THE SHIFTING TRENDS IN TRAVELLING AFTER THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Purpose of the study: This study is to understand the shifting trends in traveling after the Covid-19 pandemic. This research was also conducted to determine tourist behavior by identifying the typology of tourists and tourist s' traveling motivation after the Covid-19 pandemic. Methodology: This research is a quantitative descriptive study. The data were collected from an online questionnaire (Google Form) contains statements that are rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, i.e. distribution of frequency, percentage, and average value. The research time was during March-April 2020. The sample was 100 Indonesian respondents, and all data were valid to be analyzed in the study. Main Findings: Millenial tourists were dominated in this study. The results show that tourists' typology tends to the explorer type, and the second position refers to the drifter type. Meanwhile, the motivation was dominated by physical or physiological motivation and followed by interpersonal motivation. Therefore, natural destinations are the primary choice in the respondent's travel plans. Applications of this study: This result may be used as a reference for destination managers in formulating management strategies and destination development after the pandemic period. The tourism industry may also use the findings of this study to plan tourism activities and develop policies in the new normal era. Novelty / Originality of this study: This research is original, and this is the first study that identifying the shifting trends in traveling after Covid-19 pandemic.


INTRODUCTION
Covid-19 pandemic has changed all aspects of human life, including tourism. Policies and travel restrictions implemented in several countries have influenced the perception of tourist tourism during a pandemic or after the pandemic has ended. Based on research with respondents in Indonesia, the majority of respondents in this study have an interest in traveling after the pandemic and show a negative response to anxiety, have planned when and where they will travel, with a period (0-6) months after the Covid-19 pandemic ends and nature tourism as a favorite choice. This result shows the view that basically travels is a human need today .
Other studies have revealed that safety, security, and health risks that are considered negatively can affect tourists' perceptions of tourist destinations so that they are more likely to look for tourist destinations that are equipped with the quantity and quality of infrastructure that follows the required health protocols (Wen, Kozak, Yang, & Liu, 2020). The tourism industry must be able to immediately change its short-term business strategy with consideration of financial risks while still prioritizing the health of tourists. It is estimated that the tourism industry will bounce back after a year of the pandemic (Assaf & Scuderi, 2020). Although there are risks that may be faced, there are tourists who like challenges with high resistance to the various risks that may be faced during the trip. Previous research has shown that tourists consider the potential high risk on a tourist trip to be an interesting part of a tour (Yang & Nair, 2014). This research is supported by a global study that suggests 80 % of travelers are willing to pay more for safer accommodation, and 76 % of respondents stated that their preferred travel destinations are countries that offer more travel experiences with restricted physical contact (TheJakartaGlobe, 2020). Currently, many amusement parks around the world have reopened during the Covid-19 pandemic. For example, in Orlando, Florida, Walt Disney World reopened 11 July 2020 with reduced capacity provisions and other safety measures to protect tourists, such as the obligation to use masks, except when eating or swimming and hand sanitizing facilities are available throughout the park. Based on interviews with tourists, visitors feel that this is the entertainment they need, a pleasant experience, relieving stress, being able to play with satisfaction due to reduced capacity, so the waiting time for each attraction is swift. Even though the visitors who come are only around 17% of capacity, the Walt Disney World managers are optimistic that it will be better (Usatoday.com, 2020).
The enthusiasm for tourism is also seen in the European region. On the first big holiday of the summer weekend in July 2020, there was an increase in the influx of foreign tourists at all border crossings into the country despite the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic. With the conditions required at each crossing, the restrictions do not discourage their travel intentions. For example, on the Greek-Bulgarian border, thousands of tourists wait for hours in lines of up to 15 kilometers at the Kulata-Promachonas border checkpoint (Euronews.com, 2020). These conditions prove that tourists' perceptions of tourism during a pandemic or after a pandemic are more flexible but still pay attention to health protocols.
Modern human tourists are willing to accept changes in travel, very capable of adapting to new environments, looking forward to different things even though they are not fully prepared for the new environment (Cohen, 1972). Apart from the restraints of quarantine provisions for over five months in several countries. Most of the studies reviewed reported negative psychological effects of quarantine, including symptoms of stress, confusion, anger, frustration, boredom, financial loss (Brooks, Smith, & Webster, 2020). Tourism experience is felt necessary to overcome all the negative effects of the ongoing pandemic. The extent to which tourists want the tourist experience on a particular tour depends on the tourists' individual tastes and preferences.
Motivation is an attribute that affects all activities undertaken. This leads to persuasive feelings that always provide positivism to react and get something to meet their needs (Gopalan, Abu Bakar, Zulkifli, Alwi, & Che Mat, 2017). Consumer motivation is the main factor that needs to be studied in determining a suitable business strategy involving consumers and producers (Šimková & Holzner, 2014). In this study, identified the types of tourists and their motivation to travel after the Covid-19 pandemic. This study aims to determine the motivation of tourists related to the classification of types of tourists.
There is quite a lot of research on travel motivation. Research on the push and pull theory of motivation in Saudi tourists shows that the most important push and pull factors are cultural and religious values (Bogari, Crowther, & Marr, 2003). Factor-analyzing research in Figler's Travel Motivation Survey of five orthogonal factors, namely anomie/search for authenticity, culture/education, escape / regression, desire to wander/ explore the unknown, and jet-set / prestige search (Figler, Weinstein, Sollers III, & Devan, 1992). Other research on rural tourism in Korea identified four tourist segments based on tourism motivation: family togetherness seekers, passive tourists, want-it-all seekers, and learning and excitement seekers (Park & Yoon, 2009).
However, there has not been much research related to tourism motivation in the pandemic era. There is research on the impact of Covid-19 on the traveling motivation of Indonesian travelers to travel abroad, which focuses on discussing the cancellation or rescheduling of trips abroad (Rachmawati & Shishido, 2020). Therefore, this research is expected to be a reference for destination managers in formulating management strategies and destination development after the pandemic period and can predict tourism trends after the pandemic period.
Tourist motivation affects tourism demand or the number of tourist arrivals to tourist destinations, so further research on tourism motivation is needed (Rickly, 2019). The Covid-19 pandemic has created a global tourism crisis; all parties are working together to accelerate the transformation of tourism adapted to current conditions. The tourism industry can use the information on the research results related to motivation and the types of tourists who will travel after the pandemic in planning tourism activities and developing policies to help attract more tourists who have been stopped from their tourism activities.

Tourist Classification
Tourist classification is often the subject of research by tourism researchers. Research on tourist classification aims to create tourist groups or destinations that have similar characteristics. It is hoped that it can help related to the problem of tourism demand and supply. It is important in the tourism decision-making process and policy formulation (Coccossis & Constantoglou, 2006). Different types of tourists will affect tourism planning variations, seeking tourist information from external sources, destinations, duration of tours, and travel processes before making travel-related decisions (Grzywacz & Zeglen, 2016). In the era of connectivity, online social contact has become a new habit for tourists and has a significant influence on behavior and experience (Buhalis & Sinarta, 2019). Furthermore, (Fan, Buhalis, & Lin, 2019) states that tourist typology needs to be identified based on online and face-to-face social contact to formulating effective marketing strategies for various segments.
Humans are generally more flexible regarding their environment, can change according to environmental conditions wherever they are. Tourism makes humans interested in the ordinary. When contact with new things makes them attractive to them, supported by increased awareness of the outside world seems to lead to an increased readiness to leave one's habitat and wander around temporarily or even emigrate to a habitat other. Despite being a novelty in the travel experience, humans are not fully prepared. It will still be tied to its original culture and previous habits, so there will still be adjustments to 1. Organized mass tourists. The type of tourist who buys a tour package from a trusted travel agent only follows the travel agent's flow as planned by the travel agent. Familiarity level with a high but minimal level of novelty.
2. Independent mass tourist. The type of tourist who buys a package tour but the tour is not fully planned, the tourist has some control over his travel time and plans and is not tied to a group. However, all major arrangements are still made through travel agencies. The itinerary is not much different from the travel agent's plan. The familiarity level is still dominant but has a greater experience level of novelty.
3. Explorer. These types of tourist arranges his own trips, different from travel plans in general, but still pay attention to comfortable and safe accommodation, transportation and other tourist facilities. Trying to blend with a new environment at the tourist destination but retain some of the basic routines and comforts of the original way of life. These tourists are concerned about the risks involved if they become involved without paying attention to their basic needs.

4.
Drifter. This type of tourist is very different from other tourists who want a unique tour, visit a place that is not a favorite tourist destination, try to blend in with a new environment, live in the way of the people in the places they visit. They do not have a fixed schedule and clear travel destination. The level of novelty is very high, but the level of familiarity is absent.

Travel Motivation
Motivation comes from the word "motive" which causes someone to take action in a certain way or something that stimulates desire (Utama & Susanto, 2016). Motivation is fundamental in studying tourists because motivation is the "trigger" of the trip, even though tourists themselves are often not aware of the motivation, but they are essential. Motivation is the driving force for tourists to decide on tourism options based on individual preferences, previous experiences, and information obtained (Pitana & Gayatri, 2005 The motivation of a person to do travel and tourism activities is divided into four groups (Pitana & Gayatri, 2005), namely as follows: 1. Physical or physiological motivation is physical or physiological motivation, for relaxation, health, comfort, participating in sports activities, recreation. Relaxation is physical and mental rest so that the body becomes more relaxed, comfortable (Dwisaputra & Achnes, 2017). This motivation purely comes from within a person's body who needs to feel relaxed, relaxes tense muscles from working or studying hard, refreshes a stressed mind, so it is feared that it will affect physical and psychological health if not done. This description is similar to several research results that examined the motivation of tourists to travel: relaxation motivation, enriching and learning experiences, participation in recreational activities, increasing personal values, and social experiences (Vuuren & Slabbert, 2011). Tourism activities undertaken to positively influence life satisfaction, even for a short trip (two days or less), can make body relaxation and recovery from work stress (Chen, Shahvali, & Petrick, 2014).
2. Cultural motivation is the desire to know the culture, customs, traditions, and other regional arts, including those of interest to cultural heritage objects. The rules that apply to a community, so that members of the community can adjust their actions to the behavior they make, which makes tourists have the experience of following the rules and increasing the values of life (Dwisaputra & Achnes, 2017). The first stage is designing a structured questionnaire containing statements related to the type of tourists and tourism motivation after the pandemic, which is rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree. The questionnaire is divided into three parts: the profile of respondents, the tourist classification, and travel motivation. Respondent profiles include gender, age, educational and occupational background, and several closed questions related to tourism interest after the pandemic. The second part regarding the classification of tourists, which consists of several statements, refers to Cohen's theory. The third part is about motivation described in several statements, which refers to Pitana and Gayatri's theory. The results will then be analyzed in simple quantitative terms, i.e. the distribution of frequency, percentage, and average value.

Social motivation or interpersonal motivation is
The research time was during March-April 2020 when the whole world, especially Indonesia, was experiencing the Covid-19 pandemic. The second stage of selecting the chosen survey strategy is the online survey method that allows reaching various respondents in various regions, especially at this time. There are restrictions on physical contact that are applied in all regions in Indonesia. This strategy used is in line with the increasing use of technology in various studies that make it easier for respondents to answer questions and researchers in data collection and analysis. The advantages of online surveys for respondents include flexibility, convenience in answering questions, and being fast (Evans & Mathur, 2005).
The third stage is the selection of respondents. The sample comprises people who will be given a questionnaire representing the population (Clifford et al., 2016). The sample was obtained by probability by a simple random sampling of 100 Indonesian respondents, and all data are valid to be analyzed in the study. Sampling uses some form of random selection, which requires setting up a process or procedure that ensures that different members of the target population have an equal probability of being selected is due to the large tourist population in Indonesia (Jager, Putnick, & Bornstein, 2017).

Profile and Characteristics of Survey Respondents
Based on online survey results, the majority of respondents are women at 60%. Most respondents were in the 31-40 years range of 41%, followed by the 21-30 years age range of 35%. The latest education for bachelor degree is 40%, postgraduate is 30%, and high school equivalent is 30%. The respondents' occupations were mostly private employees at 43%, followed by students at 27%. Profile data and respondent characteristics can be seen in Table 1. The profile of respondents who filled out the questionnaire was dominated by generation Y, who in 2020 were 31-40 years old. According to Bencsik, Juhász, & Horváth-Csikós (2016), generation Y is people born in 1980-1995, or the year 2020 aged 25-40 years. Other sources mention that generation Y is also called the millennial generation born between 1980 and 2001 (Berkup, 2014) or 1980 to 2000 (Stafford & Griffis, 2008).

Intention to Travel
Based on the survey results, most of the respondents, as many as 82%, stated that they had planned to travel after the Pandemic, 16% answered maybe, and only 2% answered no. The choice of destinations is more on domestic destinations. The types of tourism that are the most preferred are nature tourism (67%), followed by culinary tourism (17%), and cultural tourism (9%). The length of the planned trip is dominated by a short period of 1-4 days. Survey data related to intention to travel can be seen in Table 2.

Tourists' Typology Identification
The statement on the questionnaire uses the basis of Cohen's (1972) tourist typology theory. Based on the research data in Table 3, it is known that the highest average of respondents' answers leads to the explorer classification, namely 3.96 or as much as 28.77% of the total respondents. On average, respondents agreed that after this Pandemic, they wanted to plan and create their itinerary and go on walks where they could interact with the environment and local communities. Furthermore, the respondents' answers were dominated by the drifter tourist typology, which was similar to the explorer type where they chose destinations they had never visited and travelled in small numbers. Meanwhile, in the third position, the respondents' answers refer to the typology of individual mass tourists, and the last one is the typology of organized mass tourists. The result of tourist typology identification can be seen in Table 3.

Travelling Motivation After Pandemic
As for analyzing travel motivation based on their travel activities (Pitana & Gayatri, 2005). Based on the results of the study, the highest average answer was 4.34 where the majority of respondents agreed-strongly agreed that their travelling activity was to relax their body and mind or was called physical or physiological motivation. In the second position, respondents have interpersonal motivation, i.e. travelling to meet relatives, friends, or new friends. In the third position, respondents want to travel to be able to find new things that are different from the usual or what is called fantasy motivation, and for the last one is cultural motivation, which is the motivation of tourists to know the local culture. The survey data of traveling motivation after pandemic can be seen in Table 4.  (2015), gender influences tourist travel patterns, travel preferences and experiences, travel motivation, participation in recreational activities, tourism concepts and leisure motivation as well as travel decision-making processes.
with higher education, the higher the tourism motivation. The majority of jobs are as private employees. Meanwhile, the higher income will affect the desire to buy new things (Djeri, Jovanovic, Armenski, & Dragin, 2014), in this case travelling to find new experiences. This phenomenon evidenced by the majority of respondents' answers who stated that they had planned to take a tour after the Pandemic ended. Natural tourism destinations are the primary choice in the respondents' travel plans. According to , health issues are part of the situation in the process of determining destinations. In Indonesia, natural tourist destinations are the first type of destination to open in the new normal adaptation because according to the Minister of Tourism and Creative Economy Wishnutama Kusubandio the risk of transmission is smaller than tourist destinations in the city centre (Tolok, 2020).
The results showed that domestic tourism became the choice of tourists after the Pandemic. Domestic travel is considered to have a lower risk due to short distances and travel times. This phenomenon positively affects international tourist visits around the world. The UNWTO (2020) has reported that there is a reduction of international tourist arrivals during the first quarter of 2020 as 22%. Tourist arrivals fell 57% after lockdowns in many countries, national borders, and travel restrictions. Likewise in Indonesia, BPS, the Central Statistics Agency in Indonesia noted that the number of foreign tourist arrivals in April 2020 experienced a sharp decline, by 87.44% compared to the same month last year. The number of foreign tourists in April 2020 amounted to 160,000 people compared to the same period last year, which reached 1.27 million visits due to the Covid-19 Pandemic (Pertiwi, 2020).
Tourism has indeed become one of the most affected sectors worldwide. However, there are optimistic hopes because tourists still have a strong desire for travel.  in their research, stated that the majority of respondents had planned a tour immediately 0-6 months after the Covid-19 Pandemic ended. Assaf & Scuderi (2020) predict that the tourism industry will bounce back after a year of the Pandemic. As for some countries, also in Indonesia, domestic tourism activities in June 2020 began to be carried out by adapting to strict health protocols while keeping in view the development of the situation.

Typology and Tourist Motivation during the Covid-19 Pandemic
The analysis of tourist typology and motivation reinforces the profile and characteristics of tourists. Referring to the tourist classification theory, according to Cohen (1972), the results show that the typology of tourists tends to the explorer type, and the second position refers to the drifter type. The explorer type chooses to organize their trips, mingling with the new surroundings of the tourist destination while maintaining some basic routines and the comfort of their original way of life. Meanwhile, the drifter type wants a unique tour, visiting a place that is not a favourite tourist destination and mingling with a new environment. Meanwhile, the type of individual mass tourist and an organized mass tourist is in the last position.