Main Article Content
Abstract
Purpose of study: Additive manufacturing processes taking the basic information form computer-aided design (CAD) file to convert into the stereolithography (STL) data file. Today additive layer manufacturing processes are playing a very vital role in manufacturing parts with high rate of effectiveness and accuracy. CAD software is approximated to sliced containing information of each layer by layer that is printed. The main purpose of the study is to discuss the scientific and technological challenges of additive layer manufacturing processes for making polymer components production through various technological parameters and problem-solving techniques of layer manufacturing processes.
Main findings: Additive layer manufacturing is simply another name for 3D printing or rapid prototyping. As 3D printing has evolved as a technology, it has moved beyond prototyping and into the manufacturing space, with small runs of finished components now being produced by 3D printing machines around the world. Additive layer manufacturing (ALM) is the opposite of subtractive manufacturing, in which material is removed to reach the desired shape
Methodology Used: The continuous and increasing growth of additive layer manufacturing processes to discuss with different experimental behavior through simulations and graphical representations. In ALM, 3D parts are built up in successive layers of material under computer control. In its early days, 3D printing was used mainly for rapid prototyping, but it is now frequently used to make finished parts the automotive and aerospace sectors, amongst many others.
The originality of study: At the present time, the technologies of additive manufacturing are not just using for making models with the plastics but using polymer materials. It is possible to make finished products developed with high accuracy and save a lot of time and there is the possibility of testing more models.
Keywords
Article Details
Authors retain the copyright without restrictions for their published content in this journal. IJSRTM is a SHERPA ROMEO Journal.
Publishing License
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of
References
- Arcaute, K., B. Mann, and R. Wicker, (2010). Stereolithography of spatially controlled multi-material bioactive poly (ethylene glycol) scaffolds. Acta biomaterialia, 6(3), p. 1047-1054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2009.08.017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2009.08.017
- Bártolo, P.J. (2011), Stereolithographic processes, Stereolithography, Springer. p. 1-36. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-92904-0_1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-92904-0_1
- Doyle, M., et al. (2015). Effect of layer thickness and orientation on mechanical behaviour of binder jet stainless steel 420+ bronze parts. Procedia Manufacturing, 1, p. 251-262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2015.09.016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2015.09.016
- Huang, P., D. Deng, and Y. Chen. (2013). Modeling and fabrication of heterogeneous three-dimensional objects based on additive manufacturing. In ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2013-65724 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2013-65724
- Liu, G., Z. Xie, and Y. Wu, (2011). Fabrication and mechanical properties of homogeneous zirconia toughened alumina ceramics via cyclic solution infiltration and in situ precipitation. Materials & Design, 32(6), p. 3440-3447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2011.01.055 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2011.01.055
- Liu, W. et al. (2017). Low-temperature deposition manufacturing: A novel and promising rapid prototyping technology for the fabrication of tissue-engineered scaffold. Materials Science and Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2016.04.014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2016.04.014
- Liu, W., et al. (2016). Fabrication of fine-grained alumina ceramics by a novel process integrating stereolithography and liquid precursor infiltration processing. Ceramics International, 42(15), p. 17736-17741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.08.099 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.08.099
- Melcher, R., et al.(2006). Fabrication of Al2O3-based composites by indirect 3D-printing. Materials Letters, 60(4), p. 572-575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2005.09.059 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2005.09.059
- Miyanaji, H., N. Momenzadeh, and L. Yang, (2018). Effect of printing speed on quality of printed parts in Binder Jetting Process. Additive Manufacturing, 20, p. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2017.12.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2017.12.008
- Miyanaji, H., S. Zhang, and L. Yang, (2018). A new physics-based model for equilibrium saturation determination in binder jetting additive manufacturing process. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 124(Supplement C), p. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2017.09.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2017.09.001
- Moon, J., et al. (2001). Fabrication of functionally graded reaction infiltrated SiC–Si composite by three-dimensional printing (3DP™) process. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 298(1- 2), p. 110-116 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(00)01282-X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(00)01282-X
- Mueller, B. (2012). Additive manufacturing technologies–Rapid prototyping to direct digital manufacturing. Assembly Automation. 32 (2). https://doi.org/10.1108/aa.2012.03332baa.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/aa.2012.03332baa.010
- Myers, K., et al. (2015). Mechanical modelling based on numerical homogenization of an Al2O3/Al composite manufactured via binder jet printing. Computational Materials Science, 108, p. 128-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2015.06.031 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2015.06.031
- Myers, K., et al. (2015). Structure property relationship of metal matrix syntactic foams manufactured by a binder jet printing process. Additive Manufacturing, 5, p. 54-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2014.12.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2014.12.003
- Park, H., et al. (2005). Preparation of zirconia– mullite composites by an infiltration route. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 405(1), p. 233-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2005.06.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2005.06.005
- Raman, R. and R. Bashir, (2015). Stereolithographic 3D bioprinting for biomedical applications. Essentials of 3D Biofabrication and Translation, 89, p. 121. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800972-7.00006-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800972-7.00006-2
- Sakly, A., et al. (2014). A novel quasicrystal-resin composite for stereolithography. Materials & Design, 56: p. 280-285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.11.025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.11.025
- Sherwood, J.K., et al. (2002). A three-dimensional osteochondral composite scaffold for articular cartilage repair. Biomaterials, 23(24), p. 4739-4751. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(02)00223-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(02)00223-5
- Sugavaneswaran, M. and G. Arumaikkannu,(2016). Modelling for randomly oriented multi material additive manufacturing component and its fabrication. Materials & Design. 54, p. 779-785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.08.102 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.08.102
- Vaezi, M., et al.(2013). Multiple material additive manufacturing–Part 1: a review: this review paper covers a decade of research on multiple material additive manufacturing technologies which can produce complex geometry parts with different materials. Virtual and Physical Prototyping. 8(1), p. 19-50. https://doi.org/10.1080/17452759.2013.778175 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17452759.2013.778175
- Wang, C., et al. (2012). Physical properties and biocompatibility of a core-sheath structure composite scaffold for bone tissue engineering in vitro. Bio Med Research International, 3(1), p. 01203. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/579141 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/579141
- Wicker, R.B. and E.W. MacDonald. (2012). Multi-material, multi-technology stereolithography: This feature article covers a decade of research into tackling one of the major challenges of the stereolithography technique, which is including multiple materials in one construct. Virtual and Physical Prototyping, 7(3), p. 181-194 https://doi.org/10.1080/17452759.2012.721119. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17452759.2012.721119
- Xu, M., et al. (2010). Fabricating a pearl/PLGA composite scaffold by the low-temperature deposition manufacturing technique for bone tissue engineering. Bio fabrication, 2(2), p. 025002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5082/2/2/025002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5082/2/2/025002
- Zhou, C., et al.(2011). Development of multi-material mask-image-projection-based stereo lithography for the fabrication of digital materials. Annual solid freeform fabrication symposium, Austin, TX.
- Zhou, M., et al. (2016). Preparation of a defect-free alumina cutting tool via additive manufacturing based on stereolithography–Optimization of the drying and debinding processes. Ceramics international, 42(10), p. 11598-11602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.04.050 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.04.050
References
Arcaute, K., B. Mann, and R. Wicker, (2010). Stereolithography of spatially controlled multi-material bioactive poly (ethylene glycol) scaffolds. Acta biomaterialia, 6(3), p. 1047-1054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2009.08.017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2009.08.017
Bártolo, P.J. (2011), Stereolithographic processes, Stereolithography, Springer. p. 1-36. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-92904-0_1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-92904-0_1
Doyle, M., et al. (2015). Effect of layer thickness and orientation on mechanical behaviour of binder jet stainless steel 420+ bronze parts. Procedia Manufacturing, 1, p. 251-262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2015.09.016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2015.09.016
Huang, P., D. Deng, and Y. Chen. (2013). Modeling and fabrication of heterogeneous three-dimensional objects based on additive manufacturing. In ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2013-65724 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2013-65724
Liu, G., Z. Xie, and Y. Wu, (2011). Fabrication and mechanical properties of homogeneous zirconia toughened alumina ceramics via cyclic solution infiltration and in situ precipitation. Materials & Design, 32(6), p. 3440-3447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2011.01.055 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2011.01.055
Liu, W. et al. (2017). Low-temperature deposition manufacturing: A novel and promising rapid prototyping technology for the fabrication of tissue-engineered scaffold. Materials Science and Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2016.04.014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2016.04.014
Liu, W., et al. (2016). Fabrication of fine-grained alumina ceramics by a novel process integrating stereolithography and liquid precursor infiltration processing. Ceramics International, 42(15), p. 17736-17741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.08.099 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.08.099
Melcher, R., et al.(2006). Fabrication of Al2O3-based composites by indirect 3D-printing. Materials Letters, 60(4), p. 572-575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2005.09.059 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2005.09.059
Miyanaji, H., N. Momenzadeh, and L. Yang, (2018). Effect of printing speed on quality of printed parts in Binder Jetting Process. Additive Manufacturing, 20, p. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2017.12.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2017.12.008
Miyanaji, H., S. Zhang, and L. Yang, (2018). A new physics-based model for equilibrium saturation determination in binder jetting additive manufacturing process. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 124(Supplement C), p. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2017.09.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2017.09.001
Moon, J., et al. (2001). Fabrication of functionally graded reaction infiltrated SiC–Si composite by three-dimensional printing (3DP™) process. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 298(1- 2), p. 110-116 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(00)01282-X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(00)01282-X
Mueller, B. (2012). Additive manufacturing technologies–Rapid prototyping to direct digital manufacturing. Assembly Automation. 32 (2). https://doi.org/10.1108/aa.2012.03332baa.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/aa.2012.03332baa.010
Myers, K., et al. (2015). Mechanical modelling based on numerical homogenization of an Al2O3/Al composite manufactured via binder jet printing. Computational Materials Science, 108, p. 128-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2015.06.031 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2015.06.031
Myers, K., et al. (2015). Structure property relationship of metal matrix syntactic foams manufactured by a binder jet printing process. Additive Manufacturing, 5, p. 54-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2014.12.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2014.12.003
Park, H., et al. (2005). Preparation of zirconia– mullite composites by an infiltration route. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 405(1), p. 233-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2005.06.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2005.06.005
Raman, R. and R. Bashir, (2015). Stereolithographic 3D bioprinting for biomedical applications. Essentials of 3D Biofabrication and Translation, 89, p. 121. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800972-7.00006-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800972-7.00006-2
Sakly, A., et al. (2014). A novel quasicrystal-resin composite for stereolithography. Materials & Design, 56: p. 280-285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.11.025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.11.025
Sherwood, J.K., et al. (2002). A three-dimensional osteochondral composite scaffold for articular cartilage repair. Biomaterials, 23(24), p. 4739-4751. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(02)00223-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(02)00223-5
Sugavaneswaran, M. and G. Arumaikkannu,(2016). Modelling for randomly oriented multi material additive manufacturing component and its fabrication. Materials & Design. 54, p. 779-785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.08.102 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.08.102
Vaezi, M., et al.(2013). Multiple material additive manufacturing–Part 1: a review: this review paper covers a decade of research on multiple material additive manufacturing technologies which can produce complex geometry parts with different materials. Virtual and Physical Prototyping. 8(1), p. 19-50. https://doi.org/10.1080/17452759.2013.778175 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17452759.2013.778175
Wang, C., et al. (2012). Physical properties and biocompatibility of a core-sheath structure composite scaffold for bone tissue engineering in vitro. Bio Med Research International, 3(1), p. 01203. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/579141 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/579141
Wicker, R.B. and E.W. MacDonald. (2012). Multi-material, multi-technology stereolithography: This feature article covers a decade of research into tackling one of the major challenges of the stereolithography technique, which is including multiple materials in one construct. Virtual and Physical Prototyping, 7(3), p. 181-194 https://doi.org/10.1080/17452759.2012.721119. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17452759.2012.721119
Xu, M., et al. (2010). Fabricating a pearl/PLGA composite scaffold by the low-temperature deposition manufacturing technique for bone tissue engineering. Bio fabrication, 2(2), p. 025002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5082/2/2/025002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5082/2/2/025002
Zhou, C., et al.(2011). Development of multi-material mask-image-projection-based stereo lithography for the fabrication of digital materials. Annual solid freeform fabrication symposium, Austin, TX.
Zhou, M., et al. (2016). Preparation of a defect-free alumina cutting tool via additive manufacturing based on stereolithography–Optimization of the drying and debinding processes. Ceramics international, 42(10), p. 11598-11602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.04.050 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.04.050