Main Article Content
Abstract
Purpose of the study: This study is focused to investigate the determinants of the entrepreneurial intention of Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET) students in Sri Lanka.
Methodology: The research model comprises seven independent variables i.e. entrepreneurial attitude, perceived self-efficacy, social capital, demographic factors, perceived financial support, perceived regulatory support, perceived technical vocational education, and training and dependent variables of entrepreneurial intention. The primary data was collected through administering structured questionnaires among a hundred and twenty-eight TVET students represented by three TVET sector institutions in Sri Lanka. Linear regression was applied to test the hypotheses.
Main Findings: The findings of the study revealed a positive and significant impact of the variables of entrepreneurial attitudes and perceived technical vocational education and training on entrepreneurial intention of TVET students of Sri Lanka. TVET student attitudes pertaining to entrepreneurship intention are positive since they perceive that TVET enhances their entrepreneurship education and this is very important to the policymakers in entrepreneurship development to initiate effective strategies to foster entrepreneurship for TVET students.
Implications: This research study provides an academic contribution to enhance the entrepreneurial intention among the TVET students in Sri Lanka.
Keywords
Article Details
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References
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- Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 50(2), 179-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
- Amos, A., & Alex, K. (2014). Theory of planned Behavior, contextual elements, demographic factors and entrepreneurial intentions of students in Kenya. European journal of Business and Management, 6(15), 167-175.
- Bae, T. J., Qian, S., Miao, C., & Fiet, J. O. (2014). The relationship between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intentions: A metaâ€analytic review. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 38(2), 217-254. https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12095 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12095
- Balasundaram, N. (2010). Entrepreneurship Development Through Business Education in Sri Lanka : A country profile.
- Bausch, S., Michel, A., & Sonntag, K. (2014). How gender influences the effect of age on selfâ€efficacy and training success. International Journal of Training and Development, 18(3), 171-187. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijtd.12027 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijtd.12027
- Biavaschi, C., Eichhorst, W., Giulietti, C., Kendzia, M. J., Muravyev, A. P., & Pieters, J. (2013). J., RodrÃguez-Planas, N., Schmidl, R. & Zimmermann, KF (2012). Youth Unemployment and Vocational Training.
- Bosma, N., Van Praag, M., Thurik, R., & De Wit, G. (2004). The value of human and social capital investments for the business performance of startups. Small Business Economics, 23(3), 227-236. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:SBEJ.0000032032.21192.72 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:SBEJ.0000032032.21192.72
- Boyd, N. G., & Vozikis, G. S. (1994). The influence of self-efficacy on the development of entrepreneurial intentions and actions. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 18(4), 63-77. https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879401800404 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879401800404
- Buli, B. M., & Yesuf, W. M. (2015). Determinants of entrepreneurial intentions: Technical-vocational education and training students in Ethiopia. Education+ Training, 57(8/9), 891-907. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-10-2014-0129 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-10-2014-0129
- Chaudhary, R. (2017). Demographic factors, personality and entrepreneurial inclination: A study among Indian university students. Education+ Training, 59(2), 171-187. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-02-2016-0024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-02-2016-0024
- Chen, W. Y., Weng, C. S., & Hsu, H. Y. (2010). A study of the entrepreneurship of Taiwanese youth by the Chinese Entrepreneur Aptitude Scale. Journal of Technology management in China, 5(1), 26-39. https://doi.org/10.1108/17468771011032778 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/17468771011032778
- Crant, J. M. (1996). The proactive personality scale as a predictor of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of small business management, 34(3), 42.
- De Carolis, D. M., & Saparito, P. (2006). Social capital, cognition, and entrepreneurial opportunities: A theoretical framework. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 30(1), 41-56. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2006.00109.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2006.00109.x
- Devonish, D., Alleyne, P., Charles-Soverall, W., Young Marshall, A., & Pounder, P. (2010). Explaining entrepreneurial intentions in the Caribbean. International journal of entrepreneurial behavior & research, 16(2), 149-171. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552551011027020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13552551011027020
- Drnovsek, M., Wincent, J., & Cardon, M. S. (2010). Entrepreneurial self-efficacy and business start-up: developing a multi-dimensional definition. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 16(4), 329-348. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552551011054516 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13552551011054516
- Elali, W., & Al-Yacoub, B. (2016). Factors affecting entrepreneurial intentions among Kuwaitis. World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 12(1), 18-34. https://doi.org/10.1108/WJEMSD-07-2015-0029 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/WJEMSD-07-2015-0029
- Ghosh, S. (2017). Regulation and entrepreneurial intention: cross-country evidence. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy, 6(2), 193-205. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEPP-02-2017-0004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JEPP-02-2017-0004
- Gnyawali, D. R., & Fogel, D. S. (1994). Environments for entrepreneurship development: key dimensions and research implications. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 18(4), 43-62. https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879401800403 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879401800403
- Hatak, I., Harms, R., & Fink, M. (2015). Age, job identification, and entrepreneurial intention. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 30(1), 38-53. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-07-2014-0213 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-07-2014-0213
- Iakovleva, T., Kolvereid, L., & Stephan, U. (2011). Entrepreneurial intentions in developing and developed countries. Education+ Training, 53(5), 353-370. https://doi.org/10.1108/00400911111147686 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/00400911111147686
- Ibrahim, M. (2016). Evaluating hotel websites as a marketing communication channel: A dialogic perspective. Information Development, 32(3), 718-727. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266666915570506 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0266666915570506
- Krueger Jr, N. F., Reilly, M. D., & Carsrud, A. L. (2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of business venturing, 15(5-6), 411-432. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(98)00033-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(98)00033-0
- Krueger, N. F., & Carsrud, A. L. (1993). Entrepreneurial intentions: applying the theory of planned Behavior. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 5(4), 315-330. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985629300000020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08985629300000020
- Lee, S. H., & Wong, P. K. (2004). An exploratory study of technopreneurial intentions: A career anchor perspective. Journal of business venturing, 19(1), 7-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(02)00112-X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(02)00112-X
- Liñán, F., & Chen, Y. W. (2009). Development and Crossâ€Cultural application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 33(3), 593-617. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00318.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00318.x
- Linan, F., & Santos, F. J. (2007). Does social capital affect entrepreneurial intentions? International Advances in Economic Research, 13(4), 443-453. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11294-007-9109-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11294-007-9109-8
- Luthje, C., & Franke, N. (2003). The “making†of an entrepreneur: testing a model of entrepreneurial intent among engineering students at MIT. R&d Management, 33(2), 135-147. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9310.00288 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9310.00288
- Marlow, S., & Patton, D. (2005). All credit to men? Entrepreneurship, finance, and gender. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 29(6), 717-735. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2005.00105.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2005.00105.x
- Marques, C. S., Ferreira, J. o. J., Gomes, D. N., & Gouveia Rodrigues, R.(2012). Entrepreneurship education: How psychological, demographic and Behavioral factors predict the entrepreneurial intention. Education+ Training, 54(8/9), 657-672. https://doi.org/10.1108/00400911211274819 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/00400911211274819
- Ministry of Youth Affairs and Skills Development. (2013). Performance Report. Sri Lanka.
- Misra, S., & Kumar, E. S. (2000). Resourcefulness: A proximal conceptualisation of entrepreneurial Behavior. The Journal of Entrepreneurship, 9(2), 135-154. https://doi.org/10.1177/097135570000900201 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/097135570000900201
- Moriano, J. A., Gorgievski, M., Laguna, M., Stephan, U., & Zarafshani, K. (2012). A cross-cultural approach to understanding entrepreneurial intention. Journal of career development, 39(2), 162-185. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845310384481 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845310384481
- Neuberger, D., & Räthke, S. (2009). Microenterprises and multiple bank relationships: The case of professionals. Small Business Economics, 32(2), 207-229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-007-9076-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-007-9076-8
- Sandirasegarane, S., Sutermaster, S., Gill, A., Volz, J., & Mehta, K. (2016). Context-driven entrepreneurial education in vocational schools. International Journal for Research in Vocational Education and Training, 3(2), 106-126. https://doi.org/10.13152/IJRVET.3.2.3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.13152/IJRVET.3.2.3
- Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2009). Research methods for business students fifth edition (fifth).
- Schwarz, E. J., Wdowiak, M. A., Almer-Jarz, D. A., & Breitenecker, R. J. (2009). The effects of attitudes and perceived environment conditions on students' entrepreneurial intent: An Austrian perspective. Education+ Training, 51(4), 272-291. https://doi.org/10.1108/00400910910964566 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/00400910910964566
- Shapero, A., & Sokol, L. (1982). The social dimensions of entrepreneurship. Encyclopedia of entrepreneurship, 72-90.
- Turker, K., & Selcuk, G. (2008). Toward an Integrated Model of Work Experience. Personnel Psychology, 5(0), 2.
- Urban, B., & Kujinga, L. (2017). The institutional environment and social entrepreneurship intentions. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 23(4), 638-655. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-07-2016-0218 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-07-2016-0218
- Wilson, M., & Byers, T. (2017). Relationship Between Self-Efficacy and Work Experience in Baccalaureate Junior and Senior Level Nursing Students,Williams Honors College, Honors Research Projects. 429. https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/honors_research_projects/429
- Wilson, F., Kickul, J., & Marlino, D. (2007). Gender, entrepreneurial self–efficacy, and entrepreneurial career intentions: Implications for entrepreneurship education. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 31(3), 387-406. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2007.00179.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2007.00179.x
- Yukongdi, V., & Lopa, N. Z. (2017). Entrepreneurial intention: a study of individual, situational and gender differences. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-10-2016-0168 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-10-2016-0168
References
Adler, P. S., & Kwon, S.-W. (2000). Social capital: the good, the bad, and the ugly. In Knowledge and social capital, 89-115, Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7506-7222-1.50008-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7506-7222-1.50008-8
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 50(2), 179-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
Amos, A., & Alex, K. (2014). Theory of planned Behavior, contextual elements, demographic factors and entrepreneurial intentions of students in Kenya. European journal of Business and Management, 6(15), 167-175.
Bae, T. J., Qian, S., Miao, C., & Fiet, J. O. (2014). The relationship between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intentions: A metaâ€analytic review. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 38(2), 217-254. https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12095 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12095
Balasundaram, N. (2010). Entrepreneurship Development Through Business Education in Sri Lanka : A country profile.
Bausch, S., Michel, A., & Sonntag, K. (2014). How gender influences the effect of age on selfâ€efficacy and training success. International Journal of Training and Development, 18(3), 171-187. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijtd.12027 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijtd.12027
Biavaschi, C., Eichhorst, W., Giulietti, C., Kendzia, M. J., Muravyev, A. P., & Pieters, J. (2013). J., RodrÃguez-Planas, N., Schmidl, R. & Zimmermann, KF (2012). Youth Unemployment and Vocational Training.
Bosma, N., Van Praag, M., Thurik, R., & De Wit, G. (2004). The value of human and social capital investments for the business performance of startups. Small Business Economics, 23(3), 227-236. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:SBEJ.0000032032.21192.72 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:SBEJ.0000032032.21192.72
Boyd, N. G., & Vozikis, G. S. (1994). The influence of self-efficacy on the development of entrepreneurial intentions and actions. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 18(4), 63-77. https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879401800404 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879401800404
Buli, B. M., & Yesuf, W. M. (2015). Determinants of entrepreneurial intentions: Technical-vocational education and training students in Ethiopia. Education+ Training, 57(8/9), 891-907. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-10-2014-0129 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-10-2014-0129
Chaudhary, R. (2017). Demographic factors, personality and entrepreneurial inclination: A study among Indian university students. Education+ Training, 59(2), 171-187. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-02-2016-0024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-02-2016-0024
Chen, W. Y., Weng, C. S., & Hsu, H. Y. (2010). A study of the entrepreneurship of Taiwanese youth by the Chinese Entrepreneur Aptitude Scale. Journal of Technology management in China, 5(1), 26-39. https://doi.org/10.1108/17468771011032778 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/17468771011032778
Crant, J. M. (1996). The proactive personality scale as a predictor of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of small business management, 34(3), 42.
De Carolis, D. M., & Saparito, P. (2006). Social capital, cognition, and entrepreneurial opportunities: A theoretical framework. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 30(1), 41-56. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2006.00109.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2006.00109.x
Devonish, D., Alleyne, P., Charles-Soverall, W., Young Marshall, A., & Pounder, P. (2010). Explaining entrepreneurial intentions in the Caribbean. International journal of entrepreneurial behavior & research, 16(2), 149-171. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552551011027020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13552551011027020
Drnovsek, M., Wincent, J., & Cardon, M. S. (2010). Entrepreneurial self-efficacy and business start-up: developing a multi-dimensional definition. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 16(4), 329-348. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552551011054516 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13552551011054516
Elali, W., & Al-Yacoub, B. (2016). Factors affecting entrepreneurial intentions among Kuwaitis. World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 12(1), 18-34. https://doi.org/10.1108/WJEMSD-07-2015-0029 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/WJEMSD-07-2015-0029
Ghosh, S. (2017). Regulation and entrepreneurial intention: cross-country evidence. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy, 6(2), 193-205. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEPP-02-2017-0004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JEPP-02-2017-0004
Gnyawali, D. R., & Fogel, D. S. (1994). Environments for entrepreneurship development: key dimensions and research implications. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 18(4), 43-62. https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879401800403 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879401800403
Hatak, I., Harms, R., & Fink, M. (2015). Age, job identification, and entrepreneurial intention. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 30(1), 38-53. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-07-2014-0213 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-07-2014-0213
Iakovleva, T., Kolvereid, L., & Stephan, U. (2011). Entrepreneurial intentions in developing and developed countries. Education+ Training, 53(5), 353-370. https://doi.org/10.1108/00400911111147686 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/00400911111147686
Ibrahim, M. (2016). Evaluating hotel websites as a marketing communication channel: A dialogic perspective. Information Development, 32(3), 718-727. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266666915570506 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0266666915570506
Krueger Jr, N. F., Reilly, M. D., & Carsrud, A. L. (2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of business venturing, 15(5-6), 411-432. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(98)00033-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(98)00033-0
Krueger, N. F., & Carsrud, A. L. (1993). Entrepreneurial intentions: applying the theory of planned Behavior. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 5(4), 315-330. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985629300000020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08985629300000020
Lee, S. H., & Wong, P. K. (2004). An exploratory study of technopreneurial intentions: A career anchor perspective. Journal of business venturing, 19(1), 7-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(02)00112-X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(02)00112-X
Liñán, F., & Chen, Y. W. (2009). Development and Crossâ€Cultural application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 33(3), 593-617. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00318.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00318.x
Linan, F., & Santos, F. J. (2007). Does social capital affect entrepreneurial intentions? International Advances in Economic Research, 13(4), 443-453. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11294-007-9109-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11294-007-9109-8
Luthje, C., & Franke, N. (2003). The “making†of an entrepreneur: testing a model of entrepreneurial intent among engineering students at MIT. R&d Management, 33(2), 135-147. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9310.00288 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9310.00288
Marlow, S., & Patton, D. (2005). All credit to men? Entrepreneurship, finance, and gender. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 29(6), 717-735. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2005.00105.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2005.00105.x
Marques, C. S., Ferreira, J. o. J., Gomes, D. N., & Gouveia Rodrigues, R.(2012). Entrepreneurship education: How psychological, demographic and Behavioral factors predict the entrepreneurial intention. Education+ Training, 54(8/9), 657-672. https://doi.org/10.1108/00400911211274819 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/00400911211274819
Ministry of Youth Affairs and Skills Development. (2013). Performance Report. Sri Lanka.
Misra, S., & Kumar, E. S. (2000). Resourcefulness: A proximal conceptualisation of entrepreneurial Behavior. The Journal of Entrepreneurship, 9(2), 135-154. https://doi.org/10.1177/097135570000900201 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/097135570000900201
Moriano, J. A., Gorgievski, M., Laguna, M., Stephan, U., & Zarafshani, K. (2012). A cross-cultural approach to understanding entrepreneurial intention. Journal of career development, 39(2), 162-185. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845310384481 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845310384481
Neuberger, D., & Räthke, S. (2009). Microenterprises and multiple bank relationships: The case of professionals. Small Business Economics, 32(2), 207-229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-007-9076-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-007-9076-8
Sandirasegarane, S., Sutermaster, S., Gill, A., Volz, J., & Mehta, K. (2016). Context-driven entrepreneurial education in vocational schools. International Journal for Research in Vocational Education and Training, 3(2), 106-126. https://doi.org/10.13152/IJRVET.3.2.3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.13152/IJRVET.3.2.3
Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2009). Research methods for business students fifth edition (fifth).
Schwarz, E. J., Wdowiak, M. A., Almer-Jarz, D. A., & Breitenecker, R. J. (2009). The effects of attitudes and perceived environment conditions on students' entrepreneurial intent: An Austrian perspective. Education+ Training, 51(4), 272-291. https://doi.org/10.1108/00400910910964566 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/00400910910964566
Shapero, A., & Sokol, L. (1982). The social dimensions of entrepreneurship. Encyclopedia of entrepreneurship, 72-90.
Turker, K., & Selcuk, G. (2008). Toward an Integrated Model of Work Experience. Personnel Psychology, 5(0), 2.
Urban, B., & Kujinga, L. (2017). The institutional environment and social entrepreneurship intentions. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 23(4), 638-655. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-07-2016-0218 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-07-2016-0218
Wilson, M., & Byers, T. (2017). Relationship Between Self-Efficacy and Work Experience in Baccalaureate Junior and Senior Level Nursing Students,Williams Honors College, Honors Research Projects. 429. https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/honors_research_projects/429
Wilson, F., Kickul, J., & Marlino, D. (2007). Gender, entrepreneurial self–efficacy, and entrepreneurial career intentions: Implications for entrepreneurship education. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 31(3), 387-406. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2007.00179.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2007.00179.x
Yukongdi, V., & Lopa, N. Z. (2017). Entrepreneurial intention: a study of individual, situational and gender differences. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-10-2016-0168 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-10-2016-0168