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ENDURANCE OF THE SUBALTERN: A STUDY OF A THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS BY KHALID HOSSEINI
Corresponding Author(s) : Ghulam Yasin
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 3 (2021): May
Abstract
Purpose of the study: The present research aims to explore the oppressed and marginalized Afghan women who are made subaltern socially and religiously. It further reveals the ability of women to endure the violence and to create the vision of women empowerment through their suppressed bodies.
Methodology: The primary data of research relies upon the text of A Thousand Splendid Suns by Khalid Hosseini (2007). Further, it has also been collected from secondary sources like articles and reviews mentioned in the reference list. The selected text is analyzed under the theoretical framework of the theory of subaltern by Spivak (1988), utilizing the content analysis.
Main findings: The study dismantles the struggles of marginalized women for their survival and to free them from the suffocating chains of repression and violence. Nana, Mariam, and Laila being the subaltern know the word ‘Endurance’ while living in dilapidated social conditions. They show the degree of resistance and then also unite to stand against societal prominence. Mariam- the harami, sacrifices her life for Laila and Laila becomes the voice of her coming generation who can challenge the subaltern attitude and will speak loudly.
Application of this study: Utilizing the theory of subaltern by Spivak, this research answers the question “Can the subaltern speak?†as ‘Yes’. It brings a message if the subaltern group combines and stands against the unjust norms, they will no more remain a subaltern and will be applicable for academicians and researchers as well.
Novelty/Originality of this study: The study is distinctive because it explores the literature that portrays the stories of almost every home and corner of the world. Despite passing phases of woman's rights, the female gender is still being suppressed. It also unveils how gender inequality, poor and gender-biased educational systems, the justice system, and constrained or child marriages are being practised.
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- Ahmad, M., Mehmood, S., & Dar, S. R. (2019). Loss of self-identity of Afghan women: A third-wave feminist study of Khalid Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns. Erevna Journal of Linguistics and Literature, 3(1). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344217828
- Bharwani, M. (2011). Changing Diasporic Representations: An Interrogation of the Responses to the Trauma of Violence in Select Writers Of the South Asian Diaspora Post 2001. PhD Thesis. SNDT Women’s University Mumbai.
- Çevik, Y. &Töngür, A. N. (2019). The plight of marginalized women in Khaled Hosseini's a thousand splendid suns in 'the third world feminism'. The Journal of International Social Research. 12(66), 56-64. https://doi.org/10.1 7719/jisr.2019.3559 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17719/jisr.2019.3559
- Chaudhary, P. (2020). Women Resistance and Power Relation in Khaled Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns. Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, xii(iv), 5493-5502.
- Chitnis, S. (1998). Violence against Women, Women against Violence. Delhi: Pencraft International.
- De Beauvoir, S. (1949/2011). The Second Sex. Translation. Borden, C., &Chevallier, S. Introduction by Sheila Rowbotham. London: Vintage Books, 2011 (1st Ed. 1949).
- Ghafoor, S., & Farooq, U. (2020). Can Subaltern Be Heard: An Analysis of the Kite Runner and the Thousand Splendid Suns by Khalid Hosseini: Can Subaltern Be Heard. International Review of Literary Studies, 2(1), 42-56. Retrieved from https://irlsjournal.com/ojs/index.php/irls/index.
- Hickson, R. (1980). "Interference of strength development by simultaneously training for strength and endurance over a long period". European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 45, 2–3. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00421333 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00421333
- Hosseini, K. (2007). A Thousand Splendid Suns. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
- Hosseini, K. (2003). The kite runner. Penguin.
- Joyia, M, I, et al. (2017). Courageous Women: A Study of Resilience of Women in Khaled Hosseini’s Novel A Thousand Splendid Suns. Language in India, 17(1), 98-108.
- Kazemiyan, A. (2012). A Thousand Splendid Suns: Rhetorical Vision of Afghan Women.M.A. Thesis. Canada: Department of Communication, University of Ottawa. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate .net/publication/277750156_A_Thousand_Splendid_Suns_Rhetorical_Vision_of_Afghan_Women
- Khan, U. M.,& Qasim, M. (2017). Feminist Politics of Representation: Portrayal of Afghan Women in Khalid Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns. Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences, 7 (9), 127-136.
- Krug EG et al., eds. (2002). World report on violence and health. Geneva: World Health Organization. Retrieved from https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/42495/9241545615_eng.pdf?sequence=1
- O'Brien, M. (1981). The Politics of Reproduction. New York: Routledge.
- Rani, E. (2020). Feministic Perspectives of Afghan Women in Khaled Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns. A Journal Of Composition Theory, xiii(iii), 665-669.
- Ramphiphatthamrong, T. (2020). Representations Of Afghan Women In Khaled Hosseini’s Novels: The Kite Runner, A Thousand Splendid Suns And And The Mountains Echoed. Thesis. Chiang Mai University. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343346053
- Rehman, M. S., & Anwar, S. (2020). Disruption of the Stereotypical Gender Construction through Afghan Women’s Voices in Khalid Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns. Central Asia, 86 (summer), 115-125. Retrieved from https://www.prdb.pk/article/disruption-of-the-stereotypical-gender-construction-through-4738
- Sapkota, B. (2020). Ideological Essentialization of Afghan Women in Hosseini's A Thousand Splendid Suns. The Batuk, 6(1), 55-62. https://doi.org/10.3126/batuk.v6i1.32628 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/batuk.v6i1.32628
- Shameem, B. (2014). Living on the Edge: Women in Khaled Hosseini‘s A Thousand Splendid Suns. Research Journal of English Language and Literature, 2(4), 62-66. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330514596
- Simeon, A. W. (2002). The Roots of Endurance. Wheaton. Crossway Books.
- Soraya, S. (2015). The Subaltern Voice in A Thousand Splendid Suns by Khaled Khosseini. Lingua Cultura, 9(2), 81-87. https://doi.org/10.21512/lc.v9i2.827 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21512/lc.v9i2.827
- Spivak, G. C. (1988). Can the subaltern speak? Marxism and the interpretation of culture. C. Nelson and L. Grossberg. Urbana, University of Illinois Press, 271-313. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19059-1_20 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19059-1_20
- Terry, M. (2014). Applying the Social Ecological Model to Violence against Women with Disabilities. Journal of Women’s Health Care, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0420.1000193 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0420.1000193
- United Nations (1993). Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women. Report. Proceedings of the 85th Plenary Meeting, United Nations General Assembly, Geneva, 20 December 1993.
- Women, W. (2010). Handbook for Legislation on Violence against Women. Report. New York: United Nations publication. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/vaw/handbook/Handbook%20for%20legislati on%20on%20violence%20against%20women.pdf
- Yaqoob, M. (2018). Narratives of Confession: Religion and Patriarchy in the Fiction of Shahrazad Hosseini. Pakistan Journal of Women's Studies, 25(2). https://doi.org/10.46521/pjws.025.02.0043 DOI: https://doi.org/10.46521/pjws.025.02.0043
References
Ahmad, M., Mehmood, S., & Dar, S. R. (2019). Loss of self-identity of Afghan women: A third-wave feminist study of Khalid Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns. Erevna Journal of Linguistics and Literature, 3(1). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344217828
Bharwani, M. (2011). Changing Diasporic Representations: An Interrogation of the Responses to the Trauma of Violence in Select Writers Of the South Asian Diaspora Post 2001. PhD Thesis. SNDT Women’s University Mumbai.
Çevik, Y. &Töngür, A. N. (2019). The plight of marginalized women in Khaled Hosseini's a thousand splendid suns in 'the third world feminism'. The Journal of International Social Research. 12(66), 56-64. https://doi.org/10.1 7719/jisr.2019.3559 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17719/jisr.2019.3559
Chaudhary, P. (2020). Women Resistance and Power Relation in Khaled Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns. Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, xii(iv), 5493-5502.
Chitnis, S. (1998). Violence against Women, Women against Violence. Delhi: Pencraft International.
De Beauvoir, S. (1949/2011). The Second Sex. Translation. Borden, C., &Chevallier, S. Introduction by Sheila Rowbotham. London: Vintage Books, 2011 (1st Ed. 1949).
Ghafoor, S., & Farooq, U. (2020). Can Subaltern Be Heard: An Analysis of the Kite Runner and the Thousand Splendid Suns by Khalid Hosseini: Can Subaltern Be Heard. International Review of Literary Studies, 2(1), 42-56. Retrieved from https://irlsjournal.com/ojs/index.php/irls/index.
Hickson, R. (1980). "Interference of strength development by simultaneously training for strength and endurance over a long period". European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 45, 2–3. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00421333 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00421333
Hosseini, K. (2007). A Thousand Splendid Suns. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
Hosseini, K. (2003). The kite runner. Penguin.
Joyia, M, I, et al. (2017). Courageous Women: A Study of Resilience of Women in Khaled Hosseini’s Novel A Thousand Splendid Suns. Language in India, 17(1), 98-108.
Kazemiyan, A. (2012). A Thousand Splendid Suns: Rhetorical Vision of Afghan Women.M.A. Thesis. Canada: Department of Communication, University of Ottawa. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate .net/publication/277750156_A_Thousand_Splendid_Suns_Rhetorical_Vision_of_Afghan_Women
Khan, U. M.,& Qasim, M. (2017). Feminist Politics of Representation: Portrayal of Afghan Women in Khalid Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns. Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences, 7 (9), 127-136.
Krug EG et al., eds. (2002). World report on violence and health. Geneva: World Health Organization. Retrieved from https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/42495/9241545615_eng.pdf?sequence=1
O'Brien, M. (1981). The Politics of Reproduction. New York: Routledge.
Rani, E. (2020). Feministic Perspectives of Afghan Women in Khaled Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns. A Journal Of Composition Theory, xiii(iii), 665-669.
Ramphiphatthamrong, T. (2020). Representations Of Afghan Women In Khaled Hosseini’s Novels: The Kite Runner, A Thousand Splendid Suns And And The Mountains Echoed. Thesis. Chiang Mai University. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343346053
Rehman, M. S., & Anwar, S. (2020). Disruption of the Stereotypical Gender Construction through Afghan Women’s Voices in Khalid Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns. Central Asia, 86 (summer), 115-125. Retrieved from https://www.prdb.pk/article/disruption-of-the-stereotypical-gender-construction-through-4738
Sapkota, B. (2020). Ideological Essentialization of Afghan Women in Hosseini's A Thousand Splendid Suns. The Batuk, 6(1), 55-62. https://doi.org/10.3126/batuk.v6i1.32628 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/batuk.v6i1.32628
Shameem, B. (2014). Living on the Edge: Women in Khaled Hosseini‘s A Thousand Splendid Suns. Research Journal of English Language and Literature, 2(4), 62-66. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330514596
Simeon, A. W. (2002). The Roots of Endurance. Wheaton. Crossway Books.
Soraya, S. (2015). The Subaltern Voice in A Thousand Splendid Suns by Khaled Khosseini. Lingua Cultura, 9(2), 81-87. https://doi.org/10.21512/lc.v9i2.827 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21512/lc.v9i2.827
Spivak, G. C. (1988). Can the subaltern speak? Marxism and the interpretation of culture. C. Nelson and L. Grossberg. Urbana, University of Illinois Press, 271-313. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19059-1_20 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19059-1_20
Terry, M. (2014). Applying the Social Ecological Model to Violence against Women with Disabilities. Journal of Women’s Health Care, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0420.1000193 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0420.1000193
United Nations (1993). Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women. Report. Proceedings of the 85th Plenary Meeting, United Nations General Assembly, Geneva, 20 December 1993.
Women, W. (2010). Handbook for Legislation on Violence against Women. Report. New York: United Nations publication. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/vaw/handbook/Handbook%20for%20legislati on%20on%20violence%20against%20women.pdf
Yaqoob, M. (2018). Narratives of Confession: Religion and Patriarchy in the Fiction of Shahrazad Hosseini. Pakistan Journal of Women's Studies, 25(2). https://doi.org/10.46521/pjws.025.02.0043 DOI: https://doi.org/10.46521/pjws.025.02.0043