Main Article Content
Abstract
Purpose: This study investigates the effectiveness of polymeric flocculation in removing heavy metals from leachate through filtration, sedimentation, and precipitation, aiming to separate and eliminate particulate matter. to separate and remove particulate matter.
Method: This study investigated the use of alum and chitosan to remove heavy metals from leachate. The addition of a polymeric flocculant, chitosan, promoted the formation of stable flocs, which effectively removed heavy metals. Chitosan, a natural biopolymer, was found to be a promising alternative to synthetic polymers.
Main Findings: The experimental results demonstrated that alum outperformed chitosan in terms of removing heavy metals. Under optimal conditions, an alum dosage of 6 mg/l at a pH of 6.23 resulted in copper and magnesium removal efficiencies of 84% and 92%, respectively. In contrast, the optimal chitosan dosage was 8 mg/l at a pH of 7.5, with copper and magnesium removal efficiencies of 43.1% and 91.8%, respectively.
Implications: Leachate treatment reduces heavy metals and organic compounds, controls odors, and generates foam indicating the presence of gases like carbon dioxide and methane. These gases can be harnessed for clean energy production and green hydrogen development. harnessed for clean energy production and green hydrogen development.
Novelty: This study is the first to scientifically analyze leachate treatment at the Barka landfill. Chitosan, a natural polymer, effectively removes suspended matter and heavy metals, reducing their concentrations. removes suspended matter and heavy metals, reducing their concentrations.
Keywords
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References
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- Amuda, et al. 2006. Coagulation / flocculation process in the removal of trace metals present in industrial wastewater. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management. 10(3). P. 159- 162.https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v10i3.17339
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- Azim, M. R. et al. 2011. Characteristics of Leachate Generated at Sites and Probable Risks of Surface and Ground Water Pollution in The Surrounding Areas. Bangladesh Academy of Sciences. 35(2). P. 153-160.
- https://doi.org/10.3329/jbas.v35i2.9418
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- Bakraouy, H., Souabl, S. & Digua, K., 2015. Removal of PHenol and Surfactant from Landfill Leachate by Coagulation-Flocculation Process. Scientific Study & Research. 16(4). P. 329 - 341. http://pubs.ub.ro/dwnl.pHp?id=CSCC6201504V04S01A0003
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- Coufort, et al. 2008. Analysis of floc size distributions in a mixing tank. Chemical Engineering and Processing. 287-294.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2007.01.009
- Dikshit, A., Shabiimam, A., 2011. Treatment of Landfill Leachate using Coagulation. International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology. 6. P. 119-122. http://www.ipcbee.com/vol6/no1/26-F00042.pdf
- Flocculation mechanism, 2003. Available from: http://www.snf.us/wp- content/uploads/2014/08/Coagulation-Flocculation.pdf
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- Matilainen, A., Vepsäläinen, M. & Sillanpaa, M, 2010. Natural organic matter removal by coagulation during drinking water treatment: A review. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science. 159(2). P. 189-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2010.06.007
- Meraz, et al. 2016. Eco-friendly innovation for nejayote coagulation- flocculation process using chitosan: Evaluation through zeta potential measurements. Chemical Engineering Journal. 284. p. 536-542.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.09.026
- Morling, S., 2007. Landfill leachate, generation, composition, and some findings from leachate treatment at Swedish plants. SWECO VIAK AB. 2. p. 172- 184.
- Ngah, et al. 2011. Adsorption of dyes and heavy metal ions by chitosan composites. Carbohydrate Polymers. 83 p. 1446-1456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.11.004
- Olsson, et al., 2007. Copper (II) Binding to Dissolved Organic Matter Fractions in Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator Bottom Ash Leachate. Environmental Science & Technology. 41 (12). P. 4286-4291.https://doi.org/10.1021/es062954g
- Prakash, N., Sockan, V. & Jayakaran, P., 2008. Waste Water Treatment by Coagulation and Flocculation. International Journal of Engineering Science and Innovative Technology. 3 (2). P. 479-484.
- Raghab, S., Abd El Meguid, A. & Hegazi, H., 2013. Treatment of leachate from municipal solid waste landfill. Housing and Building National Research Center. 9 (2). P. 187-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hbrcj.2013.05.007
- Rao, C., 2006. Environmental Pollution Control Engineering. 2nd edition. New Delhi: New Age International.
- Rui, L., Daud, Z. & Abdul Latif, A., 2012. Treatment of Leachate by Coagulation-Flocculation using different Coagulants and Polymer. Advanced Science Engineering Information Technology. 2(2). P. 2088- 5334.https://doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.2.2.166
- Saleh, et al. 2014. Use of Alum for Removal of Total Dissolved Solids and Total Iron in High Rate Activated Sludge System. International Journal of Environmental Engineering Science and Technology Research. [E-journal]. 2(3). P. 1 - 12.
- Samadi, M. T. et al. 2010. Hamadan Landfill Leachate Treatment by Coagulation- Flocculation Process. Environmental Health Engineering. 7(3). P. 253-258.
- Sharma, S., 2013. Heavy Metals in Water: Presence, Removal and Safety. [Online] UK: The Royal Society of Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1039/9781782620174
- Smaoui, Y. et al. 2015. Coagulation-flocculation process for landfill leachate pretreatment and optimization with response surface methodology. Desalination and Water Treatment. 57(31).https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2015.1067837
- Timur, H. & Oezturk, I., 1999. Anaerobic treatment of leachate using sequencing batch reactor and hybrid bed. Water Science Technology. 36(6-7). P. 501-508. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0629
- Wang, Q. & Fu, F., 2001. Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater. Journal of Environmental Management. 92. P. 407-418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.11.011, PMid:21138785
- Yang, et al. 2011. Flocculation properties of biodegradable ampHoteric chitosan-based flocculants. Chemical Engineering Journal. 172. p. 287- 295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.05.106
- Zemmouri, H., Drouiche, M., Sayeh, A., Lounici, H., & Mameri, N. (2012). Coagulation Flocculation Test of Keddara's Water Dam Using Chitosan and Sulfate Aluminium. Procedia Engineering, 33, 254-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.01.1202
References
Ab Jalil, M., Abdul Aziz, R. & Kamarudzaman, A., 2011. Removal of Heavy Metals of Heavy Metals from Landfill Leachate Using Horizontal and Vertical Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland Planted. International Journal of Civil & Environmental Engineering. 11(5). P. 1-7: http://www.ijens.org/vol_11_i_05/115005-2424-ijcee-ijens.pdf
Ahmed, et al. 2008. Improvement of alum and PACl coagulation by polyacrylamides (PAMs) for the treatment of pulp and paper mill wastewater. Chemical Engineering Journal. 137. P. 510-517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2007.03.088
Amuda, et al. 2006. Coagulation / flocculation process in the removal of trace metals present in industrial wastewater. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management. 10(3). P. 159- 162.https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v10i3.17339
Angadi, S., Shetty, R. & Manjunath, T, 2015. Coagulation Study to Remove Heavy Metals From Leachate. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science Engineering and Technology. 4 (6). P. 4095- 4099.https://doi.org/10.15680/IJIRSET.2015.0406037
Azim, M. R. et al. 2011. Characteristics of Leachate Generated at Sites and Probable Risks of Surface and Ground Water Pollution in The Surrounding Areas. Bangladesh Academy of Sciences. 35(2). P. 153-160.
https://doi.org/10.3329/jbas.v35i2.9418
Babel, S. & Kurniawan, T., 2003. Low-cost adsorbents for heavy metals uptake from contaminated water. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 97(2003). P. 219-243.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3894(02)00263-7, PMid:12573840
Bakraouy, H., Souabl, S. & Digua, K., 2015. Removal of PHenol and Surfactant from Landfill Leachate by Coagulation-Flocculation Process. Scientific Study & Research. 16(4). P. 329 - 341. http://pubs.ub.ro/dwnl.pHp?id=CSCC6201504V04S01A0003
Calli, B., Mertoglu, B. & Inanc, B., 2005. Landfill leachate management in Istanbul: applications and alternatives. ChemospHere. 59 (5). P. 819-829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.10.064.PMid:15811410
Cioabla, A., 2013. Spectrophotometer. Principle and Application. Available from: http://envirobanat.ro/documents/workshop2013/WorkshopZrenanin2013- presentationCioabla.pdf
Coagulation mechanism, 2003. [Online]. Available from: http://www.snf.us/wp- content/uploads/2014/08/Coagulation-Flocculation.pdf
Coufort, et al. 2008. Analysis of floc size distributions in a mixing tank. Chemical Engineering and Processing. 287-294.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2007.01.009
Dikshit, A., Shabiimam, A., 2011. Treatment of Landfill Leachate using Coagulation. International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology. 6. P. 119-122. http://www.ipcbee.com/vol6/no1/26-F00042.pdf
Flocculation mechanism, 2003. Available from: http://www.snf.us/wp- content/uploads/2014/08/Coagulation-Flocculation.pdf
GAO, Y., Song, T., 2013. Removal of Heavy Metals from Synthetic Landfill Leachate Using Oyster Shells Adsorbent. Asian Journal of Chemistry. 25(15). P. 8533-8536. https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2013.14828
Ghafari, S. et al., 2009. Application of response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize coagulation-flocculation treatment of leachate using poly- aluminum chloride (PAC) and alum. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 163. P. 650-656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.07.090
Guida, et al. 2007. Optimization of alum-coagulation/flocculation for COD and TSS removal from five municipal wastewater. Desalination. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2006.02.086
Heyer, K., Stegmann, R., n.d. Leachate management: leachate generation, collection, treatment and costs. Leachate management. 24(6). http://www.ifas-hamburg.de/pdf/leachate.pdf
Jurczyk, L., Koc-Jurczyk, J., 2007. Efficiency of removal of heavy metals from municipal landfill leachate. Chair of Natural Theories of Agriculture University of Rzeszow. 12(4). P. 327-334.
Kim, S., 2011. Chitin, Chitosan, Oligosaccharides and Their Derivatives. U.S: CRC Press.https://doi.org/10.1201/EBK1439816035
Lloyd, B., 2010. The Impact of Elevated Leachate Levels on LFG Generation and Recovery at MSW Landfills in Asia. New Delhi: Organic Waste Technologies (HK) Ltd. Available from: https://www.globalmethane.org/expodocs/india10/postexpo/landfill_lloyd.pdf
Matilainen, A., Vepsäläinen, M. & Sillanpaa, M, 2010. Natural organic matter removal by coagulation during drinking water treatment: A review. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science. 159(2). P. 189-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2010.06.007
Meraz, et al. 2016. Eco-friendly innovation for nejayote coagulation- flocculation process using chitosan: Evaluation through zeta potential measurements. Chemical Engineering Journal. 284. p. 536-542.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.09.026
Morling, S., 2007. Landfill leachate, generation, composition, and some findings from leachate treatment at Swedish plants. SWECO VIAK AB. 2. p. 172- 184.
Ngah, et al. 2011. Adsorption of dyes and heavy metal ions by chitosan composites. Carbohydrate Polymers. 83 p. 1446-1456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.11.004
Olsson, et al., 2007. Copper (II) Binding to Dissolved Organic Matter Fractions in Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator Bottom Ash Leachate. Environmental Science & Technology. 41 (12). P. 4286-4291.https://doi.org/10.1021/es062954g
Prakash, N., Sockan, V. & Jayakaran, P., 2008. Waste Water Treatment by Coagulation and Flocculation. International Journal of Engineering Science and Innovative Technology. 3 (2). P. 479-484.
Raghab, S., Abd El Meguid, A. & Hegazi, H., 2013. Treatment of leachate from municipal solid waste landfill. Housing and Building National Research Center. 9 (2). P. 187-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hbrcj.2013.05.007
Rao, C., 2006. Environmental Pollution Control Engineering. 2nd edition. New Delhi: New Age International.
Rui, L., Daud, Z. & Abdul Latif, A., 2012. Treatment of Leachate by Coagulation-Flocculation using different Coagulants and Polymer. Advanced Science Engineering Information Technology. 2(2). P. 2088- 5334.https://doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.2.2.166
Saleh, et al. 2014. Use of Alum for Removal of Total Dissolved Solids and Total Iron in High Rate Activated Sludge System. International Journal of Environmental Engineering Science and Technology Research. [E-journal]. 2(3). P. 1 - 12.
Samadi, M. T. et al. 2010. Hamadan Landfill Leachate Treatment by Coagulation- Flocculation Process. Environmental Health Engineering. 7(3). P. 253-258.
Sharma, S., 2013. Heavy Metals in Water: Presence, Removal and Safety. [Online] UK: The Royal Society of Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1039/9781782620174
Smaoui, Y. et al. 2015. Coagulation-flocculation process for landfill leachate pretreatment and optimization with response surface methodology. Desalination and Water Treatment. 57(31).https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2015.1067837
Timur, H. & Oezturk, I., 1999. Anaerobic treatment of leachate using sequencing batch reactor and hybrid bed. Water Science Technology. 36(6-7). P. 501-508. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0629
Wang, Q. & Fu, F., 2001. Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater. Journal of Environmental Management. 92. P. 407-418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.11.011, PMid:21138785
Yang, et al. 2011. Flocculation properties of biodegradable ampHoteric chitosan-based flocculants. Chemical Engineering Journal. 172. p. 287- 295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.05.106
Zemmouri, H., Drouiche, M., Sayeh, A., Lounici, H., & Mameri, N. (2012). Coagulation Flocculation Test of Keddara's Water Dam Using Chitosan and Sulfate Aluminium. Procedia Engineering, 33, 254-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.01.1202