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A REVIEW ON DISSOCIATIVE PERSPECTIVE OF ATTENTION AND CONSCIOUSNESS
Corresponding Author(s) : Aarushi Agarwal
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 7 No. 5 (2019): September
Abstract
Purpose of the study: To answer the two existing controversies regarding attention and consciousness as brain processes. 1) Can one be aware of objects or events without attending to it? 2) Can one attend to objects or events without being aware of it? And also how top-down attention and awareness have opposing functions.
Methodology: This article is a systematic review of the relationship between visual attention and awareness. An extensive elaborate study on concepts relating to attention and consciousness dissociation has been done. In this article we also narrow it down to experimental design that requires independent manipulation of each. Which include top-down attention and awareness aspect of consciousness?
Main Findings: Many researches have been put forward supporting the independent nature of attention from awareness using sophisticated experimental and physiological shreds of evidence. On the other hand, some researches still stick to the contemporary common-sense notion of no awareness no attention. Our evaluation suggests an independent nature of attention and awareness.
Application: This article intends to give a clear perspective of the ongoing debate on the relationship between attention and consciousness. Simplification of both umbrella terms will give basis for building more empirical evidence.
Novelty: Further, this article put forward studies on both sides of debate aiming to bridge the gap to get a conclusive outlook in the future.
Keywords
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- Baars, B. J. (1997). Some Essential Differences between Consciousness and Attention, Perception, and Working Memory. Consciousness and Cognition, 371(6), 363–371. https://doi.org/10.1006/ccog.1997.0307 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/ccog.1997.0307
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- Eimer, M., &Grubert, A. (2015). A dissociation between selective attention and conscious awareness in the representation of temporal order information. Consciousness and Cognition, 35(4), 274–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2015.01.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2015.01.001
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References
Baars, B. J. (1997). Some Essential Differences between Consciousness and Attention, Perception, and Working Memory. Consciousness and Cognition, 371(6), 363–371. https://doi.org/10.1006/ccog.1997.0307 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/ccog.1997.0307
Baars, B. J. (1999). Attention versus consciousness in the visual brain: differences in conception, phenomenology, behaviour, neuroanatomy, and physiology. The Journal of General Psychology, 126(3), 224–33. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10443028. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309909595364 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309909595364
Block, N. (1996). How can we find the neural correlate of consciousness?. Trends in neurosciences, 19(11), 456-459. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-2236(96)20049-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-2236(96)20049-9
Braun, J., &Julesz, B. (1998). Withdrawing attention at little or no cost: Detection and discrimination tasks. Perception & Psychophysics, 60(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03211915 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03211915
De Brigard, F., &Prinz, J. (2010). Attention and consciousness. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 1(1), 51-59. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcs.27 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/wcs.27
De Brigard, F. (2010). Consciousness, Attention and Commonsense. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 17(9–10), 189–201.
Dehaene, S., &Naccache, L. (2001). Towards a cognitive neuroscience of consciousness : basic evidence and a workspace framework. Cognition, 79(3), 1–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-0277(00)00123-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-0277(00)00123-2
Chica, A. B., & Bartolomeo, P. (2012). Attentional routes to conscious perception. Frontiers in Psychology, 3(January), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00001
Cohen, M. A., Alvarez, G. A., & Nakayama, K. (2011). Natural-Scene Perception Requires Attention. Psychological Science, 22(9), 1165–1172. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611419168 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611419168
Cohen, M. A., Cavanagh, P., Chun, M. M., & Nakayama, K. (2012). The attentional requirements of consciousness. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16(8), 411–417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2012.06.013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2012.06.013
Eimer, M., &Grubert, A. (2014). Report Spatial Attention Can Be Allocated Rapidly and in Parallel to New Visual Objects. Current Biology, 24(2), 193–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.12.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.12.001
Eimer, M., &Grubert, A. (2015). A dissociation between selective attention and conscious awareness in the representation of temporal order information. Consciousness and Cognition, 35(4), 274–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2015.01.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2015.01.001
Elliott, J. C., Baird, B., &Giesbrecht, B. (2016). Consciousness isn’t all-or-none: Evidence for partial awareness during the attentional blink. Consciousness and Cognition, 40, 79–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2015.12.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2015.12.003
Fei-Fei, L., Koch, C., &Perona, P. (2005). Why does natural scene categorization require little attention ? Exploring attentional requirements for natural and synthetic stimuli. Visual Cognition, 12(6), 893–924. https://doi.org/10.1080/13506280444000571 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13506280444000571
Grubert, A., Grubert, A., &Eimer, M. (2016). Rapid Parallel Attentional Target Selection in Single-Color and Multiple-Color Visual Search Rapid Parallel Attentional Target Selection in Single-Color and Multiple-Color Visual Search. Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance, 41(1), 86–101. http://doi.org/10.1037/xhp0000019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/xhp0000019
Houtkamp, R., & Braun, J. (2010). Cortical response to task-relevant stimuli presented outside the primary focus of attention. Journal of cognitive neuroscience, 22(9), 1980-1992. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21327 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21327
Iwasaki, S. (1993). Spatial attention and two modes of visual consciousness. Cognition, 49(3), 211-233. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(93)90005-G DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(93)90005-G
James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology, Vol. 2. NY, US: Henry Holt and Company. https://doi.org/10.1037/10538-000 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/10538-000
Jensen, M. S., Yao, R., Street, W. N., & Simons, D. J. (2011). Change blindness and inattentional blindness. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 2(5), 529-546. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcs.130 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/wcs.130
Jennings, C. D. (2015). Consciousness without Attention. Journal of the American Philosophical Association, 1(2), 276–295. https://doi.org/10.1017/apa.2014.14 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/apa.2014.14
Kentridge, R. W., Heywood, C. A., &Weiskrantz, L. (1999). Attention without awareness in blindsight. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 266(1430), 1805–1811. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1999.0850 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1999.0850
Koch, C. (2013). Chapter 51 – The Neuroscience of Consciousness. In Fundamental Neuroscience (pp. 1091–1103). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-385870-2.00051-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-385870-2.00051-2
Koch, C., & Tsuchiya, N. (2006). Attention and consciousness : Two distinct brain processes, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2006.10.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2006.10.012
Lamme, V. A. F. (2003). Why visual attention and awareness are different. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7(1), 12–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(02)00013-X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(02)00013-X
Lamme, V. A. F. (2004). Separate neural definitions of visual consciousness and visual attention ; a case for phenomenal awareness. Neural Networks, 17(5), 861–872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neunet.2004.02.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neunet.2004.02.005
Li, F. F., Vanrullen, R., Koch, C., &Perona, P. (2002). Rapid natural scene categorization in the near absence of attention. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99(14), 9596–9601. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.092277599 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.092277599
Lu, S., Cai, Y., Shen, M., Zhou, Y., & Han, S. (2012). Alerting and orienting of attention without visual awareness. Consciousness and Cognition, 21(2), 928–938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2012.03.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2012.03.012
Mack, A., & Rock, I. (1999). Inattentional blindness. Psyche, 5(3). https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/3707.001.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/3707.001.0001
Mack, A. (2003). Inattentional Blindness: Looking Without Seeing. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12(5), 180–184. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.01256 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.01256
Marchetti, G. (2012). Against the view that consciousness and attention are fully dissociable. Frontiers in psychology, 3, 36. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00036 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00036
Marchetti, G. (2018). Consciousness : a unique way of processing information. Cognitive Processing, 19(3), 435–464. h https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-018-0855-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-018-0855-8
Merikle, P. M., & Joordens, S. (1997). Parallels between Perception without Attention and Perception without Awareness. Consciousness and Cognition, 236(6), 219–236. https://doi.org/10.1006/ccog.1997.0310 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/ccog.1997.0310
Mole, C. (2008). Attention and Consciousness. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 15(4), 86–104.
Mudrik, L., Faivre, N., & Koch, C. (2014). Information integration without awareness. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18(9), 488–496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2014.04.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2014.04.009
Overgaard, M. (2017). The Status and Future of Consciousness Research, 8(October), 8–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01719 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01719
Posner, M. I. (1994). Attention: the mechanisms of consciousness. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 91(August), 7398–7403. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.91.16.7398 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.91.16.7398
Posner, M. I. (2008). Attentional Networks and the Semantics of Consciousness 1 Michael I. Posner University of Oregon, 1–7.
Posner, M. (2012). Attentional networks and consciousness. Frontiers in psychology, 3, 64. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00064 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00064
Phillips, I. (2018). The methodological puzzle of phenomenal consciousness. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 373(1755), 20170347. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0347 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0347
Reddy, L., Moradi, F., & Koch, C. (2007). Top-down biases win against focal attention in the fusiform face area. NeuroImage, 38(4), 730–739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.08.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.08.006
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