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THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ART THERAPY MODULE ON THE WELL-BEING OF SINGLE MOTHERS
Corresponding Author(s) : Zakaria Mohamad
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 7 No. 1 (2019): January
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study is to see the effectiveness of the use of Art Therapy Module (ATM) on the well-being of single mothers.
Methodology: Experimental quasi methods involving pre-test and post-test were used. A total of 40 respondents were involved in this study and divided into four groups consisting of ten respondents. This ATM was conducted through a five-week counseling session. Collection of study data was done by using Single Mothers Welfare Instrument to measure stress, resilience, mobility and well-being before and after therapy.
Main Finding: The findings depicted a decrease in stress levels, increased resilience, coping and well-being. Hypothesis testing showed that there was a significant difference between pre-test and post-test on the well-being of single mothers in terms of stress, resilience and coping.
Application: The findings showed that ATM is effective in helping single mothers to respond to stress, enhance resilience and coping skills to improve their well-being and quality of life.
Novelty/Originality: ATM module also contributes to the development of knowledge in the field of counseling, particularly in treatment options offered by counselors for clients such as single mothers.
Keywords
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- Abdullah Fahmy Mat Nor. (2010). Metode konselor dalam pelaksanaan konseling keluarga terhadap kasus perceraian di jabatan hal ehwal agama Terengganu, Malaysia. Tesis Master yang tidak diterbitkan. Fakultas Dakwah Dan Ilmu Komunikasi, Universiti Islam Negeri, UIN, Riau.
- Ananglangka Mad Kassim. (2011). Stres, Kecelaruan Mental dan Strategi Daya Tindak Dalam Kalangan Ibu Tunggal Etnik Bajau Sabah.
- Broussard, C. A., Joseph, A.L., Thompson, M. (2012). Stressors and Coping Strategies Used by Single Mothers Living in Poverty. Affilia: Journal of Women and Social Work. 27(2):190-204. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0886109912443884
- Cairney, J, Boyle, M., Offord, D.R. & Racine, Y. (2003). Stress, social support and depression in single and married mothers. Social Psychiatry Psychiatric Epidemiology 38, 442-449 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-003-0661-0
- Cathy Suhaila Abdullah dan Hamdan Abd Kadir. (2015). Kecerdasan Emosi dan Stres dalam Kalangan Ibu Tunggal Bekerja: Satu Senario. International Conference on Human Resource Development 2015.
- Chanda, K., & Pujar, L. (2018). Stress and Psychological Well-Being among Single Parents. Unpublished Marter Thesis. Universitas Muhammadiyah, Malang.
- Cook, T. D., & Campbell, D. T. (1979). Quasi- experimentation: Design and analysis issues for field settings. Chicago: Rand-McNally.
- Creswell, J.W. (2012). Educational Research, Planning, Conducting and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research. (3rd ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.
- Dharatun Nissa Puad Mohd Kari (2017) Strategi daya tindak dalam kalangan ibu tunggal kematian pasangan. Tesis Ph.D yang tidak diterbitkan, University of Malaya.
- Dini Farhana Baharudin, Marina Munira Abdul Mutalib, Mohd. Zaliridzal Zakaria, Suhailiza Md. Hamdani, Melati Sumari dan Zuria Mahud (2018). Cadangan Model Integrasi Dalam Sesi Kaunseling Untuk Pasangan Beragama Islam. Journal of Islamic Social Sciences and Humanities, 16: 81–103.
- Dunn, C. R. (2015). Young widows’ grief: A study of personal and contextual factors associated with conjugal loss. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, 2015, 229. Dimuat turundaripadahttp://search.proquest.com/docview/1731940705?accountid=10673%5Cnhttp://openurl.ac.uk/athens:_edu?url_ver=Z39.882004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&genre=dissertations+%26+theses&sid=ProQ:ProQuest+Dissertations+%26+Theses+Global&atitle=&ti
- Faizah Abdul Ghani, & Hazirah Hashim (2013). Challenges and Locus Control among Single Mothers in Muar. Journal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies, 4(5), 760–765.
- Faizah Abd Ghani, Farah Adibah Ibrahim, Azian Abd Aziz dan Mastura Mahfar (2015). Relationship between the belief system and emotional well-being of single mothers. Asian Social Science, 11(27), 28–42. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v11n27p28 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v11n27p28
- Hanson, S., Kaakinen, J., & Gedaly-Duff, V. (2005). Family Health Care Nursing: Theory, Practice, and Research (4rd ed.). Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Press
- Henry N. Ricciuti (2003). Single Parenthood, Achievement, and Problem Behavior in White, Black, and Hispanic Children. The Journal Of Education Research. Volume 97, 2004 - Issue 4, 196-207. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3200/JOER.97.4.196-207
- Intan Hashimah Mohd Hashim, Azman Azwan Azmawati dan Noraida Endut (2015). Stress, Roles and Responsibilities of Single Mothers in Malaysia. SHS Web of Conferences 18:1-8. Retrieve from http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20151803003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20151803003
- Jabatan Kehakiman Syariah Malaysia (2016). Buku Panduan Proses Nikah, Cerai dan Ruju'. Wilayah Persekutuan.
- Joiner, K. D., & Landreth, G. L. (2005). Play therapy instruction: A model based on objectives developed by the Delphi technique. International Journal of Play Therapy, 14(2), 49-68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0088902
- Kartika, D. A. (2012). Resiliensi pada Single Mother Pasca Penceraian. Projek Ilmiah. Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Gunadama.
- Kelly, R. F., & Voydanoff, P. (1985). Work/family role strain among employed parents. Family Relations: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Family Studies, 34(3), 367-374. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/583575
- Lazarus, Richard S; Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. Behaviour Research and Therapy. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(85)90087-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(85)90087-7
- Murry VM1, Bynum MS, Brody GH, Willert A, Stephens D. (2001). African American single mothers and children in context: a review of studies on risk and resilience. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2001 Jun;4(2):133-55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011381114782
- Nabila Farhana Mohamed Nidzam dan Fadzli Adam (2015). Penghayatan Agama Dan Resiliensi Wanita Islam Pasca Penceraian. International Conference on Empowering Islamics Civilization in the 21st century. Malaysia, Unisza. (Vol. 2012, pp. 393–398).
- Nor Diyana Mustapaa, Nor Zarifah Malikia, Aswati Hamzah. (2018). Benefits of Nature on Children’s Developmental Needs: A Review. Asian Journal of Behavioural Studies (AjBeS), 3(12) (p.31-42) DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ajbes.v3i12.120
- Noraida Endut, Azman Azwan Azmawati & Intan Hashimah Mohd Hashim. (2015). Formal and Informal Support Systems for Single Women and Single Mothers in Malaysia. SHS Web of Conferences. Volume 18, 2015. ICoLASS 2014 – USM-POTO International Conference on Liberal Arts & Social Sciences DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20151803002
- Nurliza Ahmad, Khadijah Alavi, Arena Che Kasim, Chong Sheau Tsuey (2015). Psychological Well-Being Among Single Mothers of Rural and Urban Areas in Selangor. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications. 25:43-46.
- Nurul Aida (2013). Dampak perceraian dan hubungan sosial terhadap kesejahteraan psikologis ibu sebagai orang tua tunggal. Tesis yang tidak diterbitkan. Fakultas Ekologi Manusia, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor.
- Peterson, N. A., Hamme, C. L., & Speer, P. W. (2002). Cognitive emperment of African Americans and Caucasians: Differences in understandings of power, political functioning, and shaping ideology. Journal of Black Studies, 32(3), 336-351. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/002193470203200304
- Puig, A., Lee S.M., Goodwin L., Sherrard P.A.D. (2006). The Efficacy of Creative Arts Therapies to Enhance Emotional Expression, Spirituality, and Psychological Well-Being of Newly Diagnosed Stage I and Stage II Breast Cancer Patients: A Preminary Study. The Arts-Psychotherapy. 33(2006): 218-228. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aip.2006.02.004
- Raihanah Azahari. 2004b. "Perkembangan dan Pelaksanaan Sulh dalam Kes-Kes Pertikaian Keluarga di Dunia Islam: Sorotan Terhadap Perkembangan Terkini Pelaksanaannya di Mahkamah Mahkamah Syariah di Malaysia. Dalam Ahmad Sunawari Long, jaffary Awang dan Kamaruddin Salleh. International Seminar on Islamic thoughts (172-191). UKM, Malaysia.
- Richards, Leslie N, Schmiege, Cynthia J. (1993). Problems and Strengths of Single-Parent Families: Implications for Practice and Policy. Family Relations. Volume 42. p277-85. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/585557
- Riley, S. (2014). Positive Effects of Art Therapy for Women and Children form backgrounds of Domestic Violence. University of Wisconsin-Superior.
- Rosalinda Md. Said (2018). Bela Nasib Ibu Tunggal. Utusan Online. Diakses pada Disember, 7 2018. Daripada http://www.utusan.com.my/berita/wilayah/terengganu/bela-nasib-ibu-tunggal-1.607384
- Rosliza Abd Aziz dan Zakaria Mohamad (2015). Terapi Seni Ekspresif Sebagai Intervensi Kaunseling Dalam Memangkinkan Strategi Daya Tindak Ibu Tunggal. Social Sciences postgraduate International Seminar (SSPIS).
- Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 719–727. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.719 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.719
- Sh Marzety Adibah, Zakaria, Baharuddin dan Raba'aton Adawiah, (2013). Therapeutic Experience of Drug Rehabilitation Clients through Expressive Arts Therapy. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 3(17), 210–223.
- Sh. Marzety Adibah, A.S.M dan Zakaria,M (2015). The Efficacy of Expressive Arts Therapy in the Creation of Charthasis in Counselling. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. Doi:10.5901/mjss. 2015.v6n6s1p298. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n6s1p298
- Shueh, Y.L dan Cai, L.T (2014). Work stress, coping strategies and resilience: A study among working females. Asian Social Science, 10(12), 41–52. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v10n12p41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v10n12p41
- Simon, J., Murphy, J., & Smith, S. (2005). Understanding and fostering family resilience. Family Journal, 13, 427-436. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480705278724
- Siti Rafiah Abd Hamid dan Sakinah Salleh (2013). Exploring single parenting process in Malaysia: issues and coping strategies. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 84, 1554-1559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro. 2013.06.718 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.718
- Taylor, Z.E dan Conger, R.D. (2017). Promoting Strengths and Resilience in Single-Mothers Families. Society for Research in Child Development. 88(2):350-358. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12741
- Thompson RA, Ontai L. (2000). Striving to do well what comesnaturally: Social support, developmental psychopatholo-gy, and social policy. Development and Psychopathology2000;12(4):657-75 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400004065
- Tugade, M., and Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). Resilient Individuals Use Positive Emotions to Bounce Back From Negative Emotional Experiences. NIH Public Access, 86(2), 320–333. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.320.Resilient DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.320
- Ummi Munirah Syuhada, Mansor, Wan Shazlinda Shah, Wan suraya (2016). Indeks Kesejahteraan Hidup Dalam Masyarakat Kepelbagaian: Kajian dalam Kalangan Pelajar IPTA. Proceeding of the 3rd International Conference on Management & Muamalah, 3(1),299–304.Retrieve from http://conference.kuis.edu.my/icomm/3rd/eproceedings/IC-028.pdf
- Williams, N.Y. (2016). The Relationship Between Stress, Coping Strategies, and Social Support Among Single Mothers. Unpublished thesis. Walden University.
- Yanicki.S. (2005). Social support and family assets. The perceptions of low-income lone-mother families about support from home visitation. Canadian journal of public health. Revue canadienne de santé publique 96(1):46-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03404016
- Yusmini, M.Y. (2003). Kepentingan Kaunseling dalam Menangani Masalah Rumahtangga. Jurnal Usuluddin, 18, 137-148. Retrieved from https://ejournal.um.edu.my/index.php/JUD/article/view/4092
- Zakaria Mohamad, Sh Marzety Adibah Al Sayed Mohamad, Jasmi Abu Talib and Juhaida. (2017). Virsual Arts Therapy Efficacy Towards Cognitive Emotion Regulation and Anxiety of Single Mothers. Medwell Journals, 12(10):1848-1853.
- Zulu, H. T. (2017). A Study to Explore Single Mother’s Experiences in Raising their Children in Chibolya, Zambia. Unpublished Thesis. Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences.
References
Abdullah Fahmy Mat Nor. (2010). Metode konselor dalam pelaksanaan konseling keluarga terhadap kasus perceraian di jabatan hal ehwal agama Terengganu, Malaysia. Tesis Master yang tidak diterbitkan. Fakultas Dakwah Dan Ilmu Komunikasi, Universiti Islam Negeri, UIN, Riau.
Ananglangka Mad Kassim. (2011). Stres, Kecelaruan Mental dan Strategi Daya Tindak Dalam Kalangan Ibu Tunggal Etnik Bajau Sabah.
Broussard, C. A., Joseph, A.L., Thompson, M. (2012). Stressors and Coping Strategies Used by Single Mothers Living in Poverty. Affilia: Journal of Women and Social Work. 27(2):190-204. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0886109912443884
Cairney, J, Boyle, M., Offord, D.R. & Racine, Y. (2003). Stress, social support and depression in single and married mothers. Social Psychiatry Psychiatric Epidemiology 38, 442-449 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-003-0661-0
Cathy Suhaila Abdullah dan Hamdan Abd Kadir. (2015). Kecerdasan Emosi dan Stres dalam Kalangan Ibu Tunggal Bekerja: Satu Senario. International Conference on Human Resource Development 2015.
Chanda, K., & Pujar, L. (2018). Stress and Psychological Well-Being among Single Parents. Unpublished Marter Thesis. Universitas Muhammadiyah, Malang.
Cook, T. D., & Campbell, D. T. (1979). Quasi- experimentation: Design and analysis issues for field settings. Chicago: Rand-McNally.
Creswell, J.W. (2012). Educational Research, Planning, Conducting and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research. (3rd ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Dharatun Nissa Puad Mohd Kari (2017) Strategi daya tindak dalam kalangan ibu tunggal kematian pasangan. Tesis Ph.D yang tidak diterbitkan, University of Malaya.
Dini Farhana Baharudin, Marina Munira Abdul Mutalib, Mohd. Zaliridzal Zakaria, Suhailiza Md. Hamdani, Melati Sumari dan Zuria Mahud (2018). Cadangan Model Integrasi Dalam Sesi Kaunseling Untuk Pasangan Beragama Islam. Journal of Islamic Social Sciences and Humanities, 16: 81–103.
Dunn, C. R. (2015). Young widows’ grief: A study of personal and contextual factors associated with conjugal loss. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, 2015, 229. Dimuat turundaripadahttp://search.proquest.com/docview/1731940705?accountid=10673%5Cnhttp://openurl.ac.uk/athens:_edu?url_ver=Z39.882004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&genre=dissertations+%26+theses&sid=ProQ:ProQuest+Dissertations+%26+Theses+Global&atitle=&ti
Faizah Abdul Ghani, & Hazirah Hashim (2013). Challenges and Locus Control among Single Mothers in Muar. Journal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies, 4(5), 760–765.
Faizah Abd Ghani, Farah Adibah Ibrahim, Azian Abd Aziz dan Mastura Mahfar (2015). Relationship between the belief system and emotional well-being of single mothers. Asian Social Science, 11(27), 28–42. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v11n27p28 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v11n27p28
Hanson, S., Kaakinen, J., & Gedaly-Duff, V. (2005). Family Health Care Nursing: Theory, Practice, and Research (4rd ed.). Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Press
Henry N. Ricciuti (2003). Single Parenthood, Achievement, and Problem Behavior in White, Black, and Hispanic Children. The Journal Of Education Research. Volume 97, 2004 - Issue 4, 196-207. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3200/JOER.97.4.196-207
Intan Hashimah Mohd Hashim, Azman Azwan Azmawati dan Noraida Endut (2015). Stress, Roles and Responsibilities of Single Mothers in Malaysia. SHS Web of Conferences 18:1-8. Retrieve from http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20151803003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20151803003
Jabatan Kehakiman Syariah Malaysia (2016). Buku Panduan Proses Nikah, Cerai dan Ruju'. Wilayah Persekutuan.
Joiner, K. D., & Landreth, G. L. (2005). Play therapy instruction: A model based on objectives developed by the Delphi technique. International Journal of Play Therapy, 14(2), 49-68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0088902
Kartika, D. A. (2012). Resiliensi pada Single Mother Pasca Penceraian. Projek Ilmiah. Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Gunadama.
Kelly, R. F., & Voydanoff, P. (1985). Work/family role strain among employed parents. Family Relations: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Family Studies, 34(3), 367-374. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/583575
Lazarus, Richard S; Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. Behaviour Research and Therapy. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(85)90087-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(85)90087-7
Murry VM1, Bynum MS, Brody GH, Willert A, Stephens D. (2001). African American single mothers and children in context: a review of studies on risk and resilience. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2001 Jun;4(2):133-55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011381114782
Nabila Farhana Mohamed Nidzam dan Fadzli Adam (2015). Penghayatan Agama Dan Resiliensi Wanita Islam Pasca Penceraian. International Conference on Empowering Islamics Civilization in the 21st century. Malaysia, Unisza. (Vol. 2012, pp. 393–398).
Nor Diyana Mustapaa, Nor Zarifah Malikia, Aswati Hamzah. (2018). Benefits of Nature on Children’s Developmental Needs: A Review. Asian Journal of Behavioural Studies (AjBeS), 3(12) (p.31-42) DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ajbes.v3i12.120
Noraida Endut, Azman Azwan Azmawati & Intan Hashimah Mohd Hashim. (2015). Formal and Informal Support Systems for Single Women and Single Mothers in Malaysia. SHS Web of Conferences. Volume 18, 2015. ICoLASS 2014 – USM-POTO International Conference on Liberal Arts & Social Sciences DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20151803002
Nurliza Ahmad, Khadijah Alavi, Arena Che Kasim, Chong Sheau Tsuey (2015). Psychological Well-Being Among Single Mothers of Rural and Urban Areas in Selangor. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications. 25:43-46.
Nurul Aida (2013). Dampak perceraian dan hubungan sosial terhadap kesejahteraan psikologis ibu sebagai orang tua tunggal. Tesis yang tidak diterbitkan. Fakultas Ekologi Manusia, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor.
Peterson, N. A., Hamme, C. L., & Speer, P. W. (2002). Cognitive emperment of African Americans and Caucasians: Differences in understandings of power, political functioning, and shaping ideology. Journal of Black Studies, 32(3), 336-351. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/002193470203200304
Puig, A., Lee S.M., Goodwin L., Sherrard P.A.D. (2006). The Efficacy of Creative Arts Therapies to Enhance Emotional Expression, Spirituality, and Psychological Well-Being of Newly Diagnosed Stage I and Stage II Breast Cancer Patients: A Preminary Study. The Arts-Psychotherapy. 33(2006): 218-228. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aip.2006.02.004
Raihanah Azahari. 2004b. "Perkembangan dan Pelaksanaan Sulh dalam Kes-Kes Pertikaian Keluarga di Dunia Islam: Sorotan Terhadap Perkembangan Terkini Pelaksanaannya di Mahkamah Mahkamah Syariah di Malaysia. Dalam Ahmad Sunawari Long, jaffary Awang dan Kamaruddin Salleh. International Seminar on Islamic thoughts (172-191). UKM, Malaysia.
Richards, Leslie N, Schmiege, Cynthia J. (1993). Problems and Strengths of Single-Parent Families: Implications for Practice and Policy. Family Relations. Volume 42. p277-85. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/585557
Riley, S. (2014). Positive Effects of Art Therapy for Women and Children form backgrounds of Domestic Violence. University of Wisconsin-Superior.
Rosalinda Md. Said (2018). Bela Nasib Ibu Tunggal. Utusan Online. Diakses pada Disember, 7 2018. Daripada http://www.utusan.com.my/berita/wilayah/terengganu/bela-nasib-ibu-tunggal-1.607384
Rosliza Abd Aziz dan Zakaria Mohamad (2015). Terapi Seni Ekspresif Sebagai Intervensi Kaunseling Dalam Memangkinkan Strategi Daya Tindak Ibu Tunggal. Social Sciences postgraduate International Seminar (SSPIS).
Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 719–727. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.719 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.719
Sh Marzety Adibah, Zakaria, Baharuddin dan Raba'aton Adawiah, (2013). Therapeutic Experience of Drug Rehabilitation Clients through Expressive Arts Therapy. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 3(17), 210–223.
Sh. Marzety Adibah, A.S.M dan Zakaria,M (2015). The Efficacy of Expressive Arts Therapy in the Creation of Charthasis in Counselling. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. Doi:10.5901/mjss. 2015.v6n6s1p298. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n6s1p298
Shueh, Y.L dan Cai, L.T (2014). Work stress, coping strategies and resilience: A study among working females. Asian Social Science, 10(12), 41–52. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v10n12p41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v10n12p41
Simon, J., Murphy, J., & Smith, S. (2005). Understanding and fostering family resilience. Family Journal, 13, 427-436. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480705278724
Siti Rafiah Abd Hamid dan Sakinah Salleh (2013). Exploring single parenting process in Malaysia: issues and coping strategies. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 84, 1554-1559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro. 2013.06.718 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.718
Taylor, Z.E dan Conger, R.D. (2017). Promoting Strengths and Resilience in Single-Mothers Families. Society for Research in Child Development. 88(2):350-358. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12741
Thompson RA, Ontai L. (2000). Striving to do well what comesnaturally: Social support, developmental psychopatholo-gy, and social policy. Development and Psychopathology2000;12(4):657-75 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400004065
Tugade, M., and Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). Resilient Individuals Use Positive Emotions to Bounce Back From Negative Emotional Experiences. NIH Public Access, 86(2), 320–333. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.320.Resilient DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.320
Ummi Munirah Syuhada, Mansor, Wan Shazlinda Shah, Wan suraya (2016). Indeks Kesejahteraan Hidup Dalam Masyarakat Kepelbagaian: Kajian dalam Kalangan Pelajar IPTA. Proceeding of the 3rd International Conference on Management & Muamalah, 3(1),299–304.Retrieve from http://conference.kuis.edu.my/icomm/3rd/eproceedings/IC-028.pdf
Williams, N.Y. (2016). The Relationship Between Stress, Coping Strategies, and Social Support Among Single Mothers. Unpublished thesis. Walden University.
Yanicki.S. (2005). Social support and family assets. The perceptions of low-income lone-mother families about support from home visitation. Canadian journal of public health. Revue canadienne de santé publique 96(1):46-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03404016
Yusmini, M.Y. (2003). Kepentingan Kaunseling dalam Menangani Masalah Rumahtangga. Jurnal Usuluddin, 18, 137-148. Retrieved from https://ejournal.um.edu.my/index.php/JUD/article/view/4092
Zakaria Mohamad, Sh Marzety Adibah Al Sayed Mohamad, Jasmi Abu Talib and Juhaida. (2017). Virsual Arts Therapy Efficacy Towards Cognitive Emotion Regulation and Anxiety of Single Mothers. Medwell Journals, 12(10):1848-1853.
Zulu, H. T. (2017). A Study to Explore Single Mother’s Experiences in Raising their Children in Chibolya, Zambia. Unpublished Thesis. Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences.