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ELIZA HAYWOOD’S CODE OF INTIMIZATION IN THE NOVEL THE HISTORY OF BETSY THOUGHTLESS
Corresponding Author(s) : Lyudmyla Lutsenko
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 8 No. 1 (2020): January
Abstract
Purpose of the study: The aim of this article is to study the code of intimization used by Eliza Haywood to construct her close interpersonal relationships with the reader in the novel The History of Miss Betsy Thoughtless.
Methodology: The research involves a set of methods, in particular, a review of basic research papers that investigate Eliza Haywood’s literary heritage; an analytical method used for describing existing theoretical approaches to such notions as code and intimization in literary theory and rhetorical analysis with the aim of identifying linguistic units with intimizing qualities which allow for the transmission of Haywood’s message aimed at shortening the distance between her and the reader.
Main Findings: The authors of the article have explored basic linguistic constituents of Eliza Haywood’s code of intimization in the novel The History of Miss Betsy Thoughtless. They include the author’s digressions, spatial, temporal and personal deixis, imperatives and a rhetorical question.
Applications of this study: This research can be used as a useful source for universities and students studying English Literature, in particular, the18th century English novel and prose of Augustan women writers.
Novelty / Originality of this study: This article offers a new literary term – “a code of intimization†– which refers to a system of linguistic units used by the author to create a space shared with the reader as well as build the author-reader relationship grounded on trust and disclosure.
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- Bakhtin, M. (1978). Aesthetics of verbal creation. Iskusstvo.
- Bruggen, C. (2006). Hedendaags fetisjisme. Amsterdam University Press. ttps://doi.org/10. 5117/9789053568910 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5117/9789053568910
- Bühler K. (1934). Speech, Place, and Action: Studies in Deixis and Related Topics. In R. J. Jarvella and W. Klein (Eds.), The Deictic Field of Language and Deictic Words (pp. 9–30). John Wiley and Sons.
- Clark, D. L. (1922). Rhetoric and Poetry in the Renaissance: A Study of Rhetorical Terms in English Renaissance Literary Criticism. Columbia University Press. Resource document. Internet archive library.
- Ellis, L. B. (1995) Engendering the Bildungsroman: The Bildung of Betsy Thoughtless. Genre. 28(3), 279–302.
- Fowler, J. (2010). Theorizing Voice and Perspective in the Narratives of Eliza Haywood and her Contemporaries. Ph. D thesis, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom.
- Freeman, M. (1996). Emily Dickinson and the Discourse of Intimacy. In G. M. Grabher and U. Jessner (Eds.), Semantics of silences in linguistics and literature (pp. 91–210). Universitatsverlag Winter.
- Greimas, A. J. (1971) Narrative Grammar: Units and Levels. Modern Language Note, 86, 793–806. https://doi.org/10.2307/2907443 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2907443
- Halliday, M., & Matthiessen, C. (2013). Introduction to Functional Grammar. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203431269 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203431269
- Haywood, E. (1998). The History of Miss Betsy Thoughtless. Broadview Press.
- Hodgson, E. (2005). Performing the Passions in Eliza Haywood’s Fantomina and Miss Betsy Thoughtless. The Eighteenth Century, 46 (1), 1–15.
- Hultquist, A. (2006) Haywood’s Re-Appropriation of the Amatory Heroine in Betsy Thoughtless. Philological Quarterly, 85(1-2), 141–163.
- Iser, W. (1978). The Rudiments of a Theory of Aesthetic Response. The Act of Reading: A Theory of Aesthetic Response. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978.
- Jakobson, R. (1958). Closing statement: Linguistics and poetics. Paper presented at Style in language. A conference on Style. The University of Indiana, April.
- Lotman, J. (1977). The Structure of Fiction Text. Iskusstvo.
- Lutsenko, L. (2018) Eliza Haywood’s Empathy: Creating a Narrative Discourse of Her Own. 3L: The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies – Vol 24(1), 29-39. https://doi.org/10.17576/3L-2018-2401-03 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17576/3L-2018-2401-03
- Lyons, J. (1977). Semantics. Volume 1. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139165693 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139165693
- Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (2003) 11th ed. Springfield: Merriam-Webster, 2003,
- Matthews, P. H. (2014). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics. Oxford University Press.
- Miller, G. (1951). Language and communication. McGraw-Hill. https://doi.org/10.1037/11135-000 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/11135-000
- Nestor, D. (1994). Virtue Rarely Rewarded: Ideological Subversion and Narrative Form in Haywood's Later Fiction. Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900, 34(3), 579-598. https://doi.org/10.2307/450883 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/450883
- Ninio, A., & Snow, C. (1996). Pragmatic Development. Westview Press.
- Online Etymology Dictionary. Intimate, https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=intimate
- Palmer, A. (2010). Social Minds in the Novel. Ohio State University Press.
- Prince, G. (1987). Dictionary of Narratology. University of Nebraska Press.
- Riffaterre, M. (1978). Semiotics of Poetry. Indiana University Press.
- Sadock, J., Zwicky, A. (1985). Speech Act Distinctions in Syntax. In Timothy Shopen (Ed.), Language Typology and Syntactic Description. Vol. 1. Clause Structure (pp. 155–196). Cambridge University Press.
- Saussure, F. (1916). Cours de Linguistique Générale. Payot.
- Spencer, J. (1993). The Rise of the Woman Novelist: From Aphra Behn to Jane Austen. Blackwell.
- Sterling, J. (1725). To Mrs. Eliza, On Her Writings. In Haywood, Eliza Fowler. Histories, Novels and Poems (pp. ii-v). London: for Dan Browne, June and S. Chapman. Cambridge University Press.
- Todorov, Tz. (1969). Grammaire du Décaméron. Mouton.
- Trusk, R. L. (1993). A Dictionary of Grammatical Terms in Linguistics. Routledge.
- Veselovsky, A. (1989). Historical Poetics. Vysshaya shkola.
- Vinogradov, V. (1971). The Theory of Poetic Speech. Vysshaya shkola.
- Wilson, E. (2003). Narrative Structure in the Novels of Eliza Haywood. Ph. D thesis, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland.
- Zoonen, L. (1991) A Tyranny of Intimacy? Women Femininity and Television News. In P. Dahlgren, P and C. Sparks (Eds.), Communication and Citizenship: Journalism and Public Sphere (pp.217–235). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203977880-10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203977880-10
References
Bakhtin, M. (1978). Aesthetics of verbal creation. Iskusstvo.
Bruggen, C. (2006). Hedendaags fetisjisme. Amsterdam University Press. ttps://doi.org/10. 5117/9789053568910 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5117/9789053568910
Bühler K. (1934). Speech, Place, and Action: Studies in Deixis and Related Topics. In R. J. Jarvella and W. Klein (Eds.), The Deictic Field of Language and Deictic Words (pp. 9–30). John Wiley and Sons.
Clark, D. L. (1922). Rhetoric and Poetry in the Renaissance: A Study of Rhetorical Terms in English Renaissance Literary Criticism. Columbia University Press. Resource document. Internet archive library.
Ellis, L. B. (1995) Engendering the Bildungsroman: The Bildung of Betsy Thoughtless. Genre. 28(3), 279–302.
Fowler, J. (2010). Theorizing Voice and Perspective in the Narratives of Eliza Haywood and her Contemporaries. Ph. D thesis, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom.
Freeman, M. (1996). Emily Dickinson and the Discourse of Intimacy. In G. M. Grabher and U. Jessner (Eds.), Semantics of silences in linguistics and literature (pp. 91–210). Universitatsverlag Winter.
Greimas, A. J. (1971) Narrative Grammar: Units and Levels. Modern Language Note, 86, 793–806. https://doi.org/10.2307/2907443 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2907443
Halliday, M., & Matthiessen, C. (2013). Introduction to Functional Grammar. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203431269 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203431269
Haywood, E. (1998). The History of Miss Betsy Thoughtless. Broadview Press.
Hodgson, E. (2005). Performing the Passions in Eliza Haywood’s Fantomina and Miss Betsy Thoughtless. The Eighteenth Century, 46 (1), 1–15.
Hultquist, A. (2006) Haywood’s Re-Appropriation of the Amatory Heroine in Betsy Thoughtless. Philological Quarterly, 85(1-2), 141–163.
Iser, W. (1978). The Rudiments of a Theory of Aesthetic Response. The Act of Reading: A Theory of Aesthetic Response. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978.
Jakobson, R. (1958). Closing statement: Linguistics and poetics. Paper presented at Style in language. A conference on Style. The University of Indiana, April.
Lotman, J. (1977). The Structure of Fiction Text. Iskusstvo.
Lutsenko, L. (2018) Eliza Haywood’s Empathy: Creating a Narrative Discourse of Her Own. 3L: The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies – Vol 24(1), 29-39. https://doi.org/10.17576/3L-2018-2401-03 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17576/3L-2018-2401-03
Lyons, J. (1977). Semantics. Volume 1. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139165693 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139165693
Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (2003) 11th ed. Springfield: Merriam-Webster, 2003,
Matthews, P. H. (2014). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics. Oxford University Press.
Miller, G. (1951). Language and communication. McGraw-Hill. https://doi.org/10.1037/11135-000 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/11135-000
Nestor, D. (1994). Virtue Rarely Rewarded: Ideological Subversion and Narrative Form in Haywood's Later Fiction. Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900, 34(3), 579-598. https://doi.org/10.2307/450883 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/450883
Ninio, A., & Snow, C. (1996). Pragmatic Development. Westview Press.
Online Etymology Dictionary. Intimate, https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=intimate
Palmer, A. (2010). Social Minds in the Novel. Ohio State University Press.
Prince, G. (1987). Dictionary of Narratology. University of Nebraska Press.
Riffaterre, M. (1978). Semiotics of Poetry. Indiana University Press.
Sadock, J., Zwicky, A. (1985). Speech Act Distinctions in Syntax. In Timothy Shopen (Ed.), Language Typology and Syntactic Description. Vol. 1. Clause Structure (pp. 155–196). Cambridge University Press.
Saussure, F. (1916). Cours de Linguistique Générale. Payot.
Spencer, J. (1993). The Rise of the Woman Novelist: From Aphra Behn to Jane Austen. Blackwell.
Sterling, J. (1725). To Mrs. Eliza, On Her Writings. In Haywood, Eliza Fowler. Histories, Novels and Poems (pp. ii-v). London: for Dan Browne, June and S. Chapman. Cambridge University Press.
Todorov, Tz. (1969). Grammaire du Décaméron. Mouton.
Trusk, R. L. (1993). A Dictionary of Grammatical Terms in Linguistics. Routledge.
Veselovsky, A. (1989). Historical Poetics. Vysshaya shkola.
Vinogradov, V. (1971). The Theory of Poetic Speech. Vysshaya shkola.
Wilson, E. (2003). Narrative Structure in the Novels of Eliza Haywood. Ph. D thesis, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland.
Zoonen, L. (1991) A Tyranny of Intimacy? Women Femininity and Television News. In P. Dahlgren, P and C. Sparks (Eds.), Communication and Citizenship: Journalism and Public Sphere (pp.217–235). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203977880-10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203977880-10