Main Article Content
Abstract
Purpose of the study: The primary purpose of this study is to find out the effect of change in soil viscosity, soil temperature, and specific gravity on growth of plants sown in the soil prepared from laboratory chemical waste collected from an educational institute and with the plants sown in average soil.
Methodology: Three-three pots with different soil combinations mixed with solid and liquid chemical waste have been used for growing A. barbadensis Mill, Saussurea obvallata, and Lilium plants. Observations were made every fifteen days for three months by checking plant height, the number of leaves, the color of leaves, and soil temperature for understanding and comparing plant growth with respect to variation in temperature. Later on, density and viscosity of soils have also been checked with specific gravity bottle and viscometer help.
Main Findings: Plants' growth differs with variation in soil viscosity, soil temperature, and soil density. All plants cannot grow potentially at the same temperature, viscosity, and density. A. barbadensis Mill A4 has shown better growth with the least viscosity and highest particle density of soil. Saussurea obvallata BK1 has shown better growth with the least viscosity and least particle density of soil. Lilium L1 has shown better growth with all the moderate values of soil.
Applications of this study: This study helped to understand that all the plants have their requirements of nutrients, nutrition, and physical factors for their growth. The study also helped to understand that although the soil has taken initially is the same, viscosity and density of the soil changes due to the plants grown in it.
Novelty/Originality of this study: The use of chemical wastes is taken into consideration instead of fertilizers to reduce pollution.
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References
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References
Abdalla A M, Hettiaratchi D R P and Reece A R. (1969). The mechanics of root growth in granular media. J. Agric. Eng. Res. 14, 263–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-8634(69)90126-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-8634(69)90126-7
Abu–Hamdah NH, Reeder RC. (2000). Soil thermal conductivity affects of density, moisture, salt concentration and organic matter. Soil science society of America Journal. 64(4):1285–1290. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2000.6441285x DOI: https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2000.6441285x
Ågren, G. I. (2000). Temperature dependence of old soil organic matter. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, 29(1), 55–55. https://dx.doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447-29.1.55 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447-29.1.55
Cornish, PS, So, HB, & McWilliam, JR. (1984). Effects of soil bulk density and water regimen on root growth and uptake of phosphorus by ryegrass. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 35(5), 631. https://doi.org/10.1071/AR9840631 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/AR9840631
Davies W J and Zhang J (1991) Root signals and the regulation of growth and development of plants in drying soil. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. Molec. Biol. 42, 55–76. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.42.060191.000415 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.42.060191.000415
Donald R G, Kay B D and Miller M H (1987) The effect of soil aggregate size on early shoot and root growth of maize (Zea mays L.) Plant and Soil, 103, 251–259. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02370397 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02370397
Dong, S., Scagel, C. F., Cheng, L., Fuchigami, L. H., & Rygiewicz, P. T. (2001). Soil temperature and plant growth stage influence nitrogen uptake and amino acid concentration of apple during early spring growth. Tree Physiology, 21(8), 541–547. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/21.8.541 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/21.8.541
Elizaberashivili ES, Urashadze TF, Elizaberashivili ME, et al. (2010). Temperature regime of some soil types in Georgia. Eurasian soil science. 43(4):427-435. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1064229310040083 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1064229310040083
Geiger R Aron RN, Todhunter P. (2003). The climate near the ground. Lanham, USA: Rownaan and little field publishers. p. 42–50. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.967 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.967
Goodman, A. (1999). The Effects of Soil Bulk Density on the Morphology and Anchorage Mechanics of the Root Systems of Sunflower and Maize. Annals of Botany. 83(3), 293–302. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1998.0822 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1998.0822
Hatfield, J. L., & Prueger, J. H. (2015). Temperature extremes: Effect on plant growth and development. Weather and Climate Extremes. 10, 4–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2015.08.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2015.08.001
Hillel, D. (2005). Thermal Properties and Processes. Encyclopedia of Soils in the Environment. 156–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-348530-4/00523-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-348530-4/00523-3
J. Pietikäinen, M. Pettersson, and E. Bååth (2005) “Comparison of temperature effects on soil respiration and bacterial and fungal growth rates,†FEMS Microbiology Ecology, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 49–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.femsec.2004.10.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.femsec.2004.10.002
Lahti, M., Aphalo, P. J., Finer, L., Lehto, T., Leinonen, I., Mannerkoski, H., & Ryyppo, A. (2002). Soil temperature, gas exchange and nitrogen status of 5-year-old Norway spruce seedlings. Tree Physiology, 22(18), 1311–1316. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/22.18.1311 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/22.18.1311
Liu, X., & Huang, B. (2005). Root physiological factors involved in cool-season grass response to high soil temperature. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 53(3), 233–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2004.03.016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2004.03.016
Martias AD, Musil S. (2012). Temperature and thermal diffusivity within a range land soil near Oracle, Arizona. Journal of the Arizona–Nevada academy of science. 44(1):15-21. https://doi.org/10.2181/036.044.0103 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2181/036.044.0103
Nabi, G., & Mullins, C. E. (2008). Soil Temperature Dependent Growth of Cotton Seedlings Before Emergence. Pedosphere, 18(1), 54–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(07)60102-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(07)60102-7
Onwuka B, Mang B. (2018). Effects of soil temperature on some soil properties and plant growth. Adv Plants Agric Res. 8(1):34-37. https://doi.org/10.15406/apar.2018.08.00288 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15406/apar.2018.08.00288
Probert RJ. (2000). The role of temperature in the regulation of seed dormancy and germination. In Fenner editor. Seeds: the ecology of regeneration in plant communities. England: CABI publishing. p. 261–292. https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851994321.0261 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851994321.0261
Sándor R, Fodor N. (2012). Stimulation of soil temperature dynamics with models using different concepts. The scientific world journal. 200:12–20. https://doi.org/10.1100/2012/590287 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1100/2012/590287