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EFFECT OF COMPETITION ANXIETY ON ATHLETES SPORTS PERFORMANCE: IMPLICATION FOR COACH
Corresponding Author(s) : Noor Muhammad Marwat
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 9 No. 3 (2021): May
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of competition anxiety upon sports performance of elite athletes who took part in the “31st National Games held in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa’s (KP), Pakistan.
Methodology: One hundred and twenty-eight (N=128) males= 88, females= 40; Age 21.9 +/-1.5 years; Sports Experience, 8.9 +/-1.7 years) provided the required information on 15-items Sports Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT). The history of sports performance of athletes was obtained during breaks within competitive fixtures.
Main Findings: The analyzed data revealed that competitive anxiety is responsible for 38% change in sports performance. Furthermore, the relationship is moderate negative identifying that an increase in competitive anxiety decreases the sports performance of athletes (r=-0.386, P=.002). Additionally, comparative analyses indicated that female athletes and athletes from individual sports showed higher levels of Competition Anxiety, while male athletes and athletes with team sport reported lower levels of Competition Anxiety (P <.005).
Implications of the study: This gender impact is critical and significant showing decisive implications for the coaches and trainers. These findings were explored in light of the theoretical and practical implications of these findings for designing sport psychology programs in Pakistan for athletes from various contexts.
Novelty: The findings indicate that competitive trait anxiety can harm the success, and indicate that certain PL athletes can benefit from therapies that seek to decrease anxiety before and during competition.
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- Abrahamsen, F. E., Roberts, G. C., & Pensgaard, A. M. (2008). Achievement goals and gender effects on multidimensional anxiety in national elite sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 9(4), 449-464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.06.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.06.005
- Bali, A. (2015). Psychological factors affecting sports performance. International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health, 1(6), 92-95.
- Battaglia, M., Sampling, N., & Lavrakas, P. J. (2008). Encyclopedia of survey research methods.
- Best, J. W., & Kahn, J. V. (2016). Research in education. Pearson Education India.
- Chiariotti, L., Coretti, L., Pero, R., & Lembo, F. (2016). Epigenetic alterations induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharides. In Patho- Epigenetics of Infectious Disease (pp. 91-105). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/1 0.1007/978-3-319-24738-0_5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24738-0_5
- Craft, L. L., Magyar, T. M., Becker, B. J., & Feltz, D. L. (2003). The relationship between the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 and sport performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 25(1), 44-65. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.25.1.44 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.25.1.44
- Edvardsson, A., Ivarsson, A., & Johnson, U. (2012). Is a cognitive- behavioural biofeedback intervention useful to reduce injury risk in junior football players?. Journal of sports science & medicine, 11(2), 331.
- Fernández-Fernández, J., Boullosa, D. A., Sanz-Rivas, D., Abreu, L., Filaire, E., & Mendez-Villanueva, A. (2015). Psychophysiological stress responses during training and competition in young female competitive tennis players. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 36(01), 22- 28.Athan, A. N. & Sampson, U. I. (2013). Coping with pre- competitive anxiety in sport competition. European Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences, 1(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1384544 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1384544
- Ibrahim, S., & Almoslim, H. A. (2016). State anxiety and self-efficacy among track and field low and high performers. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 9(7). https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i7/81884 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i7/81884
- Kleinert, J. (2002). Causative and protective effects of sport injury trait anxiety on injuries in German University sport. European Journal of Sport Science, 2(5), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461390200072503 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17461390200072503
- Lence, A., Velickovska, L., Damovska, I., Inastastasovski, T. (2016). Anxiety between athletes and non- athletesâ€, Research in Physical Education, Sport and Health, 3(1), 59-61.
- Lundqvist, C. (2006). Competing under pressure: State anxiety, sports performance and assessment (Doctoral dissertation, Psykologiska institutionen). https://doi.org/10.1037/e530252013-001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/e530252013-001
- Martens, R. (1977). Sport competition anxiety test. https://doi.org/10.1037/t27556-000 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/t27556-000
- Martens, R., Vealey, R. S., & Burton, D. (1990). Competitive anxiety in sport. Human kinetics.
- Parnabas, V., Parnabas, J., & Parnabas, A. M. (2015). The effect of cognitive anxiety on sport performances among football players. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 2, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujp .2014.020204 DOI: https://doi.org/10.13189/ujp.2014.020204
- Parnabas, V., Parnabas, J., & Parnabas, A. M. (2015). The Effect of Cognitive Anxiety on Sport Performance among Track and Field Athletes. Int J Indian Psychol, 2, 40-47. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujp.2014.020204 DOI: https://doi.org/10.13189/ujp.2014.020204
- Pijpers, J. R., Oudejans, R. R., & Bakker, F. C. (2005). Anxiety-induced changes in movement behaviour during the execution of a complex whole-body task. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, 58(3), 421-445. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724980343000945 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02724980343000945
- Qureshi, D. R. (2015). Comparative Study of Anxiety Test between College Level Table Tennis and Volleyball Players. Scholars Impact, 2(1), 41-44.
- Radzi, J. A., Yusof, S. M., & Zakaria, A. A. (2013). Pre-competition anxiety levels in individual and team sport athletes. In Proceeding of the International Conference on Social Science Research (pp. 1197-1206).
- Ramis, Y., Viladrich, C., Sousa, C., & Jannes, C. (2015). Exploring the factorial structure of the Sport Anxiety Scale-2: Invariance across language, gender, age and type of sport. Psicothema, 27(2), 174-181.
- Ramis, Y., Viladrich, C., Sousa, C., & Jannes, C. (2015). Exploring the factorial structure of the Sport Anxiety Scale-2: Invariance across language, gender, age and type of sport. Psicothema, 27(2).
- Walker, I. J., & Nordin-Bates, S. M. (2010). Performance anxiety experiences of professional ballet dancers: The importance of control. Journal of Dance Medicine & Science, 14(4), 133-145. Whiteley, G. (2013). How Trait and State Anxiety Influence Athletics Performance (Doctoral dissertation, Wittenberg University).
- Wilson, M.R., Vine, S.J., & Wood, G. (2009). The influence of anxiety on visual attentional control in basketball free-throw shooting. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 31, 152–168. https://doi.org/10.11 23/jsep.31.2.152 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.31.2.152
References
Abrahamsen, F. E., Roberts, G. C., & Pensgaard, A. M. (2008). Achievement goals and gender effects on multidimensional anxiety in national elite sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 9(4), 449-464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.06.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.06.005
Bali, A. (2015). Psychological factors affecting sports performance. International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health, 1(6), 92-95.
Battaglia, M., Sampling, N., & Lavrakas, P. J. (2008). Encyclopedia of survey research methods.
Best, J. W., & Kahn, J. V. (2016). Research in education. Pearson Education India.
Chiariotti, L., Coretti, L., Pero, R., & Lembo, F. (2016). Epigenetic alterations induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharides. In Patho- Epigenetics of Infectious Disease (pp. 91-105). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/1 0.1007/978-3-319-24738-0_5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24738-0_5
Craft, L. L., Magyar, T. M., Becker, B. J., & Feltz, D. L. (2003). The relationship between the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 and sport performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 25(1), 44-65. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.25.1.44 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.25.1.44
Edvardsson, A., Ivarsson, A., & Johnson, U. (2012). Is a cognitive- behavioural biofeedback intervention useful to reduce injury risk in junior football players?. Journal of sports science & medicine, 11(2), 331.
Fernández-Fernández, J., Boullosa, D. A., Sanz-Rivas, D., Abreu, L., Filaire, E., & Mendez-Villanueva, A. (2015). Psychophysiological stress responses during training and competition in young female competitive tennis players. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 36(01), 22- 28.Athan, A. N. & Sampson, U. I. (2013). Coping with pre- competitive anxiety in sport competition. European Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences, 1(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1384544 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1384544
Ibrahim, S., & Almoslim, H. A. (2016). State anxiety and self-efficacy among track and field low and high performers. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 9(7). https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i7/81884 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i7/81884
Kleinert, J. (2002). Causative and protective effects of sport injury trait anxiety on injuries in German University sport. European Journal of Sport Science, 2(5), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461390200072503 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17461390200072503
Lence, A., Velickovska, L., Damovska, I., Inastastasovski, T. (2016). Anxiety between athletes and non- athletesâ€, Research in Physical Education, Sport and Health, 3(1), 59-61.
Lundqvist, C. (2006). Competing under pressure: State anxiety, sports performance and assessment (Doctoral dissertation, Psykologiska institutionen). https://doi.org/10.1037/e530252013-001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/e530252013-001
Martens, R. (1977). Sport competition anxiety test. https://doi.org/10.1037/t27556-000 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/t27556-000
Martens, R., Vealey, R. S., & Burton, D. (1990). Competitive anxiety in sport. Human kinetics.
Parnabas, V., Parnabas, J., & Parnabas, A. M. (2015). The effect of cognitive anxiety on sport performances among football players. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 2, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujp .2014.020204 DOI: https://doi.org/10.13189/ujp.2014.020204
Parnabas, V., Parnabas, J., & Parnabas, A. M. (2015). The Effect of Cognitive Anxiety on Sport Performance among Track and Field Athletes. Int J Indian Psychol, 2, 40-47. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujp.2014.020204 DOI: https://doi.org/10.13189/ujp.2014.020204
Pijpers, J. R., Oudejans, R. R., & Bakker, F. C. (2005). Anxiety-induced changes in movement behaviour during the execution of a complex whole-body task. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, 58(3), 421-445. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724980343000945 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02724980343000945
Qureshi, D. R. (2015). Comparative Study of Anxiety Test between College Level Table Tennis and Volleyball Players. Scholars Impact, 2(1), 41-44.
Radzi, J. A., Yusof, S. M., & Zakaria, A. A. (2013). Pre-competition anxiety levels in individual and team sport athletes. In Proceeding of the International Conference on Social Science Research (pp. 1197-1206).
Ramis, Y., Viladrich, C., Sousa, C., & Jannes, C. (2015). Exploring the factorial structure of the Sport Anxiety Scale-2: Invariance across language, gender, age and type of sport. Psicothema, 27(2), 174-181.
Ramis, Y., Viladrich, C., Sousa, C., & Jannes, C. (2015). Exploring the factorial structure of the Sport Anxiety Scale-2: Invariance across language, gender, age and type of sport. Psicothema, 27(2).
Walker, I. J., & Nordin-Bates, S. M. (2010). Performance anxiety experiences of professional ballet dancers: The importance of control. Journal of Dance Medicine & Science, 14(4), 133-145. Whiteley, G. (2013). How Trait and State Anxiety Influence Athletics Performance (Doctoral dissertation, Wittenberg University).
Wilson, M.R., Vine, S.J., & Wood, G. (2009). The influence of anxiety on visual attentional control in basketball free-throw shooting. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 31, 152–168. https://doi.org/10.11 23/jsep.31.2.152 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.31.2.152