Issue
Authors retain the copyright without restrictions for their published content in this journal. HSSR is a SHERPA ROMEO Green Journal.
Publishing License
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of
EMPLOYEE WORK-LIFE BALANCE, SATISFACTION AND BURNOUT IN IRAN AND SPAIN
Corresponding Author(s) : Tara Tavassoli
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 8 No. 3 (2020): May
Abstract
Purpose of the study: This research explores the effects of Work-Life Balance (WLB) on job and life satisfaction, and burnout in Iran and Spain. Besides, this research investigates the impact of WLB on organizational commitment and the mediating role of this factor on the studied outcomes.
Methodology: This study uses confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling in AMOS to analyze a sample of 263 full-time employees. The sample includes employees from various sectors and firms. The same measurement scales, factors, and structural models were used in both studied countries.
Main Findings: The results of this study confirm that there are positive relationships between WLB and job and life satisfaction and negative relationships between WLB and burnout in both countries. Furthermore, results confirm the partial mediating role of organizational commitment on WLB and the studied outcomes in a way that WLB has a positive impact on the organizational commitment which is, in turn, positively associated with job satisfaction and negatively related to cynicism in both country samples.
Applications of this study: These findings involve that WLB has a positive impact on employees' outcomes. Therefore, organizations should implement and promote WLB policies as a means to increase their employees' satisfaction while reducing job burnout. Employers' attention to WLB should be prominent.
Novelty/Originality of this study: This research is one of the first studies to investigate WLB outcomes in Middle-Eastern societies like Iran and compare them with western societies. The results show more similarities than differences between the two studied country samples, although few differences are found.
Keywords
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
- Allen, T. D. (2001). Family-supportive work environments: The role of organizational perceptions. Journal of vocational behavior, 58(3), 414-435. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.2000.1774 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.2000.1774
- Anderson S. Jr., Gabbe, S. G., & Christensen, J. F. (2002). Mid-career burnout in generalist and specialist physicians. Jama, 288(12), 1447-1450. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.288.12.1447 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.288.12.1447
- Appelbaum, E., Bailey, T., Berg, P. B., Kalleberg, A. L., & Bailey, T. A. (2000). Manufacturing advantage: Why high-performance work systems pay off. Cornell University Press.
- Arun R. R., (2013), A study on the work-life balance of employees in Pharma Marketing, International Research Journal of Pharmacy, 4(1), 209- 211.
- Aryee, S., Srinivas, E. S., & Tan, H. H. (2005). Rhythms of life: antecedents and outcomes of work-family balance in employed parents. Journal of applied psychology, 90(1), 132-146. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.1.132 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.1.132
- Backhaus, K. (2015). Facilitating Work-Life Balance: Understanding the Factors That Predict Managers' Support. https://doi.org/10.1080/15416518.2015.1049095 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15416518.2015.1049095
- Balmforth, K., & Gardner, D. (2006). Conflict and facilitation between work and family: Realizing the outcomes for organizations. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 35(2), 69-76.
- Baltes, B. B., Briggs, T. E., Huff, J. W., Wright, J. A., & Neuman, G. A. (1999). Flexible and compressed workweek schedules: A meta-analysis of their effects on work-related criteria. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(4), 496-513. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.84.4.496 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.84.4.496
- Beauregard, T. A., & Henry, L. C. (2009). Making the link between work-life balance practices and organizational performance. Human resource management review, 19(1), 9-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2008.09.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2008.09.001
- Beauregard, T. A. (2011). Direct and indirect links between organizational work-home culture and employee well-being. British Journal of Management, 22(2), 218-237. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2010.00723.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2010.00723.x
- Beigi, M., Mirkhalilzadeh Ershadi, S., & Shirmohammadi, M. (2012). Work-family conflict and its antecedents among Iranian operating room personnel. Management Research Review, 35(10), 958-973. https://doi.org/10.1108/01409171211272688 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/01409171211272688
- Brough, P., Timms, C., O'Driscoll, M. P., Kalliath, T., Siu, O. L., Sit, C., & Lo, D. (2014). Work-life balance: A longitudinal evaluation of a new measure across Australia and New Zealand workers. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(19), 2724-2744. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2014.899262 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2014.899262
- Bruck, C. S., Allen, T. D., & Spector, P. E. (2002). The relation between work-family conflict and job satisfaction: A finer-grained analysis. Journal of vocational behavior, 60(3), 336-353. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.2001.1836 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.2001.1836
- Bryson, L., Warner-Smith, P., Brown, P., & Fray, L. (2007). Managing the work-life roller-coaster: Private stress or public health issue? Social Science & Medicine, 65(6), 1142-1153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.04.027 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.04.027
- Carlson, D. S., Grzywacz, J. G., & Zivnuska, S. (2009). Is work-family balance more than conflict and enrichment? Human Relations, 62(10), 1459-1486. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726709336500 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726709336500
- Cengiz, A. A., & Er, F. (2018). Coping with Work-Family Conflict, Integrating Satisfaction of Basic Psychological Needs: A Case Study in EskiÅŸehir/Turkey. Anadolu Ãœniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19(2), 81-98. https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.566692 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.566692
- Chen, F. F. (2008). What happens if we compare chopsticks with forks? The impact of making inappropriate comparisons in cross-cultural research. Journal of personality and social psychology, 95(5), 1005-1018. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013193 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013193
- Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural equation modeling, 9(2), 233-255. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5
- Clark, S. C. (2000). Work/family border theory: A new theory of work/family balance. Human Relations, 53(6), 747-770. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726700536001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726700536001
- Clark, S. L., & Weismantle, M. (2003). Employment Status, 2000. US Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, US Census Bureau.
- Clarke, M. C., Koch, L. C., & Hill, E. J. (2004). The Workâ€Family Interface: Differentiating Balance and Fit. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 33(2), 121-140. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077727X04269610 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1077727X04269610
- Cohen A. (2003). Multiple Commitments in the Workplace: An Integrative Approach, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410607423 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410607423
- Crompton, R. (Ed.). (1999). Restructuring gender relations and employment: The decline of the male breadwinner. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Crompton, R., & Lyonette, C. (2006). Work-life' balance' in Europe. Acta sociologica, 49(4), 379-393. https://doi.org/10.1177/0001699306071680 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0001699306071680
- Dean, J. W., Brandes, P., & Dharwadkar, R. (1998). Organizational cynicism. Academy of Management Review, 23(2), 341-352. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1998.533230 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1998.533230
- Delecta, P. (2011). Work-life balance. International Journal of Current Research, 3(4), 186-189.
- Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied psychology, 86(3), 499-512. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499
- Devece, C., Palacios-Marqués, D., & Alguacil, M. P. (2016). Organizational commitment and its effects on organizational citizenship behavior in a high-unemployment environment. Journal of Business Research, 69(5), 1857-1861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.10.069 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.10.069
- Diener, E. D., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of personality assessment, 49(1), 71-75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
- Drago, R., & Kashian, R. (2003). Mapping the terrain of work/family journals. Journal of Family Issues, 24(4), 488-512. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X02250741 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X02250741
- Duxbury, L., & Higgins, C. (2001). Work-Life Balance in the New Millennium: Where Are We? Where Do We Need To Go? CPRN Discussion Paper.
- Eaton, S. C. (2003). If you can use them: Flexibility policies, organizational commitment, and perceived performance. Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, 42(2), 145-167. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-232X.00285 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-232X.00285
- Eby, L. T., Casper, W. J., Lockwood, A., Bordeaux, C., & Brinley, A. (2005). Work and family research in IO/OB: Content analysis and review of the literature (1980–2002). Journal of vocational behavior, 66(1), 124-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2003.11.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2003.11.003
- Eslami, J., & Gharakhani, D. (2012). Organizational commitment and job satisfaction. ARPN Journal of Science and Technology, 2(2), 85-91.
- Fontaine, J. R. J (2005). Equivalence. In K. Kempf-Leonard (Ed), Encyclopedia of social measurement (pp. 803-813). San Diego: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-369398-5/00116-X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-369398-5/00116-X
- Frone, M. R. (2003). Work-family balance. Handbook of occupational health psychology, 7, 143-162. https://doi.org/10.1037/10474-007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/10474-007
- Fu, C. K., & Shaffer, M. A. (2001). The tug of work and family: Direct and indirect domain-specific determinants of work-family conflict. Personnel Review, 30(5), 502-522. https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000005936 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000005936
- Garg, M., & Dawra, S. (2017). Work-Life Balance and Women Employees, International Journal of Applied Business and Economic Research, 15(22), 233-246.
- Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R. E., & McKee, A. (2002). The new leaders: Transforming the art of leadership into the science of results (p. 14). London: Little, Brown.
- Greenhaus, J. H. & Allen, T. D. (2011). Work-Family Balance: A Review and Extension of the Literature. In J.C. Quick and L.E.Tetrick (Eds.), Handbook of Occupational Health Psychology (pp. 165-183, 2nd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1chs29w.14
- Greenhaus, J. H., Collins, K. M., & Shaw, J. D. (2003). The relation between work-family balance and quality of life. Journal of vocational behavior, 63(3), 510-531. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-8791(02)00042-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-8791(02)00042-8
- Grover, S. L., & Crooker, K. J. (1995). Who appreciates familyâ€responsive human resource policies: The impact of family-friendly policies on the organizational attachment of parents and nonâ€parents. Personnel Psychology, 48(2), 271-288. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1995.tb01757.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1995.tb01757.x
- Guest, D. E. (2002). Perspectives on the study of work-life balance. Social Science Information, 41(2), 255-279. https://doi.org/10.1177/0539018402041002005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0539018402041002005
- Haar, J. M. (2013). Testing a new measure of work-life balance: a study of parent and non-parent employees from New Zealand. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(17), 3305-3324. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2013.775175 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2013.775175
- Haar, J. M., Russo, M., Sune, A., & Ollier-Malaterre, A. (2014). Outcomes of work-life balance on job satisfaction, life satisfaction, and mental health: A study across seven cultures. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 85(3), 361-373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2014.08.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2014.08.010
- Halbesleben, J. R., & Buckley, M. R. (2004). Burnout in organizational life. Journal of management, 30(6), 859-879. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jm.2004.06.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jm.2004.06.004
- Hall, D. T., Kossek, E. E., Briscoe, J. P., Pichler, S., & Lee, M. D. (2013). Nonwork orientations were relative to career: A multidimensional measure. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 83(3), 539-550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2013.07.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2013.07.005
- Hammonds, K. H. (1997). Work and family: Business Week's second survey of family-friendly corporate policies. Business Week, 96–99, 102–104.
- Judge, T. A., Bono, J. E., Erez, A., & Locke, E. A. (2005). Core self-evaluations and job and life satisfaction: the role of self-concordance and goal attainment. Journal of applied psychology, 90(2), 257-268. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.2.257 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.2.257
- Judge, T. A., & Watanabe, S. (1993). Another look at the job satisfaction-life satisfaction relationship. Journal of applied psychology, 78(6), 939. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.78.6.939 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.78.6.939
- Kalliath, T., & Brough, P. (2008). Work-life balance: A review of the meaning of the balance construct. Journal of management & organization, 14(3), 323-327. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1833367200003308 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1833367200003308
- Karimi, L. (2009). Do female and male employees in Iran experience similar work-family interference, job, and life satisfaction? Journal of Family Issues, 30(1), 124-142. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X08324973 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X08324973
- King, R. C., & Sethi, V. (1997). The moderating effect of organizational commitment on burnout in information systems professionals. European Journal of Information Systems, 6(2), 86-96. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.ejis.3000259 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.ejis.3000259
- Kirchmeyer, C. (2000). Work-Life Initiatives: Greed or Benevolence Regarding Workers' Time?. Trends in organizational behavior, 7, 79-94.
- Korunka, C., Tement, S., Zdrehus, C., & Borza, A. (2010). Burnout: Definition, recognition, and prevention approaches. Boit.
- Kossek, E. E., Valcour, M., & Lirio, P. (2014). The sustainable workforce: Organizational strategies for promoting work-life balance and well-being. In C. Cooper, & P.Chen (Eds.), Work and wellbeing (pp. 295–318). Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118539415.wbwell030 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118539415.wbwell030
- Kyei-Poku, I. A. (2014). Linking interactional justice to work-to-family conflict: The mediating role of emotional exhaustion. Organization Management Journal, 11(2), 74-83. https://doi.org/10.1080/15416518.2014.929932 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15416518.2014.929932
- Lagerström, M., Josephson, M., Arsalani, N., & Fallahi-Khoshknab, M. (2010). Striving for a balance between family and work demands among Iranian nurses. Nursing Science Quarterly, 23(2), 166-172. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318410362543 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318410362543
- Lambert, S. J. (2000). Added benefits: The link between work-life benefits and organizational citizenship behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 43(5), 801-815. https://doi.org/10.2307/1556411 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1556411
- Lambert, S. J., & Kossek, E. E. (2004). "Work-Family Scholarship": Voice and Context. In Work and Life Integration (pp. 25-38). Psychology Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410611529-11
- Leiter, M. P., & Maslach, C. (2009). Nurse turnover: the mediating role of burnout. Journal of nursing management, 17(3), 331-339. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2834.2009.01004.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2834.2009.01004.x
- Lyness, K. S., & Judiesch, M. K. (2014). Gender egalitarianism and work-life balance for managers: Multisource perspectives in 36 countries. Applied Psychology, 63(1), 96-129. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12011
- Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E., & Leiter, M. P. (1996). Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual (3rd Ed.) Mountain View, CA: CPP.
- Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual review of psychology, 52(1), 397-422. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397
- Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1997). Commitment in the workplace: Theory, research, and application. Sage.
- Milfont, T. L., Duckitt, J., & Wagner, C. (2010). The higher-order structure of environmental attitudes: A cross-cultural examination. Interamerican Journal of Psychology, 44(2).
- Moorman, R. H., & Podsakoff, P. M. (1992). A meta-analytic review and empirical test of the potential confounding effects of social desirability response sets in organizational behavior research. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 65(2), 131-149. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1992.tb00490.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1992.tb00490.x
- O'Shea, M. (2003). Culture Shock! Iran. Portland, OR: Graphic Arts Center Publishing.
- Ollier-Malaterre, A., Valcour, M., Den Dulk, L., & Kossek, E. E. (2013). Theorizing national context to develop comparative work-life research: A review and research agenda. European Management Journal, 31(5), 433-447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2013.05.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2013.05.002
- Pasamar, S., & Valle, R. (2015). Antecedents of work-life involvement in work-life issues: institutional pressures, efficiency gains, or both?. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 26(8), 1130-1151. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2014.925945 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2014.925945
- Peng, J., Li, D., Zhang, Z., Tian, Y., Miao, D., Xiao, W., & Zhang, J. (2016). How can core self-evaluations influence job burnout? The key roles of organizational commitment and job satisfaction. Journal of health psychology, 21(1), 50-59. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105314521478 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105314521478
- Perrons, D., Fagan, C., McDowell, L., Ray, K., & Ward, K. (2005). Work, life, and time in the new economy: an introduction. Time & Society, 14(1), 51-64. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X05050298 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X05050298
- Richardsen, A. M., Burke, R. J., & Mikkelsen, A. (1999). Job pressures, organizational support, and health among Norwegian women managers. International Journal of Stress Management, 6(3), 167-177. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021982608408 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021982608408
- Rusu, R. (2019). Organizational Commitment and Characteristics of the Workplace. Land Forces Academy Review, 24(4), 297-302. https://doi.org/10.2478/raft-2019-0037 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/raft-2019-0037
- Saraih, U. N., Mohd Zaki, M. I. I. Mohd Karim, K., Sakdan, M. F. & Amlus, M.H. (2019). The influences of job performance, work-life balance, and organizational justice on employees' career satisfaction. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews, 7(5), 442-447. https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.7549 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.7549
- Schwab, K. (2016). "The Global Competitiveness Report 2016-2017", World Economic Forum. Retrieved from https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-global-competitiveness-report-2016-2017-1.
- Shanafelt, T. D., Hasan, O., Dyrbye, L. N., Sinsky, C., Satele, D., Sloan, J., & West, C. P. (2015). Changes in burnout and satisfaction with work-life balance in physicians and the general US working population between 2011 and 2014. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 90(12), pp. 1600-1613). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.08.023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.08.023
- Sparks, K., Faragher, B., & Cooper, C. L. (2001). Well-being and occupational health in the 21st-century workplace. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 74(4), 489–509. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317901167497 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1348/096317901167497
- Spector, P. E. (1997). Job satisfaction: Application, assessment, causes, and consequences (Vol. 3). Sage publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452231549 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452231549
- Swarnalatha, C. & Rajalakshmi, S. (2012). A Study on Managing Work-life Balance of Faculties, International Journal of Human Resource Management and Research, 2(3), 21-28.
- Tayebiniya, N. K., & Khorasgani, N. S. (2018). The relationship between workplace spirituality and job performance among the staff of Azad Islamic University, Iran. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews, 6(1), 14-18. https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2018.613 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2018.613
- Thomas, L. T., & Ganster, D. C. (1995). Impact of family-supportive work variables on work-family conflict and strain: A control perspective. Journal of applied psychology, 80(1), 6-15. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.80.1.6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.80.1.6
- Valcour, M. (2007). Work-based resources as moderators of the relationship between work hours and satisfaction with work-family balance. Journal of applied psychology, 92(6), 1512-1523. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.6.1512 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.6.1512
- Vanaki, Z., & Vagharseyyedin, S. A. (2009). Organizational commitment, work environment conditions, and life satisfaction among Iranian nurses. Nursing & health sciences, 11(4), 404-409. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-2018.2009.00473.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-2018.2009.00473.x
- Voydanoff, P. (2005). Toward a conceptualization of perceived workâ€family fit and balance: A demands and resources approach. Journal of marriage and family, 67(4), 822-836. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2005.00178.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2005.00178.x
- Wayne, J. H., Grzywacz, J. G., Carlson, D. S., & Kacmar, K. M. (2007). Work-family facilitation: A theoretical explanation and model of primary antecedents and consequences. Human Resource Management Review, 17(1), 63-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2007.01.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2007.01.002
- Yuile, C., Chang, A., Gudmundsson, A., & Sawang, S. (2012). The role of life-friendly policies on employees' work-life balance. Journal of Management & Organization, 18(1), 53-63. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1833367200001061 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1833367200001061
- Warner, M., & Hausdorf, P. A. (2009). Understanding work-to-family conflict: the role of organization and supervisor support for work-life issues. Organization Management Journal, 6(3), 130-145. https://doi.org/10.1057/omj.2009.19 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/omj.2009.19
- Williams, L. J., Vandenberg, R. J., & Edwards, J. R. (2009). 12 structural equation modeling in management research: A guide for improved analysis. Academy of Management Annals, 3(1), 543-604. https://doi.org/10.5465/19416520903065683 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/19416520903065683
- Wright, T. A., & Hobfoll, S. E. (2004). Commitment, psychological well-being, and job performance: An examination of conservation of resources (COR) theory and job burnout. Journal of Business & Management, 9(4), 389-406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2004.09.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2004.09.002
References
Allen, T. D. (2001). Family-supportive work environments: The role of organizational perceptions. Journal of vocational behavior, 58(3), 414-435. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.2000.1774 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.2000.1774
Anderson S. Jr., Gabbe, S. G., & Christensen, J. F. (2002). Mid-career burnout in generalist and specialist physicians. Jama, 288(12), 1447-1450. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.288.12.1447 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.288.12.1447
Appelbaum, E., Bailey, T., Berg, P. B., Kalleberg, A. L., & Bailey, T. A. (2000). Manufacturing advantage: Why high-performance work systems pay off. Cornell University Press.
Arun R. R., (2013), A study on the work-life balance of employees in Pharma Marketing, International Research Journal of Pharmacy, 4(1), 209- 211.
Aryee, S., Srinivas, E. S., & Tan, H. H. (2005). Rhythms of life: antecedents and outcomes of work-family balance in employed parents. Journal of applied psychology, 90(1), 132-146. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.1.132 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.1.132
Backhaus, K. (2015). Facilitating Work-Life Balance: Understanding the Factors That Predict Managers' Support. https://doi.org/10.1080/15416518.2015.1049095 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15416518.2015.1049095
Balmforth, K., & Gardner, D. (2006). Conflict and facilitation between work and family: Realizing the outcomes for organizations. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 35(2), 69-76.
Baltes, B. B., Briggs, T. E., Huff, J. W., Wright, J. A., & Neuman, G. A. (1999). Flexible and compressed workweek schedules: A meta-analysis of their effects on work-related criteria. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(4), 496-513. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.84.4.496 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.84.4.496
Beauregard, T. A., & Henry, L. C. (2009). Making the link between work-life balance practices and organizational performance. Human resource management review, 19(1), 9-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2008.09.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2008.09.001
Beauregard, T. A. (2011). Direct and indirect links between organizational work-home culture and employee well-being. British Journal of Management, 22(2), 218-237. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2010.00723.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2010.00723.x
Beigi, M., Mirkhalilzadeh Ershadi, S., & Shirmohammadi, M. (2012). Work-family conflict and its antecedents among Iranian operating room personnel. Management Research Review, 35(10), 958-973. https://doi.org/10.1108/01409171211272688 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/01409171211272688
Brough, P., Timms, C., O'Driscoll, M. P., Kalliath, T., Siu, O. L., Sit, C., & Lo, D. (2014). Work-life balance: A longitudinal evaluation of a new measure across Australia and New Zealand workers. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(19), 2724-2744. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2014.899262 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2014.899262
Bruck, C. S., Allen, T. D., & Spector, P. E. (2002). The relation between work-family conflict and job satisfaction: A finer-grained analysis. Journal of vocational behavior, 60(3), 336-353. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.2001.1836 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.2001.1836
Bryson, L., Warner-Smith, P., Brown, P., & Fray, L. (2007). Managing the work-life roller-coaster: Private stress or public health issue? Social Science & Medicine, 65(6), 1142-1153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.04.027 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.04.027
Carlson, D. S., Grzywacz, J. G., & Zivnuska, S. (2009). Is work-family balance more than conflict and enrichment? Human Relations, 62(10), 1459-1486. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726709336500 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726709336500
Cengiz, A. A., & Er, F. (2018). Coping with Work-Family Conflict, Integrating Satisfaction of Basic Psychological Needs: A Case Study in EskiÅŸehir/Turkey. Anadolu Ãœniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19(2), 81-98. https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.566692 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.566692
Chen, F. F. (2008). What happens if we compare chopsticks with forks? The impact of making inappropriate comparisons in cross-cultural research. Journal of personality and social psychology, 95(5), 1005-1018. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013193 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013193
Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural equation modeling, 9(2), 233-255. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5
Clark, S. C. (2000). Work/family border theory: A new theory of work/family balance. Human Relations, 53(6), 747-770. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726700536001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726700536001
Clark, S. L., & Weismantle, M. (2003). Employment Status, 2000. US Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, US Census Bureau.
Clarke, M. C., Koch, L. C., & Hill, E. J. (2004). The Workâ€Family Interface: Differentiating Balance and Fit. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 33(2), 121-140. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077727X04269610 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1077727X04269610
Cohen A. (2003). Multiple Commitments in the Workplace: An Integrative Approach, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410607423 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410607423
Crompton, R. (Ed.). (1999). Restructuring gender relations and employment: The decline of the male breadwinner. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Crompton, R., & Lyonette, C. (2006). Work-life' balance' in Europe. Acta sociologica, 49(4), 379-393. https://doi.org/10.1177/0001699306071680 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0001699306071680
Dean, J. W., Brandes, P., & Dharwadkar, R. (1998). Organizational cynicism. Academy of Management Review, 23(2), 341-352. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1998.533230 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1998.533230
Delecta, P. (2011). Work-life balance. International Journal of Current Research, 3(4), 186-189.
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied psychology, 86(3), 499-512. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499
Devece, C., Palacios-Marqués, D., & Alguacil, M. P. (2016). Organizational commitment and its effects on organizational citizenship behavior in a high-unemployment environment. Journal of Business Research, 69(5), 1857-1861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.10.069 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.10.069
Diener, E. D., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of personality assessment, 49(1), 71-75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
Drago, R., & Kashian, R. (2003). Mapping the terrain of work/family journals. Journal of Family Issues, 24(4), 488-512. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X02250741 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X02250741
Duxbury, L., & Higgins, C. (2001). Work-Life Balance in the New Millennium: Where Are We? Where Do We Need To Go? CPRN Discussion Paper.
Eaton, S. C. (2003). If you can use them: Flexibility policies, organizational commitment, and perceived performance. Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, 42(2), 145-167. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-232X.00285 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-232X.00285
Eby, L. T., Casper, W. J., Lockwood, A., Bordeaux, C., & Brinley, A. (2005). Work and family research in IO/OB: Content analysis and review of the literature (1980–2002). Journal of vocational behavior, 66(1), 124-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2003.11.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2003.11.003
Eslami, J., & Gharakhani, D. (2012). Organizational commitment and job satisfaction. ARPN Journal of Science and Technology, 2(2), 85-91.
Fontaine, J. R. J (2005). Equivalence. In K. Kempf-Leonard (Ed), Encyclopedia of social measurement (pp. 803-813). San Diego: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-369398-5/00116-X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-369398-5/00116-X
Frone, M. R. (2003). Work-family balance. Handbook of occupational health psychology, 7, 143-162. https://doi.org/10.1037/10474-007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/10474-007
Fu, C. K., & Shaffer, M. A. (2001). The tug of work and family: Direct and indirect domain-specific determinants of work-family conflict. Personnel Review, 30(5), 502-522. https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000005936 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000005936
Garg, M., & Dawra, S. (2017). Work-Life Balance and Women Employees, International Journal of Applied Business and Economic Research, 15(22), 233-246.
Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R. E., & McKee, A. (2002). The new leaders: Transforming the art of leadership into the science of results (p. 14). London: Little, Brown.
Greenhaus, J. H. & Allen, T. D. (2011). Work-Family Balance: A Review and Extension of the Literature. In J.C. Quick and L.E.Tetrick (Eds.), Handbook of Occupational Health Psychology (pp. 165-183, 2nd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1chs29w.14
Greenhaus, J. H., Collins, K. M., & Shaw, J. D. (2003). The relation between work-family balance and quality of life. Journal of vocational behavior, 63(3), 510-531. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-8791(02)00042-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-8791(02)00042-8
Grover, S. L., & Crooker, K. J. (1995). Who appreciates familyâ€responsive human resource policies: The impact of family-friendly policies on the organizational attachment of parents and nonâ€parents. Personnel Psychology, 48(2), 271-288. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1995.tb01757.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1995.tb01757.x
Guest, D. E. (2002). Perspectives on the study of work-life balance. Social Science Information, 41(2), 255-279. https://doi.org/10.1177/0539018402041002005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0539018402041002005
Haar, J. M. (2013). Testing a new measure of work-life balance: a study of parent and non-parent employees from New Zealand. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(17), 3305-3324. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2013.775175 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2013.775175
Haar, J. M., Russo, M., Sune, A., & Ollier-Malaterre, A. (2014). Outcomes of work-life balance on job satisfaction, life satisfaction, and mental health: A study across seven cultures. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 85(3), 361-373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2014.08.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2014.08.010
Halbesleben, J. R., & Buckley, M. R. (2004). Burnout in organizational life. Journal of management, 30(6), 859-879. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jm.2004.06.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jm.2004.06.004
Hall, D. T., Kossek, E. E., Briscoe, J. P., Pichler, S., & Lee, M. D. (2013). Nonwork orientations were relative to career: A multidimensional measure. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 83(3), 539-550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2013.07.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2013.07.005
Hammonds, K. H. (1997). Work and family: Business Week's second survey of family-friendly corporate policies. Business Week, 96–99, 102–104.
Judge, T. A., Bono, J. E., Erez, A., & Locke, E. A. (2005). Core self-evaluations and job and life satisfaction: the role of self-concordance and goal attainment. Journal of applied psychology, 90(2), 257-268. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.2.257 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.2.257
Judge, T. A., & Watanabe, S. (1993). Another look at the job satisfaction-life satisfaction relationship. Journal of applied psychology, 78(6), 939. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.78.6.939 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.78.6.939
Kalliath, T., & Brough, P. (2008). Work-life balance: A review of the meaning of the balance construct. Journal of management & organization, 14(3), 323-327. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1833367200003308 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1833367200003308
Karimi, L. (2009). Do female and male employees in Iran experience similar work-family interference, job, and life satisfaction? Journal of Family Issues, 30(1), 124-142. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X08324973 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X08324973
King, R. C., & Sethi, V. (1997). The moderating effect of organizational commitment on burnout in information systems professionals. European Journal of Information Systems, 6(2), 86-96. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.ejis.3000259 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.ejis.3000259
Kirchmeyer, C. (2000). Work-Life Initiatives: Greed or Benevolence Regarding Workers' Time?. Trends in organizational behavior, 7, 79-94.
Korunka, C., Tement, S., Zdrehus, C., & Borza, A. (2010). Burnout: Definition, recognition, and prevention approaches. Boit.
Kossek, E. E., Valcour, M., & Lirio, P. (2014). The sustainable workforce: Organizational strategies for promoting work-life balance and well-being. In C. Cooper, & P.Chen (Eds.), Work and wellbeing (pp. 295–318). Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118539415.wbwell030 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118539415.wbwell030
Kyei-Poku, I. A. (2014). Linking interactional justice to work-to-family conflict: The mediating role of emotional exhaustion. Organization Management Journal, 11(2), 74-83. https://doi.org/10.1080/15416518.2014.929932 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15416518.2014.929932
Lagerström, M., Josephson, M., Arsalani, N., & Fallahi-Khoshknab, M. (2010). Striving for a balance between family and work demands among Iranian nurses. Nursing Science Quarterly, 23(2), 166-172. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318410362543 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318410362543
Lambert, S. J. (2000). Added benefits: The link between work-life benefits and organizational citizenship behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 43(5), 801-815. https://doi.org/10.2307/1556411 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1556411
Lambert, S. J., & Kossek, E. E. (2004). "Work-Family Scholarship": Voice and Context. In Work and Life Integration (pp. 25-38). Psychology Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410611529-11
Leiter, M. P., & Maslach, C. (2009). Nurse turnover: the mediating role of burnout. Journal of nursing management, 17(3), 331-339. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2834.2009.01004.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2834.2009.01004.x
Lyness, K. S., & Judiesch, M. K. (2014). Gender egalitarianism and work-life balance for managers: Multisource perspectives in 36 countries. Applied Psychology, 63(1), 96-129. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12011
Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E., & Leiter, M. P. (1996). Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual (3rd Ed.) Mountain View, CA: CPP.
Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual review of psychology, 52(1), 397-422. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397
Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1997). Commitment in the workplace: Theory, research, and application. Sage.
Milfont, T. L., Duckitt, J., & Wagner, C. (2010). The higher-order structure of environmental attitudes: A cross-cultural examination. Interamerican Journal of Psychology, 44(2).
Moorman, R. H., & Podsakoff, P. M. (1992). A meta-analytic review and empirical test of the potential confounding effects of social desirability response sets in organizational behavior research. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 65(2), 131-149. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1992.tb00490.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1992.tb00490.x
O'Shea, M. (2003). Culture Shock! Iran. Portland, OR: Graphic Arts Center Publishing.
Ollier-Malaterre, A., Valcour, M., Den Dulk, L., & Kossek, E. E. (2013). Theorizing national context to develop comparative work-life research: A review and research agenda. European Management Journal, 31(5), 433-447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2013.05.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2013.05.002
Pasamar, S., & Valle, R. (2015). Antecedents of work-life involvement in work-life issues: institutional pressures, efficiency gains, or both?. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 26(8), 1130-1151. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2014.925945 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2014.925945
Peng, J., Li, D., Zhang, Z., Tian, Y., Miao, D., Xiao, W., & Zhang, J. (2016). How can core self-evaluations influence job burnout? The key roles of organizational commitment and job satisfaction. Journal of health psychology, 21(1), 50-59. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105314521478 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105314521478
Perrons, D., Fagan, C., McDowell, L., Ray, K., & Ward, K. (2005). Work, life, and time in the new economy: an introduction. Time & Society, 14(1), 51-64. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X05050298 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X05050298
Richardsen, A. M., Burke, R. J., & Mikkelsen, A. (1999). Job pressures, organizational support, and health among Norwegian women managers. International Journal of Stress Management, 6(3), 167-177. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021982608408 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021982608408
Rusu, R. (2019). Organizational Commitment and Characteristics of the Workplace. Land Forces Academy Review, 24(4), 297-302. https://doi.org/10.2478/raft-2019-0037 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/raft-2019-0037
Saraih, U. N., Mohd Zaki, M. I. I. Mohd Karim, K., Sakdan, M. F. & Amlus, M.H. (2019). The influences of job performance, work-life balance, and organizational justice on employees' career satisfaction. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews, 7(5), 442-447. https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.7549 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.7549
Schwab, K. (2016). "The Global Competitiveness Report 2016-2017", World Economic Forum. Retrieved from https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-global-competitiveness-report-2016-2017-1.
Shanafelt, T. D., Hasan, O., Dyrbye, L. N., Sinsky, C., Satele, D., Sloan, J., & West, C. P. (2015). Changes in burnout and satisfaction with work-life balance in physicians and the general US working population between 2011 and 2014. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 90(12), pp. 1600-1613). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.08.023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.08.023
Sparks, K., Faragher, B., & Cooper, C. L. (2001). Well-being and occupational health in the 21st-century workplace. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 74(4), 489–509. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317901167497 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1348/096317901167497
Spector, P. E. (1997). Job satisfaction: Application, assessment, causes, and consequences (Vol. 3). Sage publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452231549 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452231549
Swarnalatha, C. & Rajalakshmi, S. (2012). A Study on Managing Work-life Balance of Faculties, International Journal of Human Resource Management and Research, 2(3), 21-28.
Tayebiniya, N. K., & Khorasgani, N. S. (2018). The relationship between workplace spirituality and job performance among the staff of Azad Islamic University, Iran. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews, 6(1), 14-18. https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2018.613 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2018.613
Thomas, L. T., & Ganster, D. C. (1995). Impact of family-supportive work variables on work-family conflict and strain: A control perspective. Journal of applied psychology, 80(1), 6-15. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.80.1.6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.80.1.6
Valcour, M. (2007). Work-based resources as moderators of the relationship between work hours and satisfaction with work-family balance. Journal of applied psychology, 92(6), 1512-1523. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.6.1512 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.6.1512
Vanaki, Z., & Vagharseyyedin, S. A. (2009). Organizational commitment, work environment conditions, and life satisfaction among Iranian nurses. Nursing & health sciences, 11(4), 404-409. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-2018.2009.00473.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-2018.2009.00473.x
Voydanoff, P. (2005). Toward a conceptualization of perceived workâ€family fit and balance: A demands and resources approach. Journal of marriage and family, 67(4), 822-836. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2005.00178.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2005.00178.x
Wayne, J. H., Grzywacz, J. G., Carlson, D. S., & Kacmar, K. M. (2007). Work-family facilitation: A theoretical explanation and model of primary antecedents and consequences. Human Resource Management Review, 17(1), 63-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2007.01.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2007.01.002
Yuile, C., Chang, A., Gudmundsson, A., & Sawang, S. (2012). The role of life-friendly policies on employees' work-life balance. Journal of Management & Organization, 18(1), 53-63. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1833367200001061 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1833367200001061
Warner, M., & Hausdorf, P. A. (2009). Understanding work-to-family conflict: the role of organization and supervisor support for work-life issues. Organization Management Journal, 6(3), 130-145. https://doi.org/10.1057/omj.2009.19 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/omj.2009.19
Williams, L. J., Vandenberg, R. J., & Edwards, J. R. (2009). 12 structural equation modeling in management research: A guide for improved analysis. Academy of Management Annals, 3(1), 543-604. https://doi.org/10.5465/19416520903065683 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/19416520903065683
Wright, T. A., & Hobfoll, S. E. (2004). Commitment, psychological well-being, and job performance: An examination of conservation of resources (COR) theory and job burnout. Journal of Business & Management, 9(4), 389-406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2004.09.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2004.09.002