khan, Y., Shah, M., Ud-din, F., Ullah, Z., & Rehan, S. (2018a). Familial Impediments to Women Political Status in Pukhtun Society. Anthropol, 6(208), 2332-0915. https://doi.org/10.4172/2332-0915.1000208 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4172/2332-0915.1000208
Kilcullen, D. J. (2009). Terrain tribes and terrorists: Pakistan, 2006-2008. Brookings Counterinsurgency and Pakistan Paper Series, 3.
Must, E. (2018). Structural inequality, natural resources and mobilization in southern Tanzania. African Affairs, 117, 83–108. https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adx048 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adx048
Peter, S. (2017). Nigeria: ADR and the oku iboku-ikot offiong conflict (1987-2005). Conflict Studies Quarterly, 19, 3–22.
Sanaullah. (2020). Effectiveness of civilians’ survival strategies: insights from the Taliban’s insurgency (2007–09) in Swat Valley, Pakistan. Global Change, Peace & Security, 32(3), 275-296. https://doi.org/10.1080 /14781158.2020.1809366 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14781158.2020.1809366
Sekaran, U. (2003). Research Methods for Business Students. Book.
Siddique, A. (2014). The Pashtun question: The unresolved key to the future of Pakistan and Afghanistan. Hurst & Company Limited.
Taizi, S. (2007). Jirga system in tribal life. Area Study Center (Russia, China and Central Asia). University of Peshawar.
The International Legal Foundation (2004, September). The Customary Laws of Afghanistan, Kabul: ILF, 2004. Available from http://www.usip.org/files/file/ilf_customary_law_afghanistan.pdf
Wylly, H. C. (1912). From the Black Mountain to Waziristan: being an account of the border countries and the more turbulent of the tribes controlled by the North-West Frontier Province, and of our military relations with them in the past. Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.2307/1778225 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1778225
Yousaf, F., & FurrukhZad, S. (2020). Pashtun Jirga and prospects of peace and conflict resolution in Pakistan’s ‘tribal’frontier. Third World Quarterly, 41(7), 1200-1217. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2020.1760088 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2020.1760088
Yousaf, F., & Poncian, J. (2018). Detriments of colonialism on indigenous conflict resolution: An analysis of Pakistan and Tanzania. Contemporary Justice Review, 21(4), 455-473. https://doi.org/10.1080/1 0282580.2018.1532795 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10282580.2018.1532795
Yousaf, F., Rasheed, H., & Gul, I. (2018). FATA tribes: Finally out of colonial clutches? Past, present and future. Center for Research and Security Studies. Retrieved from http://crss.pk/wp-content /uploads/2018/07/FATA-Tribes-Finally-Out-of-Colonial-Clutches.pdf
Yousufzai, H. M., & Gohar, A. (2005). Towards Understanding Pukhtoon Jirga: An Indigenous Way of Peace building and More... Just Peace International. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203106884-18 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203106884-18