Main Article Content
Abstract
Purpose: The review article discusses the title topic describing mostly authors' work on green chemical, photochemical and electrochemical methods for the treatment of organic wastes present in different matrices. Emphasis is mainly placed on the importance of the matrix, associated compounds and the method's selection.
Methodology: Different green methods of treatment for organic waste available are reviewed with an outline of scientific principles. Different case studies, from the authors, work, involving the treatment of organic waste present in different matrices are discussed. Available green chemical, photochemical, and electrochemical methods are reviewed, and results obtained are described and discussed. The rationale behind the choice of method was discussed in detail. Laboratory to plant adoption and the considerations therein are considered.
Main findings: The selection of treatment method depends on the nature of the organic waste and the matrix in which it is present. This has been brought out in the study. Advanced oxidation and electrochemical oxidation processes are practically useful methods for waste treatment and discussed with case studies. The optimization of the advanced oxidation process is still an empirical approach. It needs a sound scientific base.
Applications of the work: The case studies described in the paper enable the proper choice of treatment method among several available options. The study covers the essential green chemical techniques, viz., photochemical and electrochemical techniques.
The novelty of the work: Many of the organic substrates subjected to treatment study were rarely reported in the open literature. Laboratory to plant scale development and the factors involved therein have been brought in many places.
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References
- Bermejo, M.D., and Cocero (2006).Supercritical water oxidation: A technical review. AIChE Journal, 52(11), 3933-3951.https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.10993 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.10993
- Carlos A.M and Sergio F. (2006).Electrochemical oxidation of organic pollutants for the wastewater treatment: direct and indirect processes. Chemical Society Reviews, 35, 1324–1340. https://doi.org/10.1039/B517632H DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/B517632H
- Cheves,W.(1975). Fenton's reagent revisited. Accounts of Chemical Research, 8 (4), 125-131. https://doi.org/10.1021/ar50088a003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ar50088a003
- Eary, L.E. (1985). Catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by ferric ion in dilute sulfuric acid solutions. MTB 16, 181–186.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02679709 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02679709
- Gitika, S.S., Banerjee, D., and Srinivas C(2020). Ag(ii)-mediated Electrochemical Oxidation Technique for Organic Radioactive Waste Treatment and Analytical Applications. Springer Nature Applied Sciences J(communicated).
- Giusy, L., Jeanette, B.(2010). Wastewater management through the ages: A history of mankind. Science of the Total Environment, 408, 5264-5264.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.07.062 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.07.062
- Gunale, T.L., Mahajani, V.V., Wattal, P.K., Srinivas, C.(2009). Studies on liquid phase mineralization of cation exchange resin by a hybrid process of Fenton dissolution followed by wet oxidation. Chemical Engineering Journal 148 (2009) 371–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2008.09.018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2008.09.018
- Gunale, T.L., Mahajani, V.V., Wattal, P.K., Srinivas, C.(2009) 'Liquid Phase Mineralisation of gel-type anion exchange resin by a hybrid process of Fenton dissolution followed by sonication and wet air oxidation,' Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering, 4, 90–98. https://doi.org/10.1002/apj.214 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/apj.214
- Gustaf, H(1954), The chemistry of oxidizing and bleaching agents. Chemical Reviews,54(1), 169-194. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr60167a005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/cr60167a005
- Hughes, S., Samuel, D., Salma, B., Nya, W., Yu, H.(2015). Meisenheimer complex between 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and its use for a paper-based sensor. Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research, 5, 37-41. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214180415300015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbsr.2015.06.003
- International Atomic Energy Agency(2004). Predisposal Management of Organic Radioactive Waste. Technical Reports Series No. 427, IAEA, Vienna.ISBN 92–0–103204–8.
- KaidarA., Eric D van H., Michel C., and Alain, B.(2010).Application of Advanced Oxidation Processes for TNT Removal: A Review.Journal of Hazardous Materials, 178(1-3), 10-28.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.02.042 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.02.042
- Kubota, M.(1983). Decomposition of Cation Exchange Resin by hydrogen peroxide. Journal of Radioanalytical Chemistry,78(2), 295-305. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02530440 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02530440
- Kuhn, H.J, Braslavsky, S.E, and Schmidt, R(2004). Chemical Actinometry. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, IUPAC2004_Actin_March-23-04. https://photochemistry.jp/acv/ENGLISH/Chemact.pdf DOI: https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200476122105
- Legrini, O., Oliveros, E. and Braun,A.M.(1993). Photochemical processes for water treatment. Chemical Reviews, 93 (2), 671-698. http://doi.org/10.1021/cr00018a003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/cr00018a003
- Leon, M.D. and Gerald, E.A(1973) Reactivity of the Hydroxyl radicals in Aqueous solutions' National Bureau of Standards Report NSRDS-NBS 46. https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/NSRDS/nbsnsrds46.pdf
- Marco Parizza and Giacomo Cerisola(2009) Direct and Mediated anodic oxidation of organic pollutants. Chem Rev. 109:6541-6569. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr9001319 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/cr9001319
- Mehmet, A.O., Jean-Jacques, A.(2014). Advanced Oxidation Processes in Water/Wastewater Treatment: Principles and Applications. A Review. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 44, 2577–2641. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2013.829765 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2013.829765
- Miklos, D. B., Remy, C., Jekel, M., Linden, K. G., Drewes, J. E., &Hübner, U. (2018). Evaluation of advanced oxidation processes for water and wastewater treatment - A critical review. Water Research, 139, 118–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.03.042 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.03.042
- Ming, Y., Yu, K., and Phil S.B.(2017).Synthetic Organic Electrochemical Methods Since 2000: On the Verge of a Renaissance. Chemical Reviews, 117 (21), 13230-13319. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00397 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00397
- Mishra, N.S., Reddy, R., Kuila, A., Rani, A., Mukherjee, P., Nawaz, A., Pichiah, S.(2017). A Review on Advanced Oxidation Processes for Effective Water Treatment. Current World Environment, 12(3). http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/CWE.12.3.02 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12944/CWE.12.3.02
- Mishra, V.S., Mahajani, V.V., and Joshi, J.B.(1995). Wet Air Oxidation. Industrial Engineering Chemistry Research, 34,2. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie00040a001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ie00040a001
- Mukherjee, A., Debnath, B., Ghosh, S.K.(2016). A Review on Technologies of Removal of Dioxins and Furans from Incinerator Flue Gas. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 35, 528-540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2016.07.037 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2016.07.037
- National Research Council(1996). Review and Evaluation of Alternative Chemical Disposal Technologies. Chapter 5. Mediated Electrochemical Oxidation Silver II. The National Academies Press, Washington DC., https://doi.org/10.17226/5274 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17226/5274
- Nelson, N(2002). Electrochemical Destruction of Organic Hazardous Wastes. Platinum Metals Reviews, 46, 18-23.
- https://www.technology.matthey.com/article/46/1/18-23/
- Paire, A., Espinoux, D., Masson, M., &Lecomte, M. (1997). Silver(II) Mediated Electrochemical Treatment of Selected Organics: Hydrocarbon Destruction Mechanism, Radiochimica Acta, 78(Supplement), 137-144. https://doi.org/10.1524/ract.1997.78.special-issue.137 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1524/ract.1997.78.special-issue.137
- Peter, P.S., Louis, P., Anita, G.J.B.(2015). A comparison of six different ballast water treatment systems based on U.V. radiation, electro chlorination, and chlorine dioxide. Environmental Technology, 36(16), 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2015.1021858 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2015.1021858
- Srinivas, C.(2000). Kinetic and Mechanistic Studies related to the treatment of Organic waste from the Nuclear Industry by wet oxidation. Ph.D. thesis, University of Mumbai, India.
- Srinivas, C., Sugilal, G. and Wattal, P.K.(2003). Management of spent organic ion exchange resins by photochemical oxidation. Waste Management Symposium WM03, Tucson, Arizona (USA), Feb. 23-27, Session 51, Abstract No. 149. Paper presentation. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc781687/m2/1/high_res_d/827468.pdf
- Srinivas, C., Sugilal, G. and Wattal, P.K.(2004). TBP Plant effluent treatment process. BARC/2004/E/013. https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/36/097/36097363.pdf
- Srinivas, C. (2005). Photochemical process for the treatment of wastewater containing high energy particles. (Private communication in BARC, Mumbai).
- Srinivas, C etal. (2010). Ozonation process for treatment of DBP-bearing aqueous Intermediate Level Radioactive Waste. BARC/I/2010/05.
- Srinivasan, R., ChinnuSamy, A., Sudhagar, S., and Ravi, T.N(2012). Electro-oxidative process for the mineralization of solvent and recovery of plutonium from organic wastes. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry.291(3),681-684. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-011-1462-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-011-1462-7
- VeerleV.A. and Andr' e Rahier(1996). The electrochemical oxidation of organic waste and activated graphite by Ag 2+ in nitric acid: a literature study. SCK.CEN, Mol, Belgium. https://inis.iaea.org/collection//NCLCollectionStore/_Public/29/032/29032886.pdf
- United Nations Environment Program (2004). Review of Emerging, Innovative Technologies for the Destruction and Decontamination of POPs and the Identification of Promising Technologies for use in Developing Countries, The Scientific and Technical Advisory Panel of the GEF United Nations Environment Programme, Final – GF/8000-02-02-2205, Section 2.3.3 &2.3.4. http://archive.basel.int/techmatters/review_pop_feb04.pdf
- Wei, C., Zhang, F., Hu, Y., Feng, C., & Wu, H. (2017). Ozonation in water treatment: the generation, basic properties of ozone and its practical application, Reviews in Chemical Engineering, 33(1), 49-89. https://doi.org/10.1515/revce-2016-0008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/revce-2016-0008
- Wojciech, G., and Zoran, M.(2015). Chemistry of silver(II): a cornucopia of peculiarities. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 373, 20140179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0179 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0179
- Zhang, S. etal. (2017). A Review of Challenges and Recent Progress in Supercritical Water Oxidation of astewater. Chemical Engineering Communications, 204(2), 265-282. https://doi.org/10.1080/00986 445.2016.1262359 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00986445.2016.1262359
- Zoher Chiba, Bruce Schumacher, Patricia Lewis, and Laura Murguia(1995). Mediated Electrochemical Oxidation as an Alternative to Incineration for Mixed Wastes. Lawrence Livermore Laboratory Report. UCRL-JC- 119133. https://pdfs.Semanticscholar.org/e82d/bfaf88b206f90a2795e3d0bf9d892a42c2cc.pdf
References
Bermejo, M.D., and Cocero (2006).Supercritical water oxidation: A technical review. AIChE Journal, 52(11), 3933-3951.https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.10993 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.10993
Carlos A.M and Sergio F. (2006).Electrochemical oxidation of organic pollutants for the wastewater treatment: direct and indirect processes. Chemical Society Reviews, 35, 1324–1340. https://doi.org/10.1039/B517632H DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/B517632H
Cheves,W.(1975). Fenton's reagent revisited. Accounts of Chemical Research, 8 (4), 125-131. https://doi.org/10.1021/ar50088a003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ar50088a003
Eary, L.E. (1985). Catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by ferric ion in dilute sulfuric acid solutions. MTB 16, 181–186.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02679709 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02679709
Gitika, S.S., Banerjee, D., and Srinivas C(2020). Ag(ii)-mediated Electrochemical Oxidation Technique for Organic Radioactive Waste Treatment and Analytical Applications. Springer Nature Applied Sciences J(communicated).
Giusy, L., Jeanette, B.(2010). Wastewater management through the ages: A history of mankind. Science of the Total Environment, 408, 5264-5264.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.07.062 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.07.062
Gunale, T.L., Mahajani, V.V., Wattal, P.K., Srinivas, C.(2009). Studies on liquid phase mineralization of cation exchange resin by a hybrid process of Fenton dissolution followed by wet oxidation. Chemical Engineering Journal 148 (2009) 371–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2008.09.018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2008.09.018
Gunale, T.L., Mahajani, V.V., Wattal, P.K., Srinivas, C.(2009) 'Liquid Phase Mineralisation of gel-type anion exchange resin by a hybrid process of Fenton dissolution followed by sonication and wet air oxidation,' Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering, 4, 90–98. https://doi.org/10.1002/apj.214 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/apj.214
Gustaf, H(1954), The chemistry of oxidizing and bleaching agents. Chemical Reviews,54(1), 169-194. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr60167a005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/cr60167a005
Hughes, S., Samuel, D., Salma, B., Nya, W., Yu, H.(2015). Meisenheimer complex between 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and its use for a paper-based sensor. Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research, 5, 37-41. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214180415300015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbsr.2015.06.003
International Atomic Energy Agency(2004). Predisposal Management of Organic Radioactive Waste. Technical Reports Series No. 427, IAEA, Vienna.ISBN 92–0–103204–8.
KaidarA., Eric D van H., Michel C., and Alain, B.(2010).Application of Advanced Oxidation Processes for TNT Removal: A Review.Journal of Hazardous Materials, 178(1-3), 10-28.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.02.042 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.02.042
Kubota, M.(1983). Decomposition of Cation Exchange Resin by hydrogen peroxide. Journal of Radioanalytical Chemistry,78(2), 295-305. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02530440 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02530440
Kuhn, H.J, Braslavsky, S.E, and Schmidt, R(2004). Chemical Actinometry. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, IUPAC2004_Actin_March-23-04. https://photochemistry.jp/acv/ENGLISH/Chemact.pdf DOI: https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200476122105
Legrini, O., Oliveros, E. and Braun,A.M.(1993). Photochemical processes for water treatment. Chemical Reviews, 93 (2), 671-698. http://doi.org/10.1021/cr00018a003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/cr00018a003
Leon, M.D. and Gerald, E.A(1973) Reactivity of the Hydroxyl radicals in Aqueous solutions' National Bureau of Standards Report NSRDS-NBS 46. https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/NSRDS/nbsnsrds46.pdf
Marco Parizza and Giacomo Cerisola(2009) Direct and Mediated anodic oxidation of organic pollutants. Chem Rev. 109:6541-6569. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr9001319 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/cr9001319
Mehmet, A.O., Jean-Jacques, A.(2014). Advanced Oxidation Processes in Water/Wastewater Treatment: Principles and Applications. A Review. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 44, 2577–2641. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2013.829765 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2013.829765
Miklos, D. B., Remy, C., Jekel, M., Linden, K. G., Drewes, J. E., &Hübner, U. (2018). Evaluation of advanced oxidation processes for water and wastewater treatment - A critical review. Water Research, 139, 118–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.03.042 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.03.042
Ming, Y., Yu, K., and Phil S.B.(2017).Synthetic Organic Electrochemical Methods Since 2000: On the Verge of a Renaissance. Chemical Reviews, 117 (21), 13230-13319. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00397 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00397
Mishra, N.S., Reddy, R., Kuila, A., Rani, A., Mukherjee, P., Nawaz, A., Pichiah, S.(2017). A Review on Advanced Oxidation Processes for Effective Water Treatment. Current World Environment, 12(3). http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/CWE.12.3.02 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12944/CWE.12.3.02
Mishra, V.S., Mahajani, V.V., and Joshi, J.B.(1995). Wet Air Oxidation. Industrial Engineering Chemistry Research, 34,2. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie00040a001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ie00040a001
Mukherjee, A., Debnath, B., Ghosh, S.K.(2016). A Review on Technologies of Removal of Dioxins and Furans from Incinerator Flue Gas. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 35, 528-540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2016.07.037 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2016.07.037
National Research Council(1996). Review and Evaluation of Alternative Chemical Disposal Technologies. Chapter 5. Mediated Electrochemical Oxidation Silver II. The National Academies Press, Washington DC., https://doi.org/10.17226/5274 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17226/5274
Nelson, N(2002). Electrochemical Destruction of Organic Hazardous Wastes. Platinum Metals Reviews, 46, 18-23.
https://www.technology.matthey.com/article/46/1/18-23/
Paire, A., Espinoux, D., Masson, M., &Lecomte, M. (1997). Silver(II) Mediated Electrochemical Treatment of Selected Organics: Hydrocarbon Destruction Mechanism, Radiochimica Acta, 78(Supplement), 137-144. https://doi.org/10.1524/ract.1997.78.special-issue.137 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1524/ract.1997.78.special-issue.137
Peter, P.S., Louis, P., Anita, G.J.B.(2015). A comparison of six different ballast water treatment systems based on U.V. radiation, electro chlorination, and chlorine dioxide. Environmental Technology, 36(16), 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2015.1021858 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2015.1021858
Srinivas, C.(2000). Kinetic and Mechanistic Studies related to the treatment of Organic waste from the Nuclear Industry by wet oxidation. Ph.D. thesis, University of Mumbai, India.
Srinivas, C., Sugilal, G. and Wattal, P.K.(2003). Management of spent organic ion exchange resins by photochemical oxidation. Waste Management Symposium WM03, Tucson, Arizona (USA), Feb. 23-27, Session 51, Abstract No. 149. Paper presentation. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc781687/m2/1/high_res_d/827468.pdf
Srinivas, C., Sugilal, G. and Wattal, P.K.(2004). TBP Plant effluent treatment process. BARC/2004/E/013. https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/36/097/36097363.pdf
Srinivas, C. (2005). Photochemical process for the treatment of wastewater containing high energy particles. (Private communication in BARC, Mumbai).
Srinivas, C etal. (2010). Ozonation process for treatment of DBP-bearing aqueous Intermediate Level Radioactive Waste. BARC/I/2010/05.
Srinivasan, R., ChinnuSamy, A., Sudhagar, S., and Ravi, T.N(2012). Electro-oxidative process for the mineralization of solvent and recovery of plutonium from organic wastes. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry.291(3),681-684. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-011-1462-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-011-1462-7
VeerleV.A. and Andr' e Rahier(1996). The electrochemical oxidation of organic waste and activated graphite by Ag 2+ in nitric acid: a literature study. SCK.CEN, Mol, Belgium. https://inis.iaea.org/collection//NCLCollectionStore/_Public/29/032/29032886.pdf
United Nations Environment Program (2004). Review of Emerging, Innovative Technologies for the Destruction and Decontamination of POPs and the Identification of Promising Technologies for use in Developing Countries, The Scientific and Technical Advisory Panel of the GEF United Nations Environment Programme, Final – GF/8000-02-02-2205, Section 2.3.3 &2.3.4. http://archive.basel.int/techmatters/review_pop_feb04.pdf
Wei, C., Zhang, F., Hu, Y., Feng, C., & Wu, H. (2017). Ozonation in water treatment: the generation, basic properties of ozone and its practical application, Reviews in Chemical Engineering, 33(1), 49-89. https://doi.org/10.1515/revce-2016-0008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/revce-2016-0008
Wojciech, G., and Zoran, M.(2015). Chemistry of silver(II): a cornucopia of peculiarities. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 373, 20140179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0179 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0179
Zhang, S. etal. (2017). A Review of Challenges and Recent Progress in Supercritical Water Oxidation of astewater. Chemical Engineering Communications, 204(2), 265-282. https://doi.org/10.1080/00986 445.2016.1262359 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00986445.2016.1262359
Zoher Chiba, Bruce Schumacher, Patricia Lewis, and Laura Murguia(1995). Mediated Electrochemical Oxidation as an Alternative to Incineration for Mixed Wastes. Lawrence Livermore Laboratory Report. UCRL-JC- 119133. https://pdfs.Semanticscholar.org/e82d/bfaf88b206f90a2795e3d0bf9d892a42c2cc.pdf