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DETERMINANTS OF MIDDLE CLASS SCHOOL DROPOUT AMONG BOYS IN THE RIYADH PROVINCE OF SAUDI ARABIA
Corresponding Author(s) : Waleed Mohammed Alabdulrazaq
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 7 No. 6 (2019): November
Abstract
Purposes: This study examines the determinants of middle-income school dropouts in Saudi Arabia. The determinants of dropouts are fairly similar across many countries worldwide and this has made the issue of dropouts a global phenomenon. However, the situation in Gulf countries is different because these countries accord special treatment to male children but not to female children. This directly affects the educational pursuit of male children in the region. Saudi Arabia was empirically studied and a sample of 360 respondents was investigated. The respondents were drawn randomly from each of the 11 secondary night schools.
Methodology: The method used for analysis in this study was a combination of descriptive statistics involving cross-tabulations and simple multivariate logistic regression. The results showed that the majority of the dropouts are aged between 15 and 32 years.
Results: The regression results showed that absenteeism, educational targets, and value have a significant relationship with school completion. These results may be connected to the findings of the Dubai School of Government in 2011, which indicated that male pursuit of employment opportunities was of greater significance in achieving social and economic mobility compared to educational achievement. This suggests that Saudi males prioritize employment opportunities over educational achievements.
Implications/Applications: On the other hand, there are also those who place value on education and will make the effort to complete their school education in Saudi Arabia.
Novelty/Originality: Thos finding reveals a significant correlation between school completion and educational value. The implication is that male student who values education are more likely to complete school in comparison with those who do not value education. Efforts must be intensified to promote retention and create awareness among the young people of the benefits of education in the long run.
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- Abilgaziyeva, Z. K., Janzakova, S. I., & Nurgaliyeva, S. A. (2018). Speech activity among the junior students in teaching foreign languages. Opción, 34(85-2), 627-652.
- Ahmad, I., & Ahmad, S. (2018). Multiple Skills and Medium Enterprises’ Performance in Punjab Pakistan: A Pilot Study. Journal of Social Sciences Research, 7(2010), 44-49. https://doi.org/10.32861/jssr.spi4.44.49 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32861/jssr.spi4.44.49
- Carbonaro, W. J. (1998). A little help from my friend's parents: Intergenerational closure and educational outcomes. Sociology of education, 295-313. https://doi.org/10.2307/2673172 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2673172
- Christle, C. A., Jolivette, K., & Nelson, C. M. (2005). Breaking the school to prison pipeline: Identifying school risk and protective factors for youth delinquency. Exceptionality, 13(2), 69-88. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327035ex1302_2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327035ex1302_2
- DaSilva, C. (2015). Youth Agency and the Efficacy of Basic Education in Tanzania: An Inquiry into Post- primary School Structuration (Doctoral dissertation, Université d'Ottawa/University of Ottawa).
- De Witte, K., & Cabus, S. J. (2013). Dropout prevention measures in the Netherlands, an explorative evaluation. Educational Review, 65(2), 155-176. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2011.648172 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2011.648172
- Gilmore, J. (2010). Trends in dropout rates and the labour market outcomes of young dropouts. Education matters: Insights on education, learning and training in Canada, 7(4).
- Gouda, S., & Sekher, T. V. (2014). Factors leading to school dropouts in India: An analysis of national family health survey-3 data. IOSR Journal of Research and Method in Education, 4(6), 75-83. https://doi.org/10.9790/7388-04637583 DOI: https://doi.org/10.9790/7388-04637583
- Hallinan, M. T., & Williams, R. A. (1990). Students' characteristics and the peer-influence process. Sociology of education, 122-132. https://doi.org/10.2307/2112858 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2112858
- Hammond, C., Linton, D., Smink, J., & Drew, S. (2007). Dropout Risk Factors and Exemplary Programs:A Technical Report. National Dropout Prevention Center/Network (NDPC/N).
- Hanushek, E. A., & Raymond, M. E. (2005). Does school accountability lead to improved student performance?. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management: The Journal of the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management, 24(2), 297-327. https://doi.org/10.1002/pam.20091 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pam.20091
- Harlow, C. W. (2003). Education and Correctional Populations. Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report.
- Harlon, J., & Smits, J. (2009). Effects of household-and district-level factors on primary school enrollment in 30 developing countries. World development, 37(1), 179-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2008.01.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2008.01.007
- Klebanov, P. K., Brooksâ€Gunn, J., McCarton, C., & McCormick, M. C. (1998). The contribution of neighborhood and family income to developmental test scores over the first three years of life. Child development, 69(5), 1420-1436. https://doi.org/10.2307/1132275 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1132275
- Lee, V. E., & Burkam, D. T. (2003). Dropping out of high school: The role of school organization and structure. American Educational Research Journal, 40(2), 353-393. https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312040002353 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312040002353
- Martin, N., & Halperin, S. (2006). Whatever It Takes: How Twelve Communities Are Reconnecting Out-of-School Youth. In American Youth Policy Forum Inc.. American Youth Policy Forum, 1836 Jefferson Place, NW, Washington, DC 20036. Web site: http://www. aypf. org.
- Maurin E. and McNally S. (2008). "Vive la Révolution! Long term returns of 1968 to the angry students", Journal of Labor Economics, 26 (1), 1-33. https://doi.org/10.1086/522071 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/522071
- Paton, G. (2012, March 29). University drop-out rate soars by 13pc in a year. The Telegraph. Retrieved from: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/9173784/University-drop-out-rate-soars-by-13pc-in-a-year.html
- Ridge, N., Farah, S., & Shami, S. (2013). Patterns and perceptions in male secondary school dropouts in the United Arab Emirates. Sheikh Saud bin Saqr Al Qasimi Foundation for Policy Research. Policy paper, 3. https://doi.org/10.18502/aqf.0107 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18502/aqf.0107
- Rumberger, R. W. (1987). High school dropouts: A review of issues and evidence. Review of educational research, 57(2), 101-121. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543057002101 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543057002101
- Rumberger, R. W. (1995). Dropping out of middle school: A multilevel analysis of students and schools. American educational Research journal, 32(3), 583-625. https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312032003583 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312032003583
References
Abilgaziyeva, Z. K., Janzakova, S. I., & Nurgaliyeva, S. A. (2018). Speech activity among the junior students in teaching foreign languages. Opción, 34(85-2), 627-652.
Ahmad, I., & Ahmad, S. (2018). Multiple Skills and Medium Enterprises’ Performance in Punjab Pakistan: A Pilot Study. Journal of Social Sciences Research, 7(2010), 44-49. https://doi.org/10.32861/jssr.spi4.44.49 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32861/jssr.spi4.44.49
Carbonaro, W. J. (1998). A little help from my friend's parents: Intergenerational closure and educational outcomes. Sociology of education, 295-313. https://doi.org/10.2307/2673172 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2673172
Christle, C. A., Jolivette, K., & Nelson, C. M. (2005). Breaking the school to prison pipeline: Identifying school risk and protective factors for youth delinquency. Exceptionality, 13(2), 69-88. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327035ex1302_2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327035ex1302_2
DaSilva, C. (2015). Youth Agency and the Efficacy of Basic Education in Tanzania: An Inquiry into Post- primary School Structuration (Doctoral dissertation, Université d'Ottawa/University of Ottawa).
De Witte, K., & Cabus, S. J. (2013). Dropout prevention measures in the Netherlands, an explorative evaluation. Educational Review, 65(2), 155-176. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2011.648172 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2011.648172
Gilmore, J. (2010). Trends in dropout rates and the labour market outcomes of young dropouts. Education matters: Insights on education, learning and training in Canada, 7(4).
Gouda, S., & Sekher, T. V. (2014). Factors leading to school dropouts in India: An analysis of national family health survey-3 data. IOSR Journal of Research and Method in Education, 4(6), 75-83. https://doi.org/10.9790/7388-04637583 DOI: https://doi.org/10.9790/7388-04637583
Hallinan, M. T., & Williams, R. A. (1990). Students' characteristics and the peer-influence process. Sociology of education, 122-132. https://doi.org/10.2307/2112858 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2112858
Hammond, C., Linton, D., Smink, J., & Drew, S. (2007). Dropout Risk Factors and Exemplary Programs:A Technical Report. National Dropout Prevention Center/Network (NDPC/N).
Hanushek, E. A., & Raymond, M. E. (2005). Does school accountability lead to improved student performance?. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management: The Journal of the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management, 24(2), 297-327. https://doi.org/10.1002/pam.20091 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pam.20091
Harlow, C. W. (2003). Education and Correctional Populations. Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report.
Harlon, J., & Smits, J. (2009). Effects of household-and district-level factors on primary school enrollment in 30 developing countries. World development, 37(1), 179-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2008.01.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2008.01.007
Klebanov, P. K., Brooksâ€Gunn, J., McCarton, C., & McCormick, M. C. (1998). The contribution of neighborhood and family income to developmental test scores over the first three years of life. Child development, 69(5), 1420-1436. https://doi.org/10.2307/1132275 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1132275
Lee, V. E., & Burkam, D. T. (2003). Dropping out of high school: The role of school organization and structure. American Educational Research Journal, 40(2), 353-393. https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312040002353 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312040002353
Martin, N., & Halperin, S. (2006). Whatever It Takes: How Twelve Communities Are Reconnecting Out-of-School Youth. In American Youth Policy Forum Inc.. American Youth Policy Forum, 1836 Jefferson Place, NW, Washington, DC 20036. Web site: http://www. aypf. org.
Maurin E. and McNally S. (2008). "Vive la Révolution! Long term returns of 1968 to the angry students", Journal of Labor Economics, 26 (1), 1-33. https://doi.org/10.1086/522071 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/522071
Paton, G. (2012, March 29). University drop-out rate soars by 13pc in a year. The Telegraph. Retrieved from: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/9173784/University-drop-out-rate-soars-by-13pc-in-a-year.html
Ridge, N., Farah, S., & Shami, S. (2013). Patterns and perceptions in male secondary school dropouts in the United Arab Emirates. Sheikh Saud bin Saqr Al Qasimi Foundation for Policy Research. Policy paper, 3. https://doi.org/10.18502/aqf.0107 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18502/aqf.0107
Rumberger, R. W. (1987). High school dropouts: A review of issues and evidence. Review of educational research, 57(2), 101-121. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543057002101 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543057002101
Rumberger, R. W. (1995). Dropping out of middle school: A multilevel analysis of students and schools. American educational Research journal, 32(3), 583-625. https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312032003583 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312032003583