Main Article Content
Abstract
Purpose of study: Bacteria can naturally produce pigments that can be useful for various applications as they possess antimicrobial metabolites among other numerous benefits towards the human health. This study was carried out to identify the species of marine bacterial isolates PMA, PM3C1 and PM5C1 exhibiting yellow, orange and green colors respectively.
Methodology: The current study is using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification and sequence analysis of their 16S rRNA gene. The stability of pigments extracted from the bacterial samples was also analyzed against different temperature and light conditions.
Main Findings: Sequence alignment using BLAST revealed that the yellow, orange, and green-pigmented bacteria have 84% similarity with Staphylococcus aureus, 85% similarity with Exiguobacterium profundum and 95% similarity with Pseudomonas aeruginosa respectively. The green pigment showed major changes in color following exposure to sunlight and fluorescent light, and when incubated at 24°C and 50°C. Exposure to direct sunlight also results in the reduction of color for the yellow and orange extracts, while no effect was observed for both pigments under fluorescent light. Incubation at 50°C results in the reduction of the orange color, while the yellow pigment was observed to be unaffected suggesting its stability at high temperature.
Implications: Natural pigments production can provide many advantages including reduction of pollution generation, ease of disposal and other benefits to the human health.
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References
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References
Ahmad, W.A., Ahmad, W.Y.W., Zakaria, Z.A. & Yusof, N.Z (2012). Isolation of Pigment-Producing Bacteria and Characterization of the Extracted Pigments, (3). Accessed June 6, 2018, from https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24520-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24520-6
Al-kazaz, E. J., Melconian, A. K., & Kandela, N. J. (2014). Extraction of Staphyloxanthin from Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Clinical Sources to Determine its Antibacterial Activity Against other Bacteria Staphylococcus aureus Staphyloxanthin, 4(55), pp. 1823–1832.
Azlinah, M. S. (2016). Phd Thesis: Production Of Natural Pigment With Antimicrobial Activity From A Marine Bacterium , Pseudoalteromonas Rubra Bf1a Ibrl By Azlinah Binti Mohd Sulaiman.
Clarridge, J. E. (2004). Impact of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis for identification of bacteria on clinical microbiology and infectious diseases. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 17(4), pp. 62-84. Accessed April 15, 2108 from https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.17.4.840-862.2004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.17.4.840-862.2004
Devnath, P., Uddin, K., & Ahamed, F. (2017). Extraction , purification and characterization of pyocyanin produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and evaluation for its antimicrobial activity. International Research Journal of Biological Sciences, pp. 1-9, 6(5).
Dufossé, L. (2009). Pigments, microbial. Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles et des Sciences des Aliments. Accessed April 15, 2108 from http://hal.univ-reunion.fr/hal-01188138.
El-Fouly, M. Z., Sharaf, A. M., Shahin, A. A. M., El-Bialy, H. A. & Omara, A. M. A. (2015). Biosynthesis of pyocyanin pigment by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences, pp. 36-48, 8(1). Accessed August 8, 2108 from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrras.2014.10.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrras.2014.10.007
Fatin, N. M., Rehan, M. M., Kamarudin, K. R., Che Zahri, M. Z., Noor, H. M., & Radzi, S. M. (2018). Identification of bacteria associated with holothuria (Mertensiothuria) leucospilota from Pangkor Island. Malaysian Applied Biology, pp. 95–101, 47(2).
Henriques, M., Silva, a, & Rocha, J. (2007). Extraction and quantification of pigments from a marine microalga : a simple and reproducible method. Communicating Current Research and Educational Topics and Trends in Applied Microbiology, pp. 586–593.
Janda, J. M. & Abbott, S. L. (2007). 16S rRNA gene sequencing for bacterial identification in the diagnostic laboratory: pluses, perils, and pitfalls. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, pp. 2761–2764, 45(9). Accessed April 15, 2018 from https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01228-07. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01228-07
Jenshi, J., Saravanakumar, M., Aravindhan, K. M. & Suganya, P. (2011). The effect of light , temperature , pH on stability of anthocyanin pigments in Musa acuminata bract. Research in Plant Biology, pp. 5–12, 1(5). Accessed November 25, 2018 from https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2006.90.92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2006.90.92
Joshi, V. K., Attri, D., Baja, A. & Bhushan, S. (2003). Microbial Pigments. pp. 362–369.
Kamarudin, K. R., & Rehan, M. M. (2018). Gram-positive Bacteria with Commercial Potential from the Gastrointestines of Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) Leucospilota (Timun Laut) and Stichopus Horrens (Gamat) from Malaysian Waters. Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science, 41(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.33102/mjosht.v2i.22
Kheyrodin, H & Ghazvinian, K. (2012). DNA purification and isolation of genomic DNA from bacterial species by plasmid purification system. African Journal of Agricultural Research, pp. 433–442, 7(3). Accessed May 15, 2018 from https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR11.1370. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR11.1370
Liu, G. Y., Essex, A., Buchanan, J. T., Datta, V., Hoffman, H. M., Bastian, J. F. & Nizet, V. (2005). Staphylococcus aureus golden pigment impairs neutrophil killing and promotes virulence through its antioxidant activity. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, pp. 209–215, 202(2). Accessed September 10, 2018 from https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20050846. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20050846
Manon, M. V., Keerthana, G. & Preethi, K. (2015). Evaluation of antioxidant potential of bioactive colored metabolite isolated from Exiguobacterium Profundum BC2-11 and it’s bioactivities. Int J Recent Sci Res, 6(4), 3612-3617.
Reshmi, S., Aravindhan, K. & Devi, P. S. (2012). The effect of light, temperature, pH on stability of betacyanin pigments in Basella alba fruit. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, pp. 5–7, 6(1).
Rubia & Bhardwaj, A. (2016). A review: natural colourants. International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Research Technology, pp. 778–781, 5(7).
Shindo, K., & Misawa, N. (2014). New and rare carotenoids isolated from marine bacteria and their antioxidant activities. Marine Drugs, pp. 1690–1698, 12(3). Accessed October 8 , 2018 from https://doi.org/10.3390/md12031690. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/md12031690
Soliev A. B. (2012). Pigmented bioactive compounds from marine bacteria and their mechanisms of action involved in cytotoxicity. pp. 120.
Srinivasan, R., Karaoz, U., Volegova, M., MacKichan, J., Kato-Maeda, M., Miller, S., Lynch, S. V. (2015). Use of 16S rRNA Gene for Identification of a Broad Range of Clinically Relevant Bacterial Pathogens. 10(2). Accessed July 24 , 2018 from https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0117617 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0117617
Yadav, K. S. & Prabha, R. (2014). Effect of Ph and Temperature on Carotenoid Pigments produced from Rhodotorula Minuta, (10). DOI: https://doi.org/10.5958/2321-712X.2014.01312.X
Yip, W. H., Lim, S. J., Mustapha, W. A. W., Maskat, M. Y. & Said, M. (2014). Characterisation and stability of pigments extracted from Sargassum binderi obtained from Semporna, Sabah. Sains Malaysiana, pp. 1345–1354, 43(9). Accessed November 20, 2018, from https://doi.org/10.1021/jp8079765. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jp8079765