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GENDER STEREOTYPES OF CHINESE LINGUOCULTURE
Corresponding Author(s) : Fatimabibi Daulet
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 7 No. 6 (2019): November
Abstract
Purpose of the study: The article discusses the national-cultural characteristics of the Chinese gender culture and methods of its implementation in linguistic units: words, phraseological units, euphemisms, proverbs, and sayings. This research also examines the nominative system of the Chinese language, the lexicon, as well as what ratings are attributed to men and women and in what semantic areas they are most clearly expressed.
Methodology: In order to describe the internal form of gender vocabulary, the authors used the following methods common for studies: description, semantic definition, classification, and linguistic interpretation, and the statistical method (quantitative calculations). The etymological approach used to identify primary sources of gender vocabulary.
Main Findings: A study of linguistic facts shows that the gender stereotypes of Chinese culture possess not only general cultural, but also general linguistic properties, which are fixed by different kinds of language units. Gender stereotypes in modern Chinese are objectified by an extensive and well-structured lexical and phraseological field, proverbs and sayings, case-texts (discourse) and other language units, which indicates its communicative relevance to Chinese linguistic consciousness.
Applications/Implications of the study: The results of the study can be used in the further researches of gender stereotypes and its linguistic objectification in both related and genetically distant languages, in various types of discourse. The results of the work can also be used in the teaching of Chinese, as well as in courses on the theory and practice of translation, regional studies. The authors believe that the results of the study will help to better understand the native Chinese speakers, which can help increase the effectiveness of intercultural communication.
Novelty/Originality of the study: In this article, the author first showed that gender stereotypes in modern Chinese are objectified by an extensive and well-structured lexico-phraseological field, proverbs and sayings, and other linguistic units, which testifies to its communicative relevance to Chinese linguistic consciousness. It is one of the first studies analyzed the language objectification of the gender code of Chinese culture.
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- Alekseyev, V. (1958) In Old China. Moscow: Eastern literature publishing house.
- Arnold, A. (2008). Genre et langage. Resource document. https://forum.lu/pdf/artikel/640 9_277_Arnold.pdf). Accessed 21 February 2019.
- Bichurin N.Y. (2017) Unknown China. Ðœoscow: Exmo.
- Cameron, D. (1992) Feminism and Linguistic Theory. London: Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22334-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22334-3
- CH- Сihai.(1989) Shanghai: Shangjhai ceshu chubanshe.
- Daulet, F. N. (2006) China: Myths and Reality. Almaty: Zhizn.
- Daulet, F. N. (2018) Chinese Worldview in Their Culture and Language. Moscow: Triumph.
- Daulet, F.N. (2009) Linguoculturological analysis of the Concept “Chinese Characterâ€. Collection of Conference Materials “Fundamental and Innovative Problems of Oriental Education and Scienceâ€. Almaty, pp. 132-140.
- Fei, X. (1989) Chinese village through the eyes of an ethnographer. Moscow: Nauka, Eastern literature publishing house.
- Gritsenko, E.S. (2005) Language. Discourse. Gender. Nizhniy Novgorod.
- HKC – Hanyu kouyu cidian (Spoken Chinese Dictionary). (2012). Beijing: Shangwu yinshuguan.
- Holmes, J. (1995) Women, Men and Politeness. London: Longman.
- JZC – Jiaguwen zixing zidian(Chinese Oracle Dictionary) (2004). Beijing: Changzheng chubanshe.
- Kirilina, A.V. (2001) Features and development trends of gender studies in Russian linguistics. Gender: language, culture, communication. Moscow: MGLU.
- Lakoff, R. (1973) Language and Woman's Place. Cambridge University Press/Language in Society, Vol. 2, No. 1, p. 45-80. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500000051 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500000051
- Lao, Sh. (2004) Crescent Moon/Complete Works. Beijing: Renmin Wensu chubanshe
- Lao, Sh. (2014) Cat Country. Moscow: Eastern literature publishing house.
- Li, J. (2001) Review of Western Language and Gender Studies. Journal of PLA University of Foreign Languages, No. 1, p. 11-14.
- Li, L. (2003) Sexual culture of ancient China: man and woman. Beijing: Zhongguo Hehui Chubanshe.
- Likhachev, D. S. Notes and observations: From notebooks of different years. Leningrad: Sovetskii pisatel.
- Lobov, W. (1966). The social Stratification of English in New York City, Center for Applied Linguistics. Washington.
- Maltz, D.N., Borker R.A. (1982) A Cultur al Approach to male-female miscommunication. Language and Social Identity. Ed. Pauwels, A. (1998) Women Changing Language. London: Longman. https://doi.org/10.1017/C BO9780511620836.013
- McGowan, J. (2017) Chinese at Home: Essays on Family and Social Life (Tr.by Lamansky V.V.). Moscow: Lenand.
- Neroznak, V.P. (1999)Gender:language,culture,communication: thesis. I int. conf. Moscow: Publishing House of Moscow State Linguistic University, p. 70–71.
- Smith, A. (1890) Chinese Characteristics. Shanghai: North-China Herald Office.
- Sun, R. (2012). Chinese gender linguistics. Beijing: Beijing kexue chubanshe.
- Sunderland, J. (2006) Language and Gender: An Advanced Resource Book. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203456491 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203456491
- Swann, J. (2002) Yes, but is it gender? Gender Identity and Discourse Analysis. Amsterdam: Benjamins, p. 43–67. https://doi.org/10.1075/dapsac.2.03swa DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/dapsac.2.03swa
- Trudgill, P. (1972). Sex, Covert Prestige and Linguistic Change in the Urban British English of Norwich». Language in Society. Volume 1, Issue 2October 1972 , pp. 179-195. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500000488 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500000488
- Voichenko, V. (2009) The reflection of gender stereotypes in language and culture. Bulletin of the Volgograd State University, Linguistics series, No 1 (9).
- XHC – Xiandai hanyu cidian (The Modern Chinese Dictionary). (2018)Beijing: Shangwu yinshuguan.
- Yang, D. (2012) Hanyu yu wenhuajiaoji. Beijing:
- Yang, X. (2010) Multi-perspective study of language and gender. Contemporary foreign language research, Vol.1, No1, p. 14-18.
- Zhao, R. (2003) Language and Gender: A Sociolinguistic Study of Spoken Language. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
- ZZL – Zuixin Zhongguo liyu(Chinese vulgarisms Dictionary) (2018). Beijing: Xinshijie chubanshe.
References
Alekseyev, V. (1958) In Old China. Moscow: Eastern literature publishing house.
Arnold, A. (2008). Genre et langage. Resource document. https://forum.lu/pdf/artikel/640 9_277_Arnold.pdf). Accessed 21 February 2019.
Bichurin N.Y. (2017) Unknown China. Ðœoscow: Exmo.
Cameron, D. (1992) Feminism and Linguistic Theory. London: Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22334-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22334-3
CH- Сihai.(1989) Shanghai: Shangjhai ceshu chubanshe.
Daulet, F. N. (2006) China: Myths and Reality. Almaty: Zhizn.
Daulet, F. N. (2018) Chinese Worldview in Their Culture and Language. Moscow: Triumph.
Daulet, F.N. (2009) Linguoculturological analysis of the Concept “Chinese Characterâ€. Collection of Conference Materials “Fundamental and Innovative Problems of Oriental Education and Scienceâ€. Almaty, pp. 132-140.
Fei, X. (1989) Chinese village through the eyes of an ethnographer. Moscow: Nauka, Eastern literature publishing house.
Gritsenko, E.S. (2005) Language. Discourse. Gender. Nizhniy Novgorod.
HKC – Hanyu kouyu cidian (Spoken Chinese Dictionary). (2012). Beijing: Shangwu yinshuguan.
Holmes, J. (1995) Women, Men and Politeness. London: Longman.
JZC – Jiaguwen zixing zidian(Chinese Oracle Dictionary) (2004). Beijing: Changzheng chubanshe.
Kirilina, A.V. (2001) Features and development trends of gender studies in Russian linguistics. Gender: language, culture, communication. Moscow: MGLU.
Lakoff, R. (1973) Language and Woman's Place. Cambridge University Press/Language in Society, Vol. 2, No. 1, p. 45-80. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500000051 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500000051
Lao, Sh. (2004) Crescent Moon/Complete Works. Beijing: Renmin Wensu chubanshe
Lao, Sh. (2014) Cat Country. Moscow: Eastern literature publishing house.
Li, J. (2001) Review of Western Language and Gender Studies. Journal of PLA University of Foreign Languages, No. 1, p. 11-14.
Li, L. (2003) Sexual culture of ancient China: man and woman. Beijing: Zhongguo Hehui Chubanshe.
Likhachev, D. S. Notes and observations: From notebooks of different years. Leningrad: Sovetskii pisatel.
Lobov, W. (1966). The social Stratification of English in New York City, Center for Applied Linguistics. Washington.
Maltz, D.N., Borker R.A. (1982) A Cultur al Approach to male-female miscommunication. Language and Social Identity. Ed. Pauwels, A. (1998) Women Changing Language. London: Longman. https://doi.org/10.1017/C BO9780511620836.013
McGowan, J. (2017) Chinese at Home: Essays on Family and Social Life (Tr.by Lamansky V.V.). Moscow: Lenand.
Neroznak, V.P. (1999)Gender:language,culture,communication: thesis. I int. conf. Moscow: Publishing House of Moscow State Linguistic University, p. 70–71.
Smith, A. (1890) Chinese Characteristics. Shanghai: North-China Herald Office.
Sun, R. (2012). Chinese gender linguistics. Beijing: Beijing kexue chubanshe.
Sunderland, J. (2006) Language and Gender: An Advanced Resource Book. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203456491 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203456491
Swann, J. (2002) Yes, but is it gender? Gender Identity and Discourse Analysis. Amsterdam: Benjamins, p. 43–67. https://doi.org/10.1075/dapsac.2.03swa DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/dapsac.2.03swa
Trudgill, P. (1972). Sex, Covert Prestige and Linguistic Change in the Urban British English of Norwich». Language in Society. Volume 1, Issue 2October 1972 , pp. 179-195. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500000488 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500000488
Voichenko, V. (2009) The reflection of gender stereotypes in language and culture. Bulletin of the Volgograd State University, Linguistics series, No 1 (9).
XHC – Xiandai hanyu cidian (The Modern Chinese Dictionary). (2018)Beijing: Shangwu yinshuguan.
Yang, D. (2012) Hanyu yu wenhuajiaoji. Beijing:
Yang, X. (2010) Multi-perspective study of language and gender. Contemporary foreign language research, Vol.1, No1, p. 14-18.
Zhao, R. (2003) Language and Gender: A Sociolinguistic Study of Spoken Language. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
ZZL – Zuixin Zhongguo liyu(Chinese vulgarisms Dictionary) (2018). Beijing: Xinshijie chubanshe.