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THE ROLE OF VOLUNTARY WORK IN THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE SOCIAL CAPITAL AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN SAUDI SOCIETY
Corresponding Author(s) : Mohammad Ahmed Hammad
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 7 No. 5 (2019): September
Abstract
Purpose: The present study aimed to identify the role of voluntary work in improving the social capital and enhancing sustainable development in the Saudi community.
Methodology: Participants were (245) volunteers who were members of the Saudi Volunteer Organization (Takatuf). Their ages were between (20-26) years and were all dwelling in Riyadh. The descriptive survey method was used and the main study instrument was a questionnaire developed by the researchers.
Main Findings: Analysis of the gathered data to answer the main two questions in the study revealed that voluntary work has a significant role in improving the social capital and achieving sustainable development in the Saudi community.
Novelty/Originality of this study: In light of these findings, this study showed the importance of urging people in charge to seriously take into consideration this vital issue related to voluntary work and provide all possible support to institutions of voluntary work in Saudi Arabia in order to help to spread the culture of voluntary work. Moreover, people in charge were recommended to view voluntary work from the perspective of its effective contribution to the development of the social capital and achievement of sustainable development within the community, rather than the perspective of voluntary work as a charitable action.
Keywords
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- Absori, Nurhayati, N., & Bangsawan, M. I. (2019). The sustainable development licensing policy of creative industry in the era of Asian Economic community (AEC) in Surakarta, Indonesia. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews, 7(3), 25-31. https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.734 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.734
- Albrithen, A., & Briskman, L. (2014). Social work ethics in Saudi Arabia: An exploration. The British Journal of Social Work, 45(7), 2192-2209. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcu083 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcu083
- Aldrich, D. P., & Meyer, M. A. (2015). Social Capital and Community Resilience. American Behavioral Scientist, 59(2), 254-269. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764214550299 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764214550299
- Anheier, H. K., & Salamon, L. M. (1999). Volunteering in cross-national perspective: Initial comparisons. Law and Contemp. Probs., 62, 43. https://doi.org/10.2307/1192266 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1192266
- Aranda, M., Zappalà , S., & Topa, G. (2019). Motivations for Volunteerism, Satisfaction, and Emotional Exhaustion: The Moderating Effect of Volunteers’ Age. Sustainability, 11(16), 4477. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11164477 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11164477
- Bauer, S., & Lim, D. (2019). Effect of Communication Practices on Volunteer Organization Identification and Retention. Sustainability, 11(9), 2467. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092467 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092467
- Bekkers, R. (2005). Charity begins at home: How socialization experiences influence giving and volunteering.
- Bekkers, R. (2007). Intergenerational transmission of volunteering. Acta Sociologica, 50(2), 99-114. https://doi.org/10.1177/0001699307077653 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0001699307077653
- Brown, E., & Ferris, J. M. (2007). Social capital and philanthropy: An analysis of the impact of social capital on individual giving and volunteering. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 36(1), 85-99. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764006293178 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764006293178
- Carter, V., & Marx, J. (2016). US Volunteering in the Aftermath of the Great Recession: Were African Americans a Significant Factor? Social Sciences, 5(2), 22. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci5020022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci5020022
- Chai, C.-L., Ueland, K., & Phiri, T. (2018). The Use of Human Capital and Limitations of Social Capital in Advancing Economic Security among Immigrant Women Living in Central Alberta, Canada. Social Sciences, 7(11), 220. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci7110220 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci7110220
- Cnaan, R. A., Boddie, S. C., & Yancey, G. I. (2003). Bowling alone but serving together. Religion as social capital. Producing the common good, 19-31.
- Dale, A. (2005). Social capital and sustainable community development: Is there a relationship. A dynamic balance: Social capital and sustainable community development, 13-30.
- Dale, A., & Newman, L. (2005). Sustainable development, education and literacy. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 6(4), 351-362. https://doi.org/10.1108/14676370510623847 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/14676370510623847
- Dale, A., & Newman, L. (2008). Social capital: a necessary and sufficient condition for sustainable community development? Community Development Journal, 45(1), 5-21. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bsn028 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bsn028
- Devereux, P. (2008). International volunteering for development and sustainability: outdated paternalism or a radical response to globalisation? Development in practice, 18(3), 357-370. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614520802030409 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09614520802030409
- Duguid, F., Mündel, K., & Schugurensky, D. (2007). Volunteer work, informal learning, and the quest for sustainable communities in Canada. Canadian journal for the study of adult education, 20(2), 41-56.
- Durand, M. (2015). The OECD better life initiative: How's life? and the measurement of wellâ€being. Review of Income and Wealth, 61(1), 4-17. https://doi.org/10.1111/roiw.12156 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/roiw.12156
- Elias, J., Sudhir, P., & Mehrotra, S. (2016). Long-term engagement in formal volunteering and well-being: An exploratory Indian study. Behavioral Sciences, 6(4), 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs6040020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/bs6040020
- Flanagan, C. A. (2004). Volunteerism, leadership, political socialization, and civic engagement. Handbook of adolescent psychology, 2, 721-745. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780471726746.ch23 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9780471726746.ch23
- Forbes, K. F., & Zampelli, E. M. (2014). Volunteerism: The influences of social, religious, and human capital. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 43(2), 227-253. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764012458542 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764012458542
- Fukuyama, F. (2001). Social capital, civil society and development. Third world quarterly, 22(1), 7-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/713701144 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/713701144
- Haddock, M., & Devereux, P. (2016). Measuring the Contribution of Volunteering to the Sustainable Development Goals: Challenges and Opportunities. Voluntaris, 4(1), 68-100. https://doi.org/10.5771/2196-3886-2016-1-68 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5771/2196-3886-2016-1-68
- Hansen, T., Aartsen, M., Slagsvold, B., & Deindl, C. (2018). Dynamics of volunteering and life satisfaction in midlife and old age: Findings from 12 European countries. Social Sciences, 7(5), 78. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci7050078 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci7050078
- Isham, J., Kolodinsky, J., & Kimberly, G. (2006). The Effects of Volunteering for Nonprofit Organizations on Social Capital Formation: Evidence from a Statewide Survey. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 35(3), 367-383. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764006290838 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764006290838
- Karlina, N., Rusli, B., ., S., & ., C. (2019). AN ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL CAPITAL IN EMPOWERMENT COMMUNITY AT UNINHABITABLE HOUSE’S RENOVATION FUND ONWEST BANDUNG REGENCY. https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.7311 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.7311
- Kumar, S., Calvo, R., Avendano, M., Sivaramakrishnan, K., & Berkman, L. F. (2012). Social support, volunteering and health around the world: Cross-national evidence from 139 countries. Social science & medicine, 74(5), 696-706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.11.017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.11.017
- L. N., K., R. M., A., D. V., G., E. N., S., N. N., K., R. M., M., & O. V., P. (2019). METHODS AND TECHNOLOGY FOR ASSESSMENT OF HUMAN CAPITAL OF A UNIVERSITY GRADUATE.
- Le Renard, A. (2012). From QurʾÄnic circles to the internet: Gender segregation and the rise of female preachers in Saudi Arabia Women, Leadership, and Mosques (pp. 105-126): Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004209367_007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004209367_007
- Lehtonen, M. (2004). The environmental–social interface of sustainable development: capabilities, social capital, institutions. Ecological economics, 49(2), 199-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.03.019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.03.019
- Measham, T. G., & Barnett, G. B. (2008). Environmental volunteering: Motivations, modes and outcomes. Australian Geographer, 39(4), 537-552. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049180802419237 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00049180802419237
- Meier, S., & Stutzer, A. (2008). Is volunteering rewarding in itself? Economica, 75(297), 39-59.
- Melles, G. (2018). Sustainable Community Development or Voluntourism: Sustainable Housing in Rural Maharashtra. Social Sciences, 7(12), 247. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci7120247 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci7120247
- Melles, G. (2019). Survey Study on Attitudes to Multi-Dimensional Sustainable Development with UK MSc Students. Social Sciences, 8(3), 75. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci8030075 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci8030075
- Muthuri, J. N., Matten, D., & Moon, J. (2009). Employee volunteering and social capital: Contributions to corporate social responsibility. British Journal of Management, 20(1), 75-89. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2007.00551.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2007.00551.x
- O'Brien, L., Burls, A., Townsend, M., & Ebden, M. (2011). Volunteering in nature as a way of enabling people to reintegrate into society. Perspectives in Public Health, 131(2), 71-81. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757913910384048 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1757913910384048
- Onyx, J., Leonard, R., & Hayward-Brown, H. (2004). The special position of volunteers in the formation of social capital. Voluntary Action.
- Portes, A. (1998). Social capital: Its origins and applications in modern sociology. Annual review of sociology, 24(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.24.1.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.24.1.1
- Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community: Simon and schuster. https://doi.org/10.1145/358916.361990 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/358916.361990
- Serageldin, I., & Grootaert, C. (1998). 10. Defining social capital: an integrating view. Evaluation and Development: the institutional dimension, 1, 203.
- Snyder, M., & Omoto, A. M. (2008). Volunteerism: Social issues perspectives and social policy implications. Social Issues and Policy Review, 2(1), 1-36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-2409.2008.00009.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-2409.2008.00009.x
- Wang, L., & Graddy, E. (2008). Social capital, volunteering, and charitable giving. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 19(1), 23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-008-9055-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-008-9055-y
- Whiteley, P. F. (1999). The origins of social capital. Social capital and European democracy, 25-44.
- Wilkinson, J., & Bittman, M. (2002). Neighbourly Acts--Volunteering, Social Capital and Democracy. Australian Journal on Volunteering, 7(2), 32-44.
- Wollebaek, D., & Selle, P. (2002). Does participation in voluntary associations contribute to social capital? The impact of intensity, scope, and type. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 31(1), 32-61. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764002311002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764002311002
- Wu, Z., Zhao, R., Zhang, X., & Liu, F. (2018). The Impact of Social Capital on Volunteering and Giving: Evidence From Urban China. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 47(6), 1201-1222. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764018784761 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764018784761
- Yaméogo, T., Fonta, W., & Wünscher, T. (2018). Can social capital influence smallholder farmers’ climate-change adaptation decisions? Evidence from three semi-arid communities in Burkina Faso, West Africa. Social Sciences, 7(3), 33. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci7030033 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci7030033
References
Absori, Nurhayati, N., & Bangsawan, M. I. (2019). The sustainable development licensing policy of creative industry in the era of Asian Economic community (AEC) in Surakarta, Indonesia. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews, 7(3), 25-31. https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.734 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.734
Albrithen, A., & Briskman, L. (2014). Social work ethics in Saudi Arabia: An exploration. The British Journal of Social Work, 45(7), 2192-2209. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcu083 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcu083
Aldrich, D. P., & Meyer, M. A. (2015). Social Capital and Community Resilience. American Behavioral Scientist, 59(2), 254-269. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764214550299 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764214550299
Anheier, H. K., & Salamon, L. M. (1999). Volunteering in cross-national perspective: Initial comparisons. Law and Contemp. Probs., 62, 43. https://doi.org/10.2307/1192266 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1192266
Aranda, M., Zappalà , S., & Topa, G. (2019). Motivations for Volunteerism, Satisfaction, and Emotional Exhaustion: The Moderating Effect of Volunteers’ Age. Sustainability, 11(16), 4477. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11164477 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11164477
Bauer, S., & Lim, D. (2019). Effect of Communication Practices on Volunteer Organization Identification and Retention. Sustainability, 11(9), 2467. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092467 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092467
Bekkers, R. (2005). Charity begins at home: How socialization experiences influence giving and volunteering.
Bekkers, R. (2007). Intergenerational transmission of volunteering. Acta Sociologica, 50(2), 99-114. https://doi.org/10.1177/0001699307077653 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0001699307077653
Brown, E., & Ferris, J. M. (2007). Social capital and philanthropy: An analysis of the impact of social capital on individual giving and volunteering. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 36(1), 85-99. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764006293178 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764006293178
Carter, V., & Marx, J. (2016). US Volunteering in the Aftermath of the Great Recession: Were African Americans a Significant Factor? Social Sciences, 5(2), 22. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci5020022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci5020022
Chai, C.-L., Ueland, K., & Phiri, T. (2018). The Use of Human Capital and Limitations of Social Capital in Advancing Economic Security among Immigrant Women Living in Central Alberta, Canada. Social Sciences, 7(11), 220. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci7110220 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci7110220
Cnaan, R. A., Boddie, S. C., & Yancey, G. I. (2003). Bowling alone but serving together. Religion as social capital. Producing the common good, 19-31.
Dale, A. (2005). Social capital and sustainable community development: Is there a relationship. A dynamic balance: Social capital and sustainable community development, 13-30.
Dale, A., & Newman, L. (2005). Sustainable development, education and literacy. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 6(4), 351-362. https://doi.org/10.1108/14676370510623847 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/14676370510623847
Dale, A., & Newman, L. (2008). Social capital: a necessary and sufficient condition for sustainable community development? Community Development Journal, 45(1), 5-21. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bsn028 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bsn028
Devereux, P. (2008). International volunteering for development and sustainability: outdated paternalism or a radical response to globalisation? Development in practice, 18(3), 357-370. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614520802030409 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09614520802030409
Duguid, F., Mündel, K., & Schugurensky, D. (2007). Volunteer work, informal learning, and the quest for sustainable communities in Canada. Canadian journal for the study of adult education, 20(2), 41-56.
Durand, M. (2015). The OECD better life initiative: How's life? and the measurement of wellâ€being. Review of Income and Wealth, 61(1), 4-17. https://doi.org/10.1111/roiw.12156 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/roiw.12156
Elias, J., Sudhir, P., & Mehrotra, S. (2016). Long-term engagement in formal volunteering and well-being: An exploratory Indian study. Behavioral Sciences, 6(4), 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs6040020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/bs6040020
Flanagan, C. A. (2004). Volunteerism, leadership, political socialization, and civic engagement. Handbook of adolescent psychology, 2, 721-745. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780471726746.ch23 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9780471726746.ch23
Forbes, K. F., & Zampelli, E. M. (2014). Volunteerism: The influences of social, religious, and human capital. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 43(2), 227-253. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764012458542 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764012458542
Fukuyama, F. (2001). Social capital, civil society and development. Third world quarterly, 22(1), 7-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/713701144 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/713701144
Haddock, M., & Devereux, P. (2016). Measuring the Contribution of Volunteering to the Sustainable Development Goals: Challenges and Opportunities. Voluntaris, 4(1), 68-100. https://doi.org/10.5771/2196-3886-2016-1-68 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5771/2196-3886-2016-1-68
Hansen, T., Aartsen, M., Slagsvold, B., & Deindl, C. (2018). Dynamics of volunteering and life satisfaction in midlife and old age: Findings from 12 European countries. Social Sciences, 7(5), 78. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci7050078 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci7050078
Isham, J., Kolodinsky, J., & Kimberly, G. (2006). The Effects of Volunteering for Nonprofit Organizations on Social Capital Formation: Evidence from a Statewide Survey. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 35(3), 367-383. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764006290838 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764006290838
Karlina, N., Rusli, B., ., S., & ., C. (2019). AN ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL CAPITAL IN EMPOWERMENT COMMUNITY AT UNINHABITABLE HOUSE’S RENOVATION FUND ONWEST BANDUNG REGENCY. https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.7311 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.7311
Kumar, S., Calvo, R., Avendano, M., Sivaramakrishnan, K., & Berkman, L. F. (2012). Social support, volunteering and health around the world: Cross-national evidence from 139 countries. Social science & medicine, 74(5), 696-706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.11.017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.11.017
L. N., K., R. M., A., D. V., G., E. N., S., N. N., K., R. M., M., & O. V., P. (2019). METHODS AND TECHNOLOGY FOR ASSESSMENT OF HUMAN CAPITAL OF A UNIVERSITY GRADUATE.
Le Renard, A. (2012). From QurʾÄnic circles to the internet: Gender segregation and the rise of female preachers in Saudi Arabia Women, Leadership, and Mosques (pp. 105-126): Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004209367_007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004209367_007
Lehtonen, M. (2004). The environmental–social interface of sustainable development: capabilities, social capital, institutions. Ecological economics, 49(2), 199-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.03.019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.03.019
Measham, T. G., & Barnett, G. B. (2008). Environmental volunteering: Motivations, modes and outcomes. Australian Geographer, 39(4), 537-552. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049180802419237 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00049180802419237
Meier, S., & Stutzer, A. (2008). Is volunteering rewarding in itself? Economica, 75(297), 39-59.
Melles, G. (2018). Sustainable Community Development or Voluntourism: Sustainable Housing in Rural Maharashtra. Social Sciences, 7(12), 247. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci7120247 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci7120247
Melles, G. (2019). Survey Study on Attitudes to Multi-Dimensional Sustainable Development with UK MSc Students. Social Sciences, 8(3), 75. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci8030075 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci8030075
Muthuri, J. N., Matten, D., & Moon, J. (2009). Employee volunteering and social capital: Contributions to corporate social responsibility. British Journal of Management, 20(1), 75-89. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2007.00551.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2007.00551.x
O'Brien, L., Burls, A., Townsend, M., & Ebden, M. (2011). Volunteering in nature as a way of enabling people to reintegrate into society. Perspectives in Public Health, 131(2), 71-81. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757913910384048 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1757913910384048
Onyx, J., Leonard, R., & Hayward-Brown, H. (2004). The special position of volunteers in the formation of social capital. Voluntary Action.
Portes, A. (1998). Social capital: Its origins and applications in modern sociology. Annual review of sociology, 24(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.24.1.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.24.1.1
Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community: Simon and schuster. https://doi.org/10.1145/358916.361990 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/358916.361990
Serageldin, I., & Grootaert, C. (1998). 10. Defining social capital: an integrating view. Evaluation and Development: the institutional dimension, 1, 203.
Snyder, M., & Omoto, A. M. (2008). Volunteerism: Social issues perspectives and social policy implications. Social Issues and Policy Review, 2(1), 1-36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-2409.2008.00009.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-2409.2008.00009.x
Wang, L., & Graddy, E. (2008). Social capital, volunteering, and charitable giving. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 19(1), 23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-008-9055-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-008-9055-y
Whiteley, P. F. (1999). The origins of social capital. Social capital and European democracy, 25-44.
Wilkinson, J., & Bittman, M. (2002). Neighbourly Acts--Volunteering, Social Capital and Democracy. Australian Journal on Volunteering, 7(2), 32-44.
Wollebaek, D., & Selle, P. (2002). Does participation in voluntary associations contribute to social capital? The impact of intensity, scope, and type. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 31(1), 32-61. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764002311002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764002311002
Wu, Z., Zhao, R., Zhang, X., & Liu, F. (2018). The Impact of Social Capital on Volunteering and Giving: Evidence From Urban China. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 47(6), 1201-1222. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764018784761 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764018784761
Yaméogo, T., Fonta, W., & Wünscher, T. (2018). Can social capital influence smallholder farmers’ climate-change adaptation decisions? Evidence from three semi-arid communities in Burkina Faso, West Africa. Social Sciences, 7(3), 33. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci7030033 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci7030033