Main Article Content
Abstract
Purpose of the study: This article is a brief history of development of water sanitation systems in European countries. One of the aims is educating people about importance of water treatment in today’s world.
Methodology: Bellow article briefly discuss some history of drinking water supply and municipal wastewater sanitation, i.e., construction of historical water engineering system like water wells, first flush toilets, indoor plumbing and simple pressurized showers, sewage farms and irrigation, in China, ancient Greece, Roman Empire, Asia minor, India, by Mayans in America and in Australia.
Main Findings: By the 1840s the luxury of indoor plumbing, which mixes human waste with water and flushes it away, eliminated the need for cesspools. As Britain was the first country to industrialize, it was also the first to experience the consequences of major urbanization and outbreaks of diseases like typhoid and cholera from contaminated water and was the first to construct a modern sewerage system. Most cities in the Western world added more expensive systems for sewage treatment in the early 20th century, after scientists at the University of Manchester Ardern and Lockett discovered the sewage treatment process of activated sludge in 1912.
Implications of the study: More than 100 years have been passed since the activated sludge process was explored, since the time when the mankind started to realize how important is the water sanitation in diseases prevention. However, the water treatment technology is permanently improving and enriched with new innovative solutions, the basic principle from the year 1912 i.e., activated sludge process remains as the main process of all conventional wastewater treatment plants.
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References
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References
Angelakis, A. N. Snyder, S. A. (2015). Wastewater treatment and reuse: Past, Present and Future. Water, 7(9), 4887–4895. Ann Arbor – London – Tokyo. 811 p. 2017, LCCN: 94-18437. https://doi.org/10.3390/w7094887
Borea, L., Ensano, B. M.., Hasan, S. W., Balakrishnan, M.,Belgiorno, V., de Luna, M.D., Ballesteros, F. C.; Naddeo, V. (2019) Are pharmaceuticals removal and membrane fouling in Electromembrane Bioreactor. Science of the Total Environment, 692, 732–740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.149
Cipolla, C.M. (1980) Before the Industrial Revolution: European Society and Economy 1000—1700, W.W. Norton and Company, London (1980) ISBN 0-393-95115-4.
Chant, C., Goodman, D. (2005). Pre-Industrial Cities and Technology. Routledge. pp. 136–8. ISBN 1134636202. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203984376
Chmielewská, E. (2022) History and presence of water sanitation First edition, 49 pages, published online, Comenius University Bratislava 2022, ISBN 978-80-223-5371-7.
Chmielewská, E. Ochrana vôd. Epos Bratislava 2004, 111 p. ISBN 80-8057-620-3 (in Slovak).
Commair, G. (2009) The Waste Water Network: and underground view of Paris, in Great Rivers History: Proceedings and Invited Papers for the EWRI Congress and History Symposium, May 17–19, 2009, Kansas City, Missouri, ed. Jerry R. Roger, (Reston: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2009), 91-96.
Edward, J.R.; van Vliet, M. T. H.; Manzoor, Q., Bierkens, M. F. P. (2021) Country-level and gridded estimates of wastewater production, collection, treatment and reuse. Earth System Science Data, 13(2), 237–254. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-237-2021
G. Tchobanoglous, H. D. Stensel, R. Tsuchihashi, F. L. Burton, M. Abu-Orf, G. Bowden (2008) Fifth ed. New York, NY. ISBN 978-0-07-340118-8.
Henze, M.; van Loosdrecht, M. C. M.; Ekama, G.A.; Brdjanovic, D. (2008) Biological Wastewater Treatment: Principles, Modelling and Design. IWA Publishing ISBN 978-1-78040-186-7. https://doi.org/10.2166/978 1780401867
Khan, S.(2020). Chapter 2 - Sanitation and wastewater technologies in Harappa/ Indus valley civilization (ca. 2600 -1900 BC). Academia.edu. Archived from the original on 9th April 2020.
Khopkar, S.M. (2004) Environmental Pollution Monitoring And Control. New Delhi: New Age International. p. 299. ISBN 978-81-224-1507-0.
Lienert, J., Bürki, T., Escher, B.I. (2007). Reducing micropollutants with source control: Substance flow analysis of 212 pharmaceuticals in faeces and urine. Water Science & Technology, 56(5), 87–96. https://doi.or /10.2166/wst.2007.560
Manahan, S. E. (1994) Environmental Chemistry. The 10th edition. Lewis Publishers Boca Raton.
Metcalf & Eddy (2014). Wastewater engineering : Treatment and resource recovery.
Spuhler, D., Germann, V., Kassa, K., Ketema, A. A., Sherpa, A. M., Sherpa, M. G., Maurer, M., Lüthi, Ch., Langergraber, G. (2020). Developing sanitation planning options: A tool for novel systematic technologies. J. Environmental Management, 271, 111004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111004
ṬahÄra. Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 16 March 2020. Retrieved 7 September 2019.
The Art of Plumbing as Recorded through History. www.academia.edu. 2016.
Tzanakakis, V. E., Paranychianaki, N. V., Angelakis, A. N. (2007). Soil as a wastewater treatment system: historical development, Water Science and Technology, Water Supply. 7(1), 67–75. https://doi.org/10.2166/ws. 2007.008
Von Sperling, M. (2015) Wastewater Characteristics, Treatment and Disposal. Water Intelligence Online, 6, 9781780402086. https://doi.org/10.2166/9781780402086
www.vodarenskemuzeum.sk (BVS Bratislava, Waterworks Museum) Accessed November 25, 2021.