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LINGUISTIC IDENTITY AND THE IRISH POLITICAL CONFLICT IN BRIAN FRIEL'S TRANSLATIONS: A CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE
Corresponding Author(s) : Amal Riyadh Kitishat
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 8 No. 4 (2020): July
Abstract
Purpose of the study: The study will shed light on Friel's political and national doctrines. The premise of this paper is to define and address the politics of language and language role as a cultural marker in Friel's Translations (1980). The study aims at showing the cultural and political dimensions of linguistic identity.
Methodology: The methodology adopted in this study is New Historicism. Friel related the historical and cultural context in Ireland to the political scene; the North Irish conflict in particular. Also, the study applied Post-Colonialism as a methodology since translation from Irish to English is not placed in a linguistic form; rather Friel sees it as a betrayal to the Irish national identity.
Main Findings: The study proved Friel's Translations comes as an affirmation of Friel's cultural and political visions which presented Irish conflict in a dramatic form, yet it proclaims symptomatic employment of the political conflict in North Ireland. The study concludes that the recurrence of the national themes confirmed Friel's plain awareness of the national identity.
Applications of this study: The findings of this study are useful for researchers who are interested in researching the relation between language and politics. Many politicians have carefully chosen certain expressions either to clarify or mislead people by their language. It would be relevant to investigate the pragmatical aspect of language about political situations.
Novelty/Originality of this study: This study benefits researcher interested in tracing the cultural depth of the language where culture and politics are interrelated to form an independent identity. The importance of the study is related to its treatment of the issue of translation from the language of the colonized to the language of the colonizer as an act of treason to one's national identity.
Keywords
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- Ayres, J. (2001). The functions of Language in Brian Friel's Translations. Journal of Modern Literature. https://books.google.jo/books?id=6YtJDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA78&lpg=PA78&dq=1.+Ayres,Jack.(+)+The+functions+of+Language+in+Brian+Friel%27s+Translations.&source=bl&ots=2qOx6nNwSd&sig=ACfU3U31uhPyWvBwzJxjr6CF5UgJn9sJWQ&hl=ar&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiI-8H-8a7rAhVPSsAKHV3SCvIQ6AEwEnoECAEQAQ
- Achilles, J. (1992). Intercultural Relations in Brian Friel's Works. The Internationalism of Irish Literature and Drama. Joseph McMinn (ed.). Gerrard's Cross: Colin Smythe, 3-16.
- https://books.google.jo/books?id=mJrsdCB1FIUC&pg=PA3&lpg=PA3&dq=Intercultural+Relations+in+Brian+Friel%27s+Works&source=bl&ots=CNQUTAf8o-&sig=ACfU3U2oFM0XUatkiFp-tWEAoSSwAV_CNg&hl=ar&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwinu8eus_LnAhUMIMUKHSTuBCoQ6AEwAXoECA4QAQ#v=onepage&q=Intercultural%20Relations%20in%20Brian%20Friel's%20Works&f=false
- Andrews, E. (1993). The Fifth Province. The Achievement of Brian Friel. Ed. Alan. J. Peacock. Great Britain: Gerard's Cross, 1993, 29-48. https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/410573.The_Achievement_of_Brian_Friel
- Baker, C. (2000). `It's The Same Me, Isn't It?': The Language Question And Brian Friel's Translations. Midwest Quarterly, 41(3), 264. https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-62496725/it-s-the-same-me-isn-t-it-the-language-question
- Binnie, E. (1988). Brecht and Friel: Some Irish Parallels. Modern Drama, 31(3), 365–370. https://doi.org/10.3138/md.31.3.365 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3138/md.31.3.365
- Bullock, K. (2000). Possessing Wor(L)Ds: Brian Friel's 'Translations' And The Ordnance Survey. New Hibernia Review, Historical Abstracts , 4(2), 98-115. Historical Abstracts. https://sites.google.com/a/cord.edu/translations/translations-home/contextual-considerations/irish-evictions.
- Currie, S. (2020). LGBTQ Issues: LGBTQ Rights and Activism, 1st Edition. Reference Point Press. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/21/us/politics/biden-gay-rights-lgbt.html
- Duncan, D. (2002). A Flexible Foundation: Constructing a Postcolonial Dialogue. Relocating Post colonialism. Ed. David Theo Goldberg and Ato Quayson. Blackwell, 320-333. https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Relocating+Postcolonialism-p-9780631208051
- Etherton, M. (1999). Contemporary Irish Drama:1964-1999, edited by Christopher Murray. Faber and Faber.
- Friel, B. (1989). Translations. Faber and Faber. https://www.worldcat.org/title/translations-brian-friel/oclc/493355205&referer=brief_results
- Galloway, N. (2015). Introducing Global Englishes (1st ed.). Abingdon, United Kingdom: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315734347 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315734347
- Grene, N. and Christopher M., eds. (2016).The Oxford Handbook of Modern Irish Theatre. Oxford University Press, 2016. https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198706137.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780198706137 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198706137.001.0001
- Grene, N. (1987). Distancing Drama: Sean O'Casey to Brian Friel. Irish Writers and the Theatre. Masaru Ślęcin (Ed.) Totowa, N.J.Barnes and Noble Books, 47-70. https://books.google.jo/books?id=_CJaAAAAMAAJ&q=inauthor:%22Masaru+Sekine%22&dq=inauthor:%22Masaru+Sekine%22&hl=ar&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwit_bSByfLnAhXGvosKHZ_DDzUQ6AEIJzAA
- Hawkins, M.S. G. (2003). 'We Must Learn Where We Live': Language, Identity, and the Colonial Condition in Brian Friel's Translations." Éire-Ireland: A Journal of Irish Studies ,38(1-2), 23-36. ProQuest. Web. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/666483 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/eir.2003.0013
- Jordan, Eamonn. (2010). Dissident Dramaturgies: Contemporary Irish Drama. Dublin/Portland: Carysfort Press. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/407733/summary
- Kearney, R. (1987). Friel and the politics of language play. The Massachusetts Review. Massachusetts: The Massachusetts Review Inc. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25089904
- Kitishat, A. (2020). A critical study of Brian Friel's nationalism: Friel between politics and nationalism. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences,10 (4) ,67-70. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.7176/RHSS/10-4-10.
- Kitishat, A. (2019). Brian Friel and the Yeatsian model: a comparative study. Annales des lettres et des langues,7 (1), 221-236. https://www.asjp.cerist.dz/en/article/101864 DOI: https://doi.org/10.35813/1712-000-013-013
- Kitishat, A. (2019). The treatment of history in Friel's plays: history as a dynamic reality. European Journal of Literature and Linguistics, 2 (1), 31-38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29013/EJLL-19-2-31-38. P DOI: https://doi.org/10.29013/EJLL-19-2-31-38
- Kitishat, A. (2014). Language and resistance in Brian Friel's Translations. International Journal of Linguistics and Literature , 3 (1), 1-8. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317543906_Language_and_Resistance_in_Brian_Friel's_Translations
- Kitishat, A. (2012). Colonialism and the recreation of identity: the Irish theatre as a case study. Journal of Language and Culture,3(5), 83-86. http://www.academicjournals.org/app/webroot/article/article1379496793_Kitishat.pdf
- Klages, M. (2013). Literary Theory: A Guide for the Perplexed. Bloomsbury. https://www.bloomsbury.com/in/literary-theory-a-guide-for-the-perplexed-9781441167811/
- Klein, B. (2007). On the Uses of History in Recent Irish Writing. Manchester University Press. http://www.philadelphia.edu.jo/external/home/4-academia/25512-on-the-uses-of-history-in-recent-irish-writing-by-bernhard-klein.html
- Law, J. et. al (eds). (2001). The New Penguin Dictionary of the Theatre. Penguin. https://books.google.jo/books?id=QsXCAQAACAAJ&dq=The+New+Penguin+Dictionary+of+the+Theatre&hl=ar&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjn1uPHxfLnAhWjlosKHQiHDPMQ6AEIOTAC
- Leonard, H. (1998). The Unimportance of Being Irish. Irishness in a Changing Society. Edited by the Princess Grace Irish Library. Colin Smythe, 18-29. https://books.google.jo/books/about/Irishness_in_a_Changing_Society.html?id=Ho5nAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y
- London, O. (2018). Translations review – a flawless take on Friel's culture-clash masterpiece. The Guardianhttps://www.theguardian.com/international
- Lojek, H.(2014). "Brian Friel's Plays and George Steiner's Linguistics: Translating the Irish." . JSTOR. Contemporary Literature , 35(1 ), 83-99. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1208737?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=23.+Lojek%2C+Helen&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3D23.Lojek%252C%2BHelen%26filter%3D&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_SYC-5187_SYC-5188%2Fcontrol&refreqid=fastly-default%3A99970f0fb66c6c6587a76c1117f90c4b&seq=1
- Mac L, J.(2000). Reimagining the Nation State: The Contested Terrains of Nation-Building. London, GBR: Pluto Press.
- https://www.amazon.com/Reimagining-Nation-State-Contested-Nation-Building-Contemporary/dp/0745313647
- Maxwell, D. (1993). Figures in a Peepshow': Friel and The Irish Dramatic Tradition. The Achievement of Brian Friel (Ed.) Alan J.P. Peacock.Gerard's Cross, 49-68. https://www.worldcat.org/title/achievement-of-brian-friel/oclc/36008905/viewport
- Mahony, C. H. (1998). Contemporary Irish Literature. Macmillan. https://books.google.jo/books?id=f_W9wAEACAAJ&dq=Mahony++Contemporary+Irish+Literature.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi0mfG72PLnAhUDkMMKHTueCwQQ6AEIJzAA
- Murray, C. (1997). Recording Tremor: Friel's Dancing at Lughnasa and The Uses of Tradition. Brian Friel A Case Book. William Kerwin (Ed.). The USA. Garland Publishing,.
- https://books.google.jo/books?id=-aDkYyONDYoC&printsec=frontcover&hl=ar&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
- Mazzone, C. (2020). 19th Century Ordnance Survey of Ireland. https://sites.google.com/a/cord.edu/translations/translations-home/contextual-considerations/irish-evictions
- Pelletier, M.(2006). Translations, the Field Day debate and the re-imagining of Irish identity. The Cambridge Companion to Brian Friel. Ed. Anthony Roche.Cambridge University Press, 66-77.. https://www.scribd.com/document/425391995/Anthony-Roche-Brian-Friel-Theatre-and-Politics-Palgrave-Macmillan-2011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CCOL0521853990.007
- Philipso, R. (2007). Linguistic Imperialism: a conspiracy or a conspiracy of silence? Language Policy, 6 (3). 377-383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-007-9058-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-007-9058-3
- Pilkington, L. (1999). Language and Politics in Brian Friel's Translations. Irish University Review, 20 (2), 282-298. http://www.umass.edu/envhum/sites/default/files/Language%20and%20Politics%20in%20Brian%20Friel%27s%20Translations.pdf
- Rollins, R. (2014). Translations: The Ritual of Renaming. The Canadian Journal of Irish Studies ,11(1), 35-43. JSTOR. DOI: 10.2307/25512618 https://www.jstor.org/stable/25512618 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/25512618
- Rose, H.and John B.C. (2018). Linguistic Imperialism.385-404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-017-9446-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-017-9446-2
- Schmitt-K, C. (2009). Scenario. The End(s) of Language in Brian Friel's Translations and Enda Walsh's Disco Pigs and Mister man, (3)2.https://aloadoftrollope.wordpress.com/2016/09/13/language-in-friels-play-translations/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.33178/scenario.3.2.5
- Skutnabb-K. T. (2016). Linguicism in G. Gertz & P. Boudreault (Eds). The sage deaf studies encyclopaedia. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, (3)1,583-586. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10993-017-9446-2
- Smith, A. (2007). Mapped Landscapes: The Politics Of Metaphor, Knowledge, And Representation On Nineteenth-Century Irish Ordnance Survey Maps. Historical Archaeology ,41(1 ),81-91. EBSCO MegaFILE. Web. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03376995 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03376995
- Teachout, T. (2012). A Tragedy of Irish Proportions. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203406404578074741956698664
- Trotter, M. (2016). Brian Friel, an appreciation. Irish Literary Supplement, 35(2), 23+. https://newspapers.bc.edu/?a=d&d=irishliterary20160301-01.2.29&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------
- Trotter, M. (2003). Reimagining the Emigrants Exile in Contemporary Irish Drama. Modem Drama, XLVI. 1, 35-54. https://doi.org/10.3138/md.46.1.35 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3138/md.46.1.35
- Walsh, J & W. Mc. Lead. (2008). An Overcoat Wrapped around an invisible man? Language Legislation and language revitalization in Ireland and Scotland. Language Policy,7 (1), 21-46.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-007-9069-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-007-9069-0
- Worthen, W.B. (1995)."Homeless Words: Field Day and the Politics of Translation. Modern Drama, 38(1), 22-41. https://doi.org/10.3138/md.38.1.22 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3138/md.38.1.22
References
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Achilles, J. (1992). Intercultural Relations in Brian Friel's Works. The Internationalism of Irish Literature and Drama. Joseph McMinn (ed.). Gerrard's Cross: Colin Smythe, 3-16.
Andrews, E. (1993). The Fifth Province. The Achievement of Brian Friel. Ed. Alan. J. Peacock. Great Britain: Gerard's Cross, 1993, 29-48. https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/410573.The_Achievement_of_Brian_Friel
Baker, C. (2000). `It's The Same Me, Isn't It?': The Language Question And Brian Friel's Translations. Midwest Quarterly, 41(3), 264. https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-62496725/it-s-the-same-me-isn-t-it-the-language-question
Binnie, E. (1988). Brecht and Friel: Some Irish Parallels. Modern Drama, 31(3), 365–370. https://doi.org/10.3138/md.31.3.365 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3138/md.31.3.365
Bullock, K. (2000). Possessing Wor(L)Ds: Brian Friel's 'Translations' And The Ordnance Survey. New Hibernia Review, Historical Abstracts , 4(2), 98-115. Historical Abstracts. https://sites.google.com/a/cord.edu/translations/translations-home/contextual-considerations/irish-evictions.
Currie, S. (2020). LGBTQ Issues: LGBTQ Rights and Activism, 1st Edition. Reference Point Press. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/21/us/politics/biden-gay-rights-lgbt.html
Duncan, D. (2002). A Flexible Foundation: Constructing a Postcolonial Dialogue. Relocating Post colonialism. Ed. David Theo Goldberg and Ato Quayson. Blackwell, 320-333. https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Relocating+Postcolonialism-p-9780631208051
Etherton, M. (1999). Contemporary Irish Drama:1964-1999, edited by Christopher Murray. Faber and Faber.
Friel, B. (1989). Translations. Faber and Faber. https://www.worldcat.org/title/translations-brian-friel/oclc/493355205&referer=brief_results
Galloway, N. (2015). Introducing Global Englishes (1st ed.). Abingdon, United Kingdom: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315734347 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315734347
Grene, N. and Christopher M., eds. (2016).The Oxford Handbook of Modern Irish Theatre. Oxford University Press, 2016. https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198706137.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780198706137 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198706137.001.0001
Grene, N. (1987). Distancing Drama: Sean O'Casey to Brian Friel. Irish Writers and the Theatre. Masaru Ślęcin (Ed.) Totowa, N.J.Barnes and Noble Books, 47-70. https://books.google.jo/books?id=_CJaAAAAMAAJ&q=inauthor:%22Masaru+Sekine%22&dq=inauthor:%22Masaru+Sekine%22&hl=ar&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwit_bSByfLnAhXGvosKHZ_DDzUQ6AEIJzAA
Hawkins, M.S. G. (2003). 'We Must Learn Where We Live': Language, Identity, and the Colonial Condition in Brian Friel's Translations." Éire-Ireland: A Journal of Irish Studies ,38(1-2), 23-36. ProQuest. Web. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/666483 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/eir.2003.0013
Jordan, Eamonn. (2010). Dissident Dramaturgies: Contemporary Irish Drama. Dublin/Portland: Carysfort Press. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/407733/summary
Kearney, R. (1987). Friel and the politics of language play. The Massachusetts Review. Massachusetts: The Massachusetts Review Inc. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25089904
Kitishat, A. (2020). A critical study of Brian Friel's nationalism: Friel between politics and nationalism. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences,10 (4) ,67-70. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.7176/RHSS/10-4-10.
Kitishat, A. (2019). Brian Friel and the Yeatsian model: a comparative study. Annales des lettres et des langues,7 (1), 221-236. https://www.asjp.cerist.dz/en/article/101864 DOI: https://doi.org/10.35813/1712-000-013-013
Kitishat, A. (2019). The treatment of history in Friel's plays: history as a dynamic reality. European Journal of Literature and Linguistics, 2 (1), 31-38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29013/EJLL-19-2-31-38. P DOI: https://doi.org/10.29013/EJLL-19-2-31-38
Kitishat, A. (2014). Language and resistance in Brian Friel's Translations. International Journal of Linguistics and Literature , 3 (1), 1-8. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317543906_Language_and_Resistance_in_Brian_Friel's_Translations
Kitishat, A. (2012). Colonialism and the recreation of identity: the Irish theatre as a case study. Journal of Language and Culture,3(5), 83-86. http://www.academicjournals.org/app/webroot/article/article1379496793_Kitishat.pdf
Klages, M. (2013). Literary Theory: A Guide for the Perplexed. Bloomsbury. https://www.bloomsbury.com/in/literary-theory-a-guide-for-the-perplexed-9781441167811/
Klein, B. (2007). On the Uses of History in Recent Irish Writing. Manchester University Press. http://www.philadelphia.edu.jo/external/home/4-academia/25512-on-the-uses-of-history-in-recent-irish-writing-by-bernhard-klein.html
Law, J. et. al (eds). (2001). The New Penguin Dictionary of the Theatre. Penguin. https://books.google.jo/books?id=QsXCAQAACAAJ&dq=The+New+Penguin+Dictionary+of+the+Theatre&hl=ar&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjn1uPHxfLnAhWjlosKHQiHDPMQ6AEIOTAC
Leonard, H. (1998). The Unimportance of Being Irish. Irishness in a Changing Society. Edited by the Princess Grace Irish Library. Colin Smythe, 18-29. https://books.google.jo/books/about/Irishness_in_a_Changing_Society.html?id=Ho5nAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y
London, O. (2018). Translations review – a flawless take on Friel's culture-clash masterpiece. The Guardianhttps://www.theguardian.com/international
Lojek, H.(2014). "Brian Friel's Plays and George Steiner's Linguistics: Translating the Irish." . JSTOR. Contemporary Literature , 35(1 ), 83-99. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1208737?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=23.+Lojek%2C+Helen&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3D23.Lojek%252C%2BHelen%26filter%3D&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_SYC-5187_SYC-5188%2Fcontrol&refreqid=fastly-default%3A99970f0fb66c6c6587a76c1117f90c4b&seq=1
Mac L, J.(2000). Reimagining the Nation State: The Contested Terrains of Nation-Building. London, GBR: Pluto Press.
https://www.amazon.com/Reimagining-Nation-State-Contested-Nation-Building-Contemporary/dp/0745313647
Maxwell, D. (1993). Figures in a Peepshow': Friel and The Irish Dramatic Tradition. The Achievement of Brian Friel (Ed.) Alan J.P. Peacock.Gerard's Cross, 49-68. https://www.worldcat.org/title/achievement-of-brian-friel/oclc/36008905/viewport
Mahony, C. H. (1998). Contemporary Irish Literature. Macmillan. https://books.google.jo/books?id=f_W9wAEACAAJ&dq=Mahony++Contemporary+Irish+Literature.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi0mfG72PLnAhUDkMMKHTueCwQQ6AEIJzAA
Murray, C. (1997). Recording Tremor: Friel's Dancing at Lughnasa and The Uses of Tradition. Brian Friel A Case Book. William Kerwin (Ed.). The USA. Garland Publishing,.
Mazzone, C. (2020). 19th Century Ordnance Survey of Ireland. https://sites.google.com/a/cord.edu/translations/translations-home/contextual-considerations/irish-evictions
Pelletier, M.(2006). Translations, the Field Day debate and the re-imagining of Irish identity. The Cambridge Companion to Brian Friel. Ed. Anthony Roche.Cambridge University Press, 66-77.. https://www.scribd.com/document/425391995/Anthony-Roche-Brian-Friel-Theatre-and-Politics-Palgrave-Macmillan-2011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CCOL0521853990.007
Philipso, R. (2007). Linguistic Imperialism: a conspiracy or a conspiracy of silence? Language Policy, 6 (3). 377-383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-007-9058-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-007-9058-3
Pilkington, L. (1999). Language and Politics in Brian Friel's Translations. Irish University Review, 20 (2), 282-298. http://www.umass.edu/envhum/sites/default/files/Language%20and%20Politics%20in%20Brian%20Friel%27s%20Translations.pdf
Rollins, R. (2014). Translations: The Ritual of Renaming. The Canadian Journal of Irish Studies ,11(1), 35-43. JSTOR. DOI: 10.2307/25512618 https://www.jstor.org/stable/25512618 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/25512618
Rose, H.and John B.C. (2018). Linguistic Imperialism.385-404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-017-9446-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-017-9446-2
Schmitt-K, C. (2009). Scenario. The End(s) of Language in Brian Friel's Translations and Enda Walsh's Disco Pigs and Mister man, (3)2.https://aloadoftrollope.wordpress.com/2016/09/13/language-in-friels-play-translations/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.33178/scenario.3.2.5
Skutnabb-K. T. (2016). Linguicism in G. Gertz & P. Boudreault (Eds). The sage deaf studies encyclopaedia. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, (3)1,583-586. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10993-017-9446-2
Smith, A. (2007). Mapped Landscapes: The Politics Of Metaphor, Knowledge, And Representation On Nineteenth-Century Irish Ordnance Survey Maps. Historical Archaeology ,41(1 ),81-91. EBSCO MegaFILE. Web. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03376995 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03376995
Teachout, T. (2012). A Tragedy of Irish Proportions. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203406404578074741956698664
Trotter, M. (2016). Brian Friel, an appreciation. Irish Literary Supplement, 35(2), 23+. https://newspapers.bc.edu/?a=d&d=irishliterary20160301-01.2.29&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------
Trotter, M. (2003). Reimagining the Emigrants Exile in Contemporary Irish Drama. Modem Drama, XLVI. 1, 35-54. https://doi.org/10.3138/md.46.1.35 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3138/md.46.1.35
Walsh, J & W. Mc. Lead. (2008). An Overcoat Wrapped around an invisible man? Language Legislation and language revitalization in Ireland and Scotland. Language Policy,7 (1), 21-46.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-007-9069-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-007-9069-0
Worthen, W.B. (1995)."Homeless Words: Field Day and the Politics of Translation. Modern Drama, 38(1), 22-41. https://doi.org/10.3138/md.38.1.22 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3138/md.38.1.22