Main Article Content
Abstract
Purpose: This study investigates the current implementation status of the Mountaineering Expedition Rules (MER) of 2002 in Nepal, focusing on waste management practices during mountain expeditions from the stakeholder's perspective.
Methodology: The study used a descriptive research design with a mixed approach, collecting primary data through structured questionnaires and key informant interviews. Data analysis is conducted using descriptive statistics for quantitative data and content analysis for qualitative data.
Main Findings: The findings highlight the need for improvement in waste management during mountain expeditions in Nepal. While climbers demonstrate a moderate to high level of awareness and implementation of waste management practices, challenges such as limited budgets, lack of self-awareness among expeditioners, and slow decay of waste in cold weather persist. The study emphasizes the importance of proper implementation of mountaineering expedition rules, particularly in waste management.
Implications: This study contributes to the development of sustainable tourism practices in Nepal and the preservation of the mountain environment. The study recognizes the efforts made by the Nepalese government through policies and regulations to address waste management issues. The goal is to protect the fragile mountain ecosystem while facilitating the growth of sustainable mountain tourism.
Novelty: It offers practical recommendations based on stakeholder perspectives, which can inform policy formulation in Nepal and other countries with similar mountain tourism contexts.
Keywords
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References
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References
Asian Development Bank. (2013). Solid Waste Management in Nepal; Current status and policy recommendations. Retrieved from https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/30366/solid-waste-management-nepal.pdf
Britannica. (1921). Early expeditions. Retrieved from Reconnaissance of 1921: https://www.britannica.com/place/Mount-Everest/The-historic-ascent-of-1953
Byers, A. C., Gustafsson, T., Shrestha, M., & Chhetri, N. (2020). A sustainable solid waste management plan for sagarmatha (Mt Everest) National Park and Buffer Zone, Nepal. Mountain Research and Development, 40(3), A1-A9. https://doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-20-00018.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-20-00018.1
Climbing Rules. (1981, August 6). Retrieved from Nepal Mountaineering Association : https://nepalmountaineering.org/rules-and-guidelines
Conefrey, M. (2014). Everest 1953: the epic story of the first ascent. Mountaineers Books.
Dhital, J. N. (2009). Tourism in Nepal: Problems and Prospects of Female Employment. Retrieved from http://elibrary.tucl.edu.np:8080/bitstream/123456789/1988/5/final%20thesis%204206.pdf
Discover Altai. (n.d.). What are the 8 benefits of mountaineering? Retrieved from Discover Altai : https://www.discoveraltai.com/what-are-the-8-benefits-of-mountaineering/
Esfahani, M. (2014). Factors influencing responsible behavior related to safety and health on mountains: A case study of climbers on mount Kinabalu, Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Sports centre University of Malaya.
Gautam, B. (2023, May 06). Sustainable tourism can reduce the industry’s carbon footprint: Nepal’s potential. Retrieved from Online Khabar: https://english.onlinekhabar.com/sustainable-tourism-carbon-footprint.html
Government of Nepal. (2011). Solid Waste Management Act 2011. Retrieved from http://www.lawcommission.gov.np/en/archives/7643
Ghazali, M., & Thinaranjeney, T. (2015). Health and safety issues in mountaineering tourism. In J. H.-C. Ghazali Musa, mountaineering tourism (p. 19). Routledge.
Hardy, A., Beeton, R. J., & Pearson, L. (2002). Sustainable Tourism: An Overview of the Concept and its Position in Relation to Conceptualisations of Tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 10(6). doi: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09669580208667183 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580208667183
Horrell, M. (2016, March 30). Footsteps on the Mountain. Retrieved from https://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2016/an-early-history-of-the-8000m-peaks-the-first-ascent-of-annapurna/
Jabeen et al., (2021, June 28). Tackling solid waste in the Himalayan region. Retrieved from World Bank Blogs : https://blogs.worldbank.org/endpovertyinsouthasia/tackling-solid-waste-himalayan-region
Joshi, S. D. (2022, June 07). Assessing and Ascending the Mountaineering Sector in Nepal. Retrieved from Nepal Economic Forum: https://nepaleconomicforum.org/assessing-and-ascending-the-mountaineering-sector-in-nepal/
Karki, J. (2023, May 31). Mount Everest Expedition. Retrieved from Luxury Holiday Nepal. https://luxuryholidaynepal.com/blog/mount-everest-expedition
Kedar, R. & Adhikari, S. (2015). Solid Waste Management: Status and Challenges in Nepal. Environment Statistics, Nepal 2015. 101-110
Kuniyal, J. C. (2005). Solid waste management in the Himalayan trails and expedition summits. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 13(4), 391-410. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580508668564 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580508668564
Maharjan, et al., (2019). Solid waste management: challenges and practices in the Nepalese context. Himalayan Biodiversity, 7, 6-18. https://doi.org/10.3126/hebids.v7i1.40185 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/hebids.v7i1.40185
Manandhar, et al., (2010). Environmental observations of solid waste management at high altitude in Nepal: Case study along trekking route in Sagarmatha National Park. Linnaeus Eco-Tech, 421-428. https://doi.org/10.15626/Eco-Tech.2010.045 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15626/Eco-Tech.2010.045
Marasini, S. (2020, December 22). Mountaineering. Retrieved from https://sushantmarasini.com .np/wp/archives/45
Mt Everest Today. (2023, June 13). Nepal open five additional Himalayan peaks for commercial mountaineering. Retrieved from Mt Everest Today: https://mteveresttoday.com/nepal-open-five-additional-himalayan-peaks-for-commercial-mountaineering/
MyPrideNepal. (2019, February 17). Retrieved from My Pride Nepal : https://www.mypridenepal.com/2019/02/dhaulagiri.html
National Geographic. (2016, April 25). The Call of Everest: The Climbers of Everest. Retrieved from National Geographic: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/article/call-of-everest-climbing-mcdonald
Nepal Guide Treks & Expedition (n.d.). Annapurna South Expedition. Retrieved from Nepal Guide Treks & Expedition (P) Ltd: https://peakclimbingnepal.com/annapurna-south-expedition/
Nepal Law Commission (2019). Environment Protection Act 2019. Kathmandu, Nepal: Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs. Retrieved from https://lawcommission.gov.np/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/The-Environment-Protection-Act-2019-2076.pdf
Nepal Law Commission. (2002). Mountaineering Expedition Rules 2002. Kathmandu, Nepal: Ministry of
Nepal Law Commission. (2011). Solid Waste Management Act, 2011. Kathmandu, Nepal: Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development. Retrieved from https://lawcommission.gov.np/en/?cat=571
Nepal, S. K. (2000, July). Tourism in protected areas: The Nepalese Himalaya. Annals of Tourism Research, 27(3), 661-681. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00105-X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00105-X
Nepal, S. K. (2022). The Quest for Sustainable Tourism in Nepal. Current History, 121(834), 147–153. https://doi.org/10.1525/curh.2022.121.834.147 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/curh.2022.121.834.147
Nunkoo, R., Ramkissoon, H., et al. (2012). A stakeholder-based approach to sustainability indicators for mountain tourism locations. Tourism Management, 33(4), 1420-1428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.10.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.10.003
Nyaupane, G., Musa, G., Higham, J., & Thompson-Carr, A. (2015). Mountaineering on Mt Everest: evolution, economy, ecology and ethics. Mountaineering Tourism. In book: Mountaineering Tourism (pp.265-271).
Rai, R. K., Nepal, M., Khadayat, M. S., & Bhardwaj, B. (2019). Improving Municipal Solid Waste Collection Services in Developing Countries: A Case of Bharatpur Metropolitan City, Nepal. Sustainability. Sustainability, 11(11), 3010. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11113010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11113010
Sherpa, T. (2022). A critical evaluation of the Mt Everest garbage deposit scheme. [Unpublished PhD thesis]. Lincoln University. Retrieved from https://researcharchive.lincoln.ac.nz/handle/10182/15304
Shnayerson, M. (2012, March 16). 1963 American Summit: Jim Whittaker - Back on Earth. Retrieved from National Geographic: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/article/jim-whittaker
SPCC. (n.d.). Retrieved from Sagarmatha Pollution Control Committee: https://spcc.org.np/about-spcc#:~:text=SPCC%20is%20the%20lead%20organization,Khumbu%20Pasang%20Lhamu%20Rural%20Municipality.
Tourism and Civil Aviation. Retrieved from https://lawcommission.gov.np/en/?cat=264
Trek Nepal. (2021, February 13). Mountaineering and trekking history of Nepal. Retrieved from The Trek Nepal : https://www.thetreknepal.com/trekking-history-of-nepal/
UIAA. (2021, November). UIAA Safety Standards. Retrieved from UIAA Document Library: https://theuiaa.org/safety/safety-standards/
UNWTO. (2022, march 25). Mountain Tourism. Retrieved from https://www.unwto.org/mountain-tourism
Upadhyay, P. (2018, May). Tourism policy of Nepal and Sustainable Mountain Tourism Development in Retrospect. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324865052_Sustainable_Mountain_Tou rism_Development_in_Nepal
Wall, I. (2021). Mountaineering Risk, Safety and Security. Journal of Tourism and Himalayan Adventures, 33. Retrieved from https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/jtha/article/download/39115/29945/113655 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/jtha.v3i1.39115