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IMPACT OF GENDER DIVERSITY AND LEADERSHIP ON ORGANISATIONAL INTEGRITY IN PAKISTANI INDUSTRIAL SECTOR
Corresponding Author(s) : Muhammad Arif
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 8 No. 3 (2020): May
Abstract
Purpose of the study: The main purpose of this study is to analyse the impact of gender diversity on organisational integrity in the context of Pakistani industrial sector. This study also investigates about the influences of female leaders on the association between diversity and organisational integrity and evaluates the effect of work place diversity on increase in organisational performance.
Methodology: This study involves mediating and moderating variables along with independent and dependent variables, therefore researcher in this study has utilised Structural equation model (SEM) and Meta Regression Analysis (MRA) for achieving the main objectives of this research. The researcher has followed the positivism research philosophy as well as deductive research approach. In this study, researcher has followed quantitative research design to attain the key objectives of this study.
Main Findings: From the results of study, it can be suggested that employers in Pakistan should diversify their workforce and also look to hire female candidates for the same position as male candidates since it would increase the work efficiency and integrity within an organisation as women tend to work more or equally passionately in their respective fields similar to men.
Applications of this study: So, the study of impact of gender diversity on organisational integrity in the context of Pakistani industrial sector is not only useful for IT department but also useful for all organisational where gender diversity exists.
Novelty/Originality of this study: Finally, it is important to clarify that one of the research gap that has been identified is the difference in wages between the male and the female employees. The difference in the pay scale between the two genders is considered to be a sophisticated gap that the research can deliberately overcome.
Keywords
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- Abbas, Z. (2014). Identification of factors and their impact on employees' training and organizational performance in Pakistan. Kasbit journal of management & social science, 7(1), 93-109.
- Adeyeye, O. J., Adeniji, A. A., Osinbanjo, A. O., & Oludayo, O. O. (2015). Effects of workplace ethics on employees and organisational productivity in Nigeria. International Conference on African Development Issues (CU-ICADI) 2015: Social and Economic Models for Development Track.
- ANJORIN, R. and Jansari, A., (2018). Managing Cultural Diversity at Workplace. www.diva-portal.org(diva2:1217258)
- Ashraf, J. (2017). Public sector appointments, political influence and performance: perceptions of the situation in Pakistan. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration, 39(3), 211-216. https://doi.org/10.1080/23276665.2017.1365467 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23276665.2017.1365467
- Barger, L.K., Runyon, M.S., Renn, M.L., Moore, C.G., Weiss, P.M., Condle, J.P., Flickinger, K.L., Divecha, A.A., Coppler, P.J., Sequeira, D.J. and Lang, E.S., (2018). Effect of fatigue training on safety, fatigue, and sleep in emergency medical services personnel and other shift workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Prehospital Emergency Care, 22(sup1), pp.58-68. https://doi.org/10.1080/10903127.2017.1362087 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10903127.2017.1362087
- Barrett, R. (2018). Influence of self-control, risk-taking, manipulation and integrity on organisational citizenship behaviour (Doctoral dissertation, Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University).
- Brown, T.A. and Moore, M.T., 2012. Confirmatory factor analysis. Handbook of structural equation modelling, pp.361-379.
- Cho, S., Kim, A., & Mor Barak, M. E. (2017). Does diversity matter? Exploring workforce diversity, diversity management, and organisational performance in social enterprises. Asian Social Work and Policy Review, 11(3), 193-204. https://doi.org/10.1111/aswp.12125 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/aswp.12125
- Choi, H., Hong, S., & Lee, J. W. (2018). Does Increasing Gender Representativeness and Diversity Improve Organisational Integrity?. Public Personnel Management, 47(1), 73-92. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091026017738539 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0091026017738539
- Connon, S. and Corneliussen, K., 2016, September. The Use of Well Integrity Management Systems & Software to Increase Organisational Understanding. In SPE Intelligent Energy International Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers. https://doi.org/10.2118/181021-MS DOI: https://doi.org/10.2118/181021-MS
- Cropanzano, R., Anthony, E.L., Daniels, S.R. and Hall, A.V., (2017). Social exchange theory: A critical review with theoretical remedies. Academy of Management Annals, 11(1), pp.479-516. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2015.0099 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2015.0099
- Ellis, K. M., & Keys, P. Y. (2015). Workforce diversity and shareholder value: a multi-level perspective. Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, 44(2), 191-212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11156-013-0403-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11156-013-0403-7
- Faisal, F., & Jafri, A. R. (2017). Corruption as a source of failure of good governance and management in Pakistan: Proposed remedial measures. Journal of the Punjab University Historical Society (JPUHS), 30(1), 57-75.
- Gardiner, S., Parry, J. and Robinson, S., (2017). Integrity and the corruption debate in sport: where is the integrity?. European sport management quarterly, 17(1), pp.6-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2016.1259246 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2016.1259246
- Greener, S., 2018. Research limitations: the need for honesty and common sense. Interactive Learning Environments, 26(5), pp.567-568. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2018.1486785 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2018.1486785
- Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (2017). Theoretical sampling. In Sociological methods (pp. 105-114). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315129945-10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315129945-10
- Hardwick, S.W., (2016). Case study approach. International Encyclopedia of Geography: People, the Earth, Environment and Technology, pp.1-6. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0186 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0186
- Henseler, J., Ringle, C.M. and Sarstedt, M., (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 43(1), pp.115-135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
- Hong, S. (2016). Representative bureaucracy, organisational integrity, and citizen coproduction: Does an increase in police ethnic representativeness reduce crime?. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 35(1), 11-33. https://doi.org/10.1002/pam.21876 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pam.21876
- Hunt, V., Layton, D., & Prince, S. (2015). Diversity matters. McKinsey & Company, 1, 15-29.
- Idrees, R. N., Abbasi, A. S., & Waqas, M. (2013). Systematic review of literature on workforce diversity in Pakistan. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 17(6), 780-790.
- Kelly, D. H., & Kelly, G. P. (2017). Women's education in the third world: An annotated bibliography. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315174716
- Kelsey, C. L. (2015). Gender inequality: Empowering women. Journal of Legal Issues and Cases in Business, 3, 1.
- Khan, A. H., Nawaz, M. M., Aleem, M., & Hamed, W. (2012). Impact of job satisfaction on employee performance: An empirical study of autonomous Medical Institutions of Pakistan. African Journal of Business Management, 6(7), 2697-2705.
- Kim, T. and Mullins, L.B., (2016). How does supervisor support and diversity management affect employee participation in work/family policies?. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 36(1), pp.80-105. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X14553883 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X14553883
- Leavy, P., 2017. Research design: Quantitative, qualitative, mixed methods, arts-based, and community-based participatory research approaches. Guilford Publications.
- Lo, J. (2016). Office Ladies/Factory Women: Life and Work at a Japanese Company: Life and Work at a Japanese Company. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315289298 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315289298
- Mak, G. C. (2017). Women, education and development in Asia: Cross-national perspectives. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315143965 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315143965
- Masschelein, S., 2015. How leader alignment of words and deeds affects followers: A meta-analysis of behavioral integrity research. Journal of Business Ethics, 132(4), pp.831-844. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2332-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2332-3
- Mbeba, R. D. (2014). Essence of a flexible organisational culture to influence change in the 21st century organisation. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(7), 663. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n7p663 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n7p663
- Menzel, D.C., 2016. Ethics management for public and nonprofit managers: Leading and building organizations of integrity. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315641256 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315641256
- Model, M.S.E., (2012). Restructuring and expanding technology acceptance model structural equation model and Bayesian approach. American Journal of Applied Sciences, 9(4), pp.496-504. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajassp.2012.496.504 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3844/ajassp.2012.496.504
- Morgan, K., 2016. What determines ethical behavior in public organizations: Is it rules or leadership?. Public Administration Review, 76(6), pp.898-909. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12562 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12562
- Nichols, C.M., 2015. Virtuous leadership: Exploring the effects of leader courage and behavioral integrity on leader performance and image. Journal of Business Ethics, 132(2), pp.297-310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2317-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2317-2
- Otwori, N. L., & Juma, D., (2015). Effect of Organizational Values on Employee Performance a Case of Urban Roads Authority. https://www.semanticscholar.org/ semantic scholar.
- Palinkas, L. A., Horwitz, S. M., Green, C. A., Wisdom, J. P., Duan, N., & Hoagwood, K. (2015). Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research. Administration and policy in mental health and mental health services research, 42(5), 533-544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-013-0528-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-013-0528-y
- Rasli, A., 2018. Direct and indirect effects of ethical leadership on workplace deviance in public healthcare sector of Pakistan. Journal of Advances in Management Research, 15(4), pp.558-574. https://doi.org/10.1108/JAMR-11-2017-0109 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JAMR-11-2017-0109
- Rice, M.F., (2015). Diversity and public administration. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315705149 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315705149
- Rizwan, M., Khan, M. N., Nadeem, B., & Abbas, Q. (2016). The impact of workforce diversity towards employee performance: Evidence from banking sector of Pakistan. American Journal of Marketing Research, 2(2), 53-60.
- Rojas, R.R., 2018. Diversity and Workplace Spirituality. In Diversity and Inclusion in the Global Workplace (pp. 81-107). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54993-4_5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54993-4_5
- Roller, M. R., & Lavrakas, P. J. (2015). Applied qualitative research design: A total quality framework approach. Guilford Publications.
- Rohwerder, B. (2017). Impact of diversity and inclusion within organisations.
- Sarwar, F. and Abbasi, A.S., 2013. An in-depth analysis of women’s labor force participation in Pakistan. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 15(2), pp.208-215.
- Sattar, S., 2019. The Effects of Despotic Leadership and Sexual Harassment on Emotional Exhaustion of Employees in Health Sector of Pakistan: Moderating Role of Organizational Cynicism. Review of Economics and Development Studies, 5(2), pp.269-280. https://doi.org/10.26710/reads.v5i2.587 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26710/reads.v5i2.587
- Schoonenboom, J., & Johnson, R. B. (2017). How to construct a mixed methods research design. KZfSS Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, 69(2), 107-131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11577-017-0454-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11577-017-0454-1
- Tahir, N., Yousafzai, I. K., Jan, S., & Hashim, M. (2014). The Impact of Training and Development on Employees Performance and Productivity A case study of United Bank Limited Peshawar City, KPK, Pakistan. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 4(4), 86. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v4-i4/756 DOI: https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v4-i4/756
- Ulrich, R., Miller, J. and Erdfelder, E., (2018). Effect size estimation from t-statistics in the presence of publication bias. Zeitschrift für Psychologie. https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000319 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000319
- Valentini, F. and Damásio, B.F., 2016. Average Variance Extracted and Composite Reliability: Reliability Coefficients/Variancia Media Extraida e Confiabilidade Composta: Indicadores de Precisao. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 32(2). https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-3772e322225 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-3772e322225
- Van Wagoner, P., Embry, E., Barnes, L.Y., Rivin, J.M., Reed, R., Hekman, D.R., Volpone, S.D. and Johnson, S., (2019). Leveraging Diversity to Enhance Inclusion Efforts for Team Processes and Outcomes. In Academy of Management Proceedings, Vol. 2019, No. 1, p. 15302. Briarcliff Manor, NY 10510: Academy of Management. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2019.15302abstract DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2019.15302abstract
- Wahab, H.A. and Jaafar, H.J., 2018. WORKPLACE DIVERSITY: HOW DOES MALAYSIAN LAW PROMOTE PEOPLE WITH DISABILITY? International Journal, 3(9), pp.14 -23.
References
Abbas, Z. (2014). Identification of factors and their impact on employees' training and organizational performance in Pakistan. Kasbit journal of management & social science, 7(1), 93-109.
Adeyeye, O. J., Adeniji, A. A., Osinbanjo, A. O., & Oludayo, O. O. (2015). Effects of workplace ethics on employees and organisational productivity in Nigeria. International Conference on African Development Issues (CU-ICADI) 2015: Social and Economic Models for Development Track.
ANJORIN, R. and Jansari, A., (2018). Managing Cultural Diversity at Workplace. www.diva-portal.org(diva2:1217258)
Ashraf, J. (2017). Public sector appointments, political influence and performance: perceptions of the situation in Pakistan. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration, 39(3), 211-216. https://doi.org/10.1080/23276665.2017.1365467 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23276665.2017.1365467
Barger, L.K., Runyon, M.S., Renn, M.L., Moore, C.G., Weiss, P.M., Condle, J.P., Flickinger, K.L., Divecha, A.A., Coppler, P.J., Sequeira, D.J. and Lang, E.S., (2018). Effect of fatigue training on safety, fatigue, and sleep in emergency medical services personnel and other shift workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Prehospital Emergency Care, 22(sup1), pp.58-68. https://doi.org/10.1080/10903127.2017.1362087 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10903127.2017.1362087
Barrett, R. (2018). Influence of self-control, risk-taking, manipulation and integrity on organisational citizenship behaviour (Doctoral dissertation, Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University).
Brown, T.A. and Moore, M.T., 2012. Confirmatory factor analysis. Handbook of structural equation modelling, pp.361-379.
Cho, S., Kim, A., & Mor Barak, M. E. (2017). Does diversity matter? Exploring workforce diversity, diversity management, and organisational performance in social enterprises. Asian Social Work and Policy Review, 11(3), 193-204. https://doi.org/10.1111/aswp.12125 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/aswp.12125
Choi, H., Hong, S., & Lee, J. W. (2018). Does Increasing Gender Representativeness and Diversity Improve Organisational Integrity?. Public Personnel Management, 47(1), 73-92. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091026017738539 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0091026017738539
Connon, S. and Corneliussen, K., 2016, September. The Use of Well Integrity Management Systems & Software to Increase Organisational Understanding. In SPE Intelligent Energy International Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers. https://doi.org/10.2118/181021-MS DOI: https://doi.org/10.2118/181021-MS
Cropanzano, R., Anthony, E.L., Daniels, S.R. and Hall, A.V., (2017). Social exchange theory: A critical review with theoretical remedies. Academy of Management Annals, 11(1), pp.479-516. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2015.0099 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2015.0099
Ellis, K. M., & Keys, P. Y. (2015). Workforce diversity and shareholder value: a multi-level perspective. Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, 44(2), 191-212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11156-013-0403-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11156-013-0403-7
Faisal, F., & Jafri, A. R. (2017). Corruption as a source of failure of good governance and management in Pakistan: Proposed remedial measures. Journal of the Punjab University Historical Society (JPUHS), 30(1), 57-75.
Gardiner, S., Parry, J. and Robinson, S., (2017). Integrity and the corruption debate in sport: where is the integrity?. European sport management quarterly, 17(1), pp.6-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2016.1259246 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2016.1259246
Greener, S., 2018. Research limitations: the need for honesty and common sense. Interactive Learning Environments, 26(5), pp.567-568. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2018.1486785 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2018.1486785
Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (2017). Theoretical sampling. In Sociological methods (pp. 105-114). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315129945-10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315129945-10
Hardwick, S.W., (2016). Case study approach. International Encyclopedia of Geography: People, the Earth, Environment and Technology, pp.1-6. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0186 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0186
Henseler, J., Ringle, C.M. and Sarstedt, M., (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 43(1), pp.115-135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
Hong, S. (2016). Representative bureaucracy, organisational integrity, and citizen coproduction: Does an increase in police ethnic representativeness reduce crime?. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 35(1), 11-33. https://doi.org/10.1002/pam.21876 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pam.21876
Hunt, V., Layton, D., & Prince, S. (2015). Diversity matters. McKinsey & Company, 1, 15-29.
Idrees, R. N., Abbasi, A. S., & Waqas, M. (2013). Systematic review of literature on workforce diversity in Pakistan. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 17(6), 780-790.
Kelly, D. H., & Kelly, G. P. (2017). Women's education in the third world: An annotated bibliography. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315174716
Kelsey, C. L. (2015). Gender inequality: Empowering women. Journal of Legal Issues and Cases in Business, 3, 1.
Khan, A. H., Nawaz, M. M., Aleem, M., & Hamed, W. (2012). Impact of job satisfaction on employee performance: An empirical study of autonomous Medical Institutions of Pakistan. African Journal of Business Management, 6(7), 2697-2705.
Kim, T. and Mullins, L.B., (2016). How does supervisor support and diversity management affect employee participation in work/family policies?. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 36(1), pp.80-105. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X14553883 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X14553883
Leavy, P., 2017. Research design: Quantitative, qualitative, mixed methods, arts-based, and community-based participatory research approaches. Guilford Publications.
Lo, J. (2016). Office Ladies/Factory Women: Life and Work at a Japanese Company: Life and Work at a Japanese Company. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315289298 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315289298
Mak, G. C. (2017). Women, education and development in Asia: Cross-national perspectives. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315143965 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315143965
Masschelein, S., 2015. How leader alignment of words and deeds affects followers: A meta-analysis of behavioral integrity research. Journal of Business Ethics, 132(4), pp.831-844. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2332-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2332-3
Mbeba, R. D. (2014). Essence of a flexible organisational culture to influence change in the 21st century organisation. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(7), 663. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n7p663 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n7p663
Menzel, D.C., 2016. Ethics management for public and nonprofit managers: Leading and building organizations of integrity. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315641256 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315641256
Model, M.S.E., (2012). Restructuring and expanding technology acceptance model structural equation model and Bayesian approach. American Journal of Applied Sciences, 9(4), pp.496-504. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajassp.2012.496.504 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3844/ajassp.2012.496.504
Morgan, K., 2016. What determines ethical behavior in public organizations: Is it rules or leadership?. Public Administration Review, 76(6), pp.898-909. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12562 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12562
Nichols, C.M., 2015. Virtuous leadership: Exploring the effects of leader courage and behavioral integrity on leader performance and image. Journal of Business Ethics, 132(2), pp.297-310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2317-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2317-2
Otwori, N. L., & Juma, D., (2015). Effect of Organizational Values on Employee Performance a Case of Urban Roads Authority. https://www.semanticscholar.org/ semantic scholar.
Palinkas, L. A., Horwitz, S. M., Green, C. A., Wisdom, J. P., Duan, N., & Hoagwood, K. (2015). Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research. Administration and policy in mental health and mental health services research, 42(5), 533-544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-013-0528-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-013-0528-y
Rasli, A., 2018. Direct and indirect effects of ethical leadership on workplace deviance in public healthcare sector of Pakistan. Journal of Advances in Management Research, 15(4), pp.558-574. https://doi.org/10.1108/JAMR-11-2017-0109 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JAMR-11-2017-0109
Rice, M.F., (2015). Diversity and public administration. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315705149 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315705149
Rizwan, M., Khan, M. N., Nadeem, B., & Abbas, Q. (2016). The impact of workforce diversity towards employee performance: Evidence from banking sector of Pakistan. American Journal of Marketing Research, 2(2), 53-60.
Rojas, R.R., 2018. Diversity and Workplace Spirituality. In Diversity and Inclusion in the Global Workplace (pp. 81-107). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54993-4_5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54993-4_5
Roller, M. R., & Lavrakas, P. J. (2015). Applied qualitative research design: A total quality framework approach. Guilford Publications.
Rohwerder, B. (2017). Impact of diversity and inclusion within organisations.
Sarwar, F. and Abbasi, A.S., 2013. An in-depth analysis of women’s labor force participation in Pakistan. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 15(2), pp.208-215.
Sattar, S., 2019. The Effects of Despotic Leadership and Sexual Harassment on Emotional Exhaustion of Employees in Health Sector of Pakistan: Moderating Role of Organizational Cynicism. Review of Economics and Development Studies, 5(2), pp.269-280. https://doi.org/10.26710/reads.v5i2.587 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26710/reads.v5i2.587
Schoonenboom, J., & Johnson, R. B. (2017). How to construct a mixed methods research design. KZfSS Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, 69(2), 107-131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11577-017-0454-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11577-017-0454-1
Tahir, N., Yousafzai, I. K., Jan, S., & Hashim, M. (2014). The Impact of Training and Development on Employees Performance and Productivity A case study of United Bank Limited Peshawar City, KPK, Pakistan. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 4(4), 86. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v4-i4/756 DOI: https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v4-i4/756
Ulrich, R., Miller, J. and Erdfelder, E., (2018). Effect size estimation from t-statistics in the presence of publication bias. Zeitschrift für Psychologie. https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000319 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000319
Valentini, F. and Damásio, B.F., 2016. Average Variance Extracted and Composite Reliability: Reliability Coefficients/Variancia Media Extraida e Confiabilidade Composta: Indicadores de Precisao. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 32(2). https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-3772e322225 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-3772e322225
Van Wagoner, P., Embry, E., Barnes, L.Y., Rivin, J.M., Reed, R., Hekman, D.R., Volpone, S.D. and Johnson, S., (2019). Leveraging Diversity to Enhance Inclusion Efforts for Team Processes and Outcomes. In Academy of Management Proceedings, Vol. 2019, No. 1, p. 15302. Briarcliff Manor, NY 10510: Academy of Management. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2019.15302abstract DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2019.15302abstract
Wahab, H.A. and Jaafar, H.J., 2018. WORKPLACE DIVERSITY: HOW DOES MALAYSIAN LAW PROMOTE PEOPLE WITH DISABILITY? International Journal, 3(9), pp.14 -23.