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CHINA’S HUNT FOR FUEL THROUGH BRI IN THE MIDDLE EAST
Corresponding Author(s) : Fakhar Hussain
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 4 (2021): July
Abstract
Purpose of the study: The purpose of the study is to examine China’s hunt for the acquisition of energy supplies through the Belt & Road Initiative (BRI) in the Middle East due to the unprecedented economic expansion on accounts of which it needs reliable resources of natural gas and oil to cope with the requisite needs of energy.
Methodology: The data for this study is collected from various secondary sources like Research Journals, Academic Research Papers, and Electronic Sources. Data were interpreted using the deductive method of investigation through an analytical and descriptive approach.
Principal Findings: The main findings indicate that China has long followed its “win-win†strategy, which means that all trading partners of the region profit fairly, and for that reason, Beijing is aiming to boost its commercial presence in the region of the Middle East for mutual gains and that economic interdependence, according to Beijing encourages collaboration between the states on accounts of which it is considered that energy deals of China are centered on mutual economic interests.
Applications of this study: Findings of the study will be helpful for scholars and academics of International Relations, Security Studies, Policymakers of China and the Middle East countries, diplomats of China, USA, Russia, Saudi Arabia, and Iran as well as it also contributes for understanding energy and economic ambitions of China in the region of Middle East, which to be accomplished through BRI.
Novelty/Originality of this study: The originality/novelty of the study lies in the attempt to explore that BRI is considered as the 21st century’s Marshall Plan by China and that it will associate China’s hunt for global energy resources by diversification of the economic markets of the Middle East.
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- Alterman, J., & Graver, J. (2008). The Vital Triangle China, The United States, and The Middle East. Washington D.C: Centre for Strategic Studies and International Studies.
- Besada, H., & Salam, J. (2017). China's Energy Strategy in the MENA Region. China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies, 3(4), 597–619. https://doi.org/10.1142/S2377740017500269 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/S2377740017500269
- Blanchard, J. M. (2021). Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) Blues: Powering BRI Research Back on Track to Avoid Choppy Seas. Journal of Chinese Political Science, 26, 235-255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11366-020-09717-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11366-020-09717-0
- Camille, L., Jonathan, F., Degang, S., & Naser, A.-T. (2019, October). China’s Great Game In The Middle East. Retrieved May 15, 2021, from European Council on Foreign Relations: http;//css.ethz.ch/content/specia linterest/gess/cis/centre-for-securities-studies/en/services/publications/publication.html/fa508f69-ebc1-40a0-bf 0f- f8e0610995de
- Chris, Z., & Brandon, G. (2008). China through Arab Eyes: American Influence in the Middle East. Parameters. 38(1), 60-72.
- Ehteshami, A. (2018). Gold at the end of the Rainbow? The BRI and the Middle East. Global Policy, 9(3), 387-397. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12552 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12552
- Engin, K. (2015). China's Middle East Energy Policies. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 1(1), 346-354. https://doi.org/10.24289/ijsser.106431 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24289/ijsser.106431
- Garlick, J. (2020). The Regional Impacts of China's Belt and Road Initiative. Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, 49(1), 3-12. https://doi.org/10.1177/1868102620968848 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1868102620968848
- Gordon, H., & Noureddin M., Z. (2019, January). A New Great Power Engages with the Middle East: China's Middle East Balancing Approach. Retrieved May 18, 2021, from University of Alberta: http://era.library.u alberta.ca/items/1b3e3afa-8065-4d13-8dea-fa7629e2aca6
- Guang, P. (2008). China's Energy Strategy and Primary Role of the Middle East in This Strategy. Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (in Asia), 2(2), 62-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/19370679.2008.12023117 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19370679.2008.12023117
- Himaz, R. (2019). Challenges associated with the BRI: a review of recent economic literature. The Service Industries Journal, 41(7-8), 512-526. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2019.1584193 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2019.1584193
- Hussain, F., & Hussain, M. (2017). China-Pak Economic Corridor (CPEC) and Its Geopolitical Paradigms. International Journal of Social Sciences, Humanities and Education, 1(2), 79-95.
- James M, D. (2017). China and the Middle East: Venturing into the Maelstrom. Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, 11(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/25765949.2017.12023322 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/25765949.2017.12023322
- James, C. (2011, December). The Emergence of China in the Middle East. Retrieved May 17, 2021, from National Defense University: http://http://www.ndu.edu/inss.
- John, M. (2014, May). Asia's Oil Supply: Risks and Pragmatic Remedies. Retrieved May 14, 2021, from Chatham House: http://http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/files/Chathamhouse/field/field_document/2014 0506Asia'sOilSupplyMitchell.pdf.
- Johnston, L. (2018). The Belt and Road Initiative: What is in it for China? Asia & the Policy Studies, 6(1), 40-58. https://doi.org/10.1002/app5.265 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/app5.265
- Jon, B., A. (2013, August). China's Balancing Act in the Gulf. Retrieved May 14, 2021, from Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS): http://http://www.csis.org/mideast
- Lisa, W. (2019, December). The Middle East and China's Belt and Road Initiative. Retrieved May 18, 2021, from Center for Security Studies (CSS): http://www.css.ethz.ch/en/publications/css-analyses-in-security-policy.html
- Manochehr, D., & James, E. (2013). The Dragon Nests: China's Energy Engagement of the Middle East. China Report, 49(1), 43–67. https://doi.org/10.1177/0009445513479243 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0009445513479243
- Massoud, D. (2009). China and the Middle East: Establishing a New Partnership. Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (in Asia), 3(1), 18-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/19370679.2009.12023120 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19370679.2009.12023120
- Michal, M. (2016). The Structure of China's Oil Industry: Past Trends and Future Prospects. Oxford: Oxford Institute for Energy Studies.
- Mordechai, C. (2019). China's Economic Diplomacy Approach in the Middle East Conflicts. China Report, 55(1), 24-39. https://doi.org/10.1177/0009445518818210 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0009445518818210
- Naser, A.-T. (2012, June 27). China-Saudi Arabia Relations: Economic Partnership or Strategic Alliance?. Retrieved May 13, 2021, from Durham Research Online: http://www.dro.dur.ac.uk/9683/
- Qian, X. (2014). Protecting China's Energy Interests in the Middle East. Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (in Asia), 8(3), 48-69. https://doi.org/10.1080/19370679.2014.12023247 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19370679.2014.12023247
- Rasel, M., Jiao, G., Yusufzada, S., Chanthamith, B., & Sultana, A. (2020). Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) of China: Connecting the World for Sustainable Economic Development. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 8, 109-120. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2020.81009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2020.81009
- Sarieddine, T. (2021). Middle Kingdom Enters Middle East: A World-Systems Analysis of Peripheralization along the Maritime Silk Economictiative. Journal of World-Systems Research, 27(1), 177-201. https://doi.org/10.5195/jwsr.2021.1027 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5195/jwsr.2021.1027
- Sharma, A. (2019). An analysis of 'Belt and Road' Initiative and the Middle East. Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, 13(1), 35-49. https://doi.org/10.1080/25765949.2019.1586179 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/25765949.2019.1586179
- Shichor, Y. (2018). China's Belt and Road Initiative Revisited: Challenges and Ways Forward. China's Quarterly of International Strategic Studies, 4(1), 39-53. https://doi.org/10.1142/S237774001850001X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/S237774001850001X
- Sun, D. (2011). Six Decades of Chinese Middle East Studies: A Review. The Middle East Book Review, 2(1), 15–32. https://doi.org/10.1163/187853011X564399 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/187853011X564399
- Zha, D., & Michal, M. (2015, October). China and the Middle East in a New Energy Landscape. Retrieved May 14, 2021, from Chatham House: http://www.chathamhouse.org
- Zhao, H. (2007). China's Oil Venture in Africa. East Asia, 24(4), 399–415. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12140-007-9027-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12140-007-9027-7
- Zhexin, Z. (2018). The Belt and Road Initiative: China's New Geopolitical Strategy? China's Quarterly of International Strategic Studies, 4(3), 327-343. https://doi.org/10.1142/S2377740018500240 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/S2377740018500240
- Zhiqun, Z. (2009). China's New Diplomacy in the Middle East and Its Implication for the United States. Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (in Asia), 3(4), 41-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/193 70679.2009.12023141 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19370679.2009.12023141
References
Alterman, J., & Graver, J. (2008). The Vital Triangle China, The United States, and The Middle East. Washington D.C: Centre for Strategic Studies and International Studies.
Besada, H., & Salam, J. (2017). China's Energy Strategy in the MENA Region. China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies, 3(4), 597–619. https://doi.org/10.1142/S2377740017500269 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/S2377740017500269
Blanchard, J. M. (2021). Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) Blues: Powering BRI Research Back on Track to Avoid Choppy Seas. Journal of Chinese Political Science, 26, 235-255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11366-020-09717-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11366-020-09717-0
Camille, L., Jonathan, F., Degang, S., & Naser, A.-T. (2019, October). China’s Great Game In The Middle East. Retrieved May 15, 2021, from European Council on Foreign Relations: http;//css.ethz.ch/content/specia linterest/gess/cis/centre-for-securities-studies/en/services/publications/publication.html/fa508f69-ebc1-40a0-bf 0f- f8e0610995de
Chris, Z., & Brandon, G. (2008). China through Arab Eyes: American Influence in the Middle East. Parameters. 38(1), 60-72.
Ehteshami, A. (2018). Gold at the end of the Rainbow? The BRI and the Middle East. Global Policy, 9(3), 387-397. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12552 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12552
Engin, K. (2015). China's Middle East Energy Policies. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 1(1), 346-354. https://doi.org/10.24289/ijsser.106431 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24289/ijsser.106431
Garlick, J. (2020). The Regional Impacts of China's Belt and Road Initiative. Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, 49(1), 3-12. https://doi.org/10.1177/1868102620968848 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1868102620968848
Gordon, H., & Noureddin M., Z. (2019, January). A New Great Power Engages with the Middle East: China's Middle East Balancing Approach. Retrieved May 18, 2021, from University of Alberta: http://era.library.u alberta.ca/items/1b3e3afa-8065-4d13-8dea-fa7629e2aca6
Guang, P. (2008). China's Energy Strategy and Primary Role of the Middle East in This Strategy. Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (in Asia), 2(2), 62-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/19370679.2008.12023117 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19370679.2008.12023117
Himaz, R. (2019). Challenges associated with the BRI: a review of recent economic literature. The Service Industries Journal, 41(7-8), 512-526. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2019.1584193 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2019.1584193
Hussain, F., & Hussain, M. (2017). China-Pak Economic Corridor (CPEC) and Its Geopolitical Paradigms. International Journal of Social Sciences, Humanities and Education, 1(2), 79-95.
James M, D. (2017). China and the Middle East: Venturing into the Maelstrom. Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, 11(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/25765949.2017.12023322 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/25765949.2017.12023322
James, C. (2011, December). The Emergence of China in the Middle East. Retrieved May 17, 2021, from National Defense University: http://http://www.ndu.edu/inss.
John, M. (2014, May). Asia's Oil Supply: Risks and Pragmatic Remedies. Retrieved May 14, 2021, from Chatham House: http://http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/files/Chathamhouse/field/field_document/2014 0506Asia'sOilSupplyMitchell.pdf.
Johnston, L. (2018). The Belt and Road Initiative: What is in it for China? Asia & the Policy Studies, 6(1), 40-58. https://doi.org/10.1002/app5.265 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/app5.265
Jon, B., A. (2013, August). China's Balancing Act in the Gulf. Retrieved May 14, 2021, from Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS): http://http://www.csis.org/mideast
Lisa, W. (2019, December). The Middle East and China's Belt and Road Initiative. Retrieved May 18, 2021, from Center for Security Studies (CSS): http://www.css.ethz.ch/en/publications/css-analyses-in-security-policy.html
Manochehr, D., & James, E. (2013). The Dragon Nests: China's Energy Engagement of the Middle East. China Report, 49(1), 43–67. https://doi.org/10.1177/0009445513479243 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0009445513479243
Massoud, D. (2009). China and the Middle East: Establishing a New Partnership. Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (in Asia), 3(1), 18-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/19370679.2009.12023120 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19370679.2009.12023120
Michal, M. (2016). The Structure of China's Oil Industry: Past Trends and Future Prospects. Oxford: Oxford Institute for Energy Studies.
Mordechai, C. (2019). China's Economic Diplomacy Approach in the Middle East Conflicts. China Report, 55(1), 24-39. https://doi.org/10.1177/0009445518818210 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0009445518818210
Naser, A.-T. (2012, June 27). China-Saudi Arabia Relations: Economic Partnership or Strategic Alliance?. Retrieved May 13, 2021, from Durham Research Online: http://www.dro.dur.ac.uk/9683/
Qian, X. (2014). Protecting China's Energy Interests in the Middle East. Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (in Asia), 8(3), 48-69. https://doi.org/10.1080/19370679.2014.12023247 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19370679.2014.12023247
Rasel, M., Jiao, G., Yusufzada, S., Chanthamith, B., & Sultana, A. (2020). Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) of China: Connecting the World for Sustainable Economic Development. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 8, 109-120. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2020.81009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2020.81009
Sarieddine, T. (2021). Middle Kingdom Enters Middle East: A World-Systems Analysis of Peripheralization along the Maritime Silk Economictiative. Journal of World-Systems Research, 27(1), 177-201. https://doi.org/10.5195/jwsr.2021.1027 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5195/jwsr.2021.1027
Sharma, A. (2019). An analysis of 'Belt and Road' Initiative and the Middle East. Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, 13(1), 35-49. https://doi.org/10.1080/25765949.2019.1586179 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/25765949.2019.1586179
Shichor, Y. (2018). China's Belt and Road Initiative Revisited: Challenges and Ways Forward. China's Quarterly of International Strategic Studies, 4(1), 39-53. https://doi.org/10.1142/S237774001850001X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/S237774001850001X
Sun, D. (2011). Six Decades of Chinese Middle East Studies: A Review. The Middle East Book Review, 2(1), 15–32. https://doi.org/10.1163/187853011X564399 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/187853011X564399
Zha, D., & Michal, M. (2015, October). China and the Middle East in a New Energy Landscape. Retrieved May 14, 2021, from Chatham House: http://www.chathamhouse.org
Zhao, H. (2007). China's Oil Venture in Africa. East Asia, 24(4), 399–415. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12140-007-9027-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12140-007-9027-7
Zhexin, Z. (2018). The Belt and Road Initiative: China's New Geopolitical Strategy? China's Quarterly of International Strategic Studies, 4(3), 327-343. https://doi.org/10.1142/S2377740018500240 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/S2377740018500240
Zhiqun, Z. (2009). China's New Diplomacy in the Middle East and Its Implication for the United States. Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (in Asia), 3(4), 41-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/193 70679.2009.12023141 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19370679.2009.12023141