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IRRATIONAL BELIEFS AND THOUGHT CONTROL STRATEGIES AS PREDICTORS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS IN A SAMPLE OF KINDERGARTEN SECTION STUDENTS AT PRINCE SATTAM UNIVERSITY
Corresponding Author(s) : Thana Mohamed
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 8 No. 4 (2020): July
Abstract
Purpose of the study: This study aimed to investigate the possibility of predicting psychological stress through both irrational beliefs and thought control strategies.
Methodology: This study relied on a predictive-qualitative approach, under which the following psychometric measures were applied administered to a sample of 200 university students selected by the stratified random method: (1) Perceived stress scale (PSS),(2) Metacognitive beliefs Questionnaire (MCQ), and (3) thought control strategies scale(TCQ) on a sample of (200) university students, chosen by the stratified random method, and the researchers used a number of statistical methods such as correlation coefficient, multiple regression analysis, and path analysis.
Main Findings: The results of the study revealed the possibility of predicting perceived Stress through the following Metacognitive beliefs, and also revealed the possibility of predicting perceived Stresses through the following thought control strategies.
Applications of this study: Results concluded from the study may be beneficial to centers and units of psychological and academic counseling at universities, especially in terms of providing effective, preventive, and curative counseling services that focus on the real causes behind the spread of psychological stress.
Novelty/Originality of this study: The study presented a structural model that identifies the pathways that characterize the relationship between perceived stress and the strategies of controlling thought and metacognitive beliefs.
Keywords
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- Bank, B., Slavings, R., and Biddle, R. (1990). Effects of Peer, Faculty, and Parental Influences on Students’ Persistence. Sociology of Education, 63(3): 209-225. https://doi.org/10.2307/2112838 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2112838
- Bland, J., & Altman, D. (1997). Statistics notes: Cronbach9s alpha. Bmj, 314(7080), 572. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.314.7080.572 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.314.7080.572
- Brown, T. A. (2014). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. Guilford publications. â€
- Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(4), 385-396. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136404 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2136404
- Cohen, S., Lanicki-Deverts., & Miller, G. (2007). Psychological stress and disease. JAMA, 298(4),1685-1687. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.298.14.1685 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.298.14.1685
- Calamari, J., Cohen, R., Rector, N., Shimizu, K., Riemann, B. & Norberg, M. (2005). Dysfunctional belief- based obsessive-compulsive disorder subgroups. Journal of Behavior Research and Therapy, 44, 1347-1360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.10.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.10.005
- Ellis, A. (2002). Overcoming resistance: A rational emotive behavior therapy integrative approach. (2nd ed.). New York: Springer Publishing Company.
- Ellis, A., & Bernard, M.E. (2006). Rational emotive behavioral approaches to childhood disorders: Theory, practice and research. New York: Springer Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.1007/b137389 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/b137389
- Ellis, A., & Wildle, E.J. (2002). Case studies in rational emotive behavior therapy with children and adolescents. New Jersey: Upper Saddle River.
- Fayyad, Islam Muhammad (2002). The effectiveness of a counseling program to develop methods of coping with psychological stress among surrogate mothers in the children's village of Rafah, unpublished Master Thesis, College of Education, Gaza, Palestine.
- Foumany, G., Salehi, J., & Ifaei, F. (2014). The relationship between metacognition, mental health and self-esteem in students. APPI. Environ. Biol.Sci,4(3),61-67.
- Gabrys, R., Tabri, N., Anisman, H., & Matheson.K.(2018). Cognitive control and flexibility in the context of stress and depressive symptoms: The cognitive control and flexibility questionnaire.9, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg
- Hu, L., & Bentler, P. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to under parameterized model misspecification. Psychological methods, 3(4), 424. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.3.4.424 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.3.4.424
- Hu, L., & Bentler, P. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural equation modeling: a multidisciplinary journal, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
- Khleifat, A& Al-Zghoul, E. (2003). Sources of psychological stress among teachers of the Directorate of Education in Karak Governorate and their relationship to some variables. Journal of Educational Sciences. 7(3), 61-89.
- Kim, Y., & Jun, Y. (2015). The role of positive metacognition and negative metacognition in employment stress among college students. International Conference on Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences (ICSHSS 15) July 29-30, Phuket(Thailand). â€
- Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling 2nd ed. New York: Guilford. â€
- Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.
- Moatamedi, A., Borjali, A., Sohrabi-Asmarodi, F., Delavar, A., & Tangestain, Y. (2018). Prediction of Psychological disorders based on metacognitive components in the elderly of Tehran.Int J Behav Sci.12(3),108-113.
- Oksanen, A; Laimi, K; Bjorklund, k; Loyttyniemi, E; &Kunttu, K. (2017). A 12-year trend of psychological distress: National study of Finnish university students. Central European Journal of Public Health, 25(2),113-119. https://doi.org/10.21101/cejph.a4438 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21101/cejph.a4438
- Romas, J.A., & Sharma, M. (2004). Practical stress management: A comprehensive workbook for managing change and promoting health. (3rd ed.). Needham Heights: Allyn & Bacon. Silver grade, L., Tosi, D.J., Wise, P.S., & D'Costa, A. (2001). Irrational beliefs and emotionality in adolescents with and without bronchial
- Stallman, H. (2008). Prevalence of psychological distress in university students: Implications for service delivery. Australian Family physican. 37(8), 673-677.
- Quraye ', F. (2017). Psychological Stress among Teachers and Their Relationship with Life Satisfaction. Jordanian Journal of Educational Sciences, (4), 475-486.
- Spada, M., Nikcevic, A., Moneta, G., & Wells, A. (2008). Metacognition, perceived stress, and negative emotion. Personality and Individual Differences, 44(5), 1172-1181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.11.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.11.010
- Wegner, D. (1988). Stress and mental control. Handbook of life stress, cognition and Health, Edited by Fisher and J. Reason. John Wiley&SonsLtd.
- Wells, A. (2009). Metacognitive therapy for anxiety and depression. London, UK: Guilford.
- Wells, A&Davies, M. (1994). The thought control questionnaire: A measure of individual differences in the control of unwanted thoughts, 32(8),871-878. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(94)90168-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(94)90168-6
- Wells, A&Purdon, C. (1999). Metacognitive and cognitive behavior therapy: A special issue. Clinical Psychology&Psychotherapy. 6(2),71-72. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0879(199905)6:2<71::AID-CPP186>3.0.CO;2-G DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0879(199905)6:2<71::AID-CPP186>3.0.CO;2-G
- Wells, A., & Cartwright-Hatton, S. (2004). A short form of the metacognitions questionnaire: properties of the MCQ-30. Behaviour research and therapy, 42(4), 385-396. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(03)00147-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(03)00147-5
- Wenzlaff, R. (1998). Depression and mental control: The resurgence of unwanted negative thoughts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(6), 882-892. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.55.6.882 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.55.6.882
- Yildiz, M., Baytemir, K & Demirtas, A. (2018). Irrational beliefs and perceived stress in adolescents: The role of self-esteem. Journal of Educational Science Psychology.5(1),19-89.
References
Bank, B., Slavings, R., and Biddle, R. (1990). Effects of Peer, Faculty, and Parental Influences on Students’ Persistence. Sociology of Education, 63(3): 209-225. https://doi.org/10.2307/2112838 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2112838
Bland, J., & Altman, D. (1997). Statistics notes: Cronbach9s alpha. Bmj, 314(7080), 572. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.314.7080.572 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.314.7080.572
Brown, T. A. (2014). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. Guilford publications. â€
Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(4), 385-396. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136404 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2136404
Cohen, S., Lanicki-Deverts., & Miller, G. (2007). Psychological stress and disease. JAMA, 298(4),1685-1687. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.298.14.1685 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.298.14.1685
Calamari, J., Cohen, R., Rector, N., Shimizu, K., Riemann, B. & Norberg, M. (2005). Dysfunctional belief- based obsessive-compulsive disorder subgroups. Journal of Behavior Research and Therapy, 44, 1347-1360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.10.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.10.005
Ellis, A. (2002). Overcoming resistance: A rational emotive behavior therapy integrative approach. (2nd ed.). New York: Springer Publishing Company.
Ellis, A., & Bernard, M.E. (2006). Rational emotive behavioral approaches to childhood disorders: Theory, practice and research. New York: Springer Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.1007/b137389 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/b137389
Ellis, A., & Wildle, E.J. (2002). Case studies in rational emotive behavior therapy with children and adolescents. New Jersey: Upper Saddle River.
Fayyad, Islam Muhammad (2002). The effectiveness of a counseling program to develop methods of coping with psychological stress among surrogate mothers in the children's village of Rafah, unpublished Master Thesis, College of Education, Gaza, Palestine.
Foumany, G., Salehi, J., & Ifaei, F. (2014). The relationship between metacognition, mental health and self-esteem in students. APPI. Environ. Biol.Sci,4(3),61-67.
Gabrys, R., Tabri, N., Anisman, H., & Matheson.K.(2018). Cognitive control and flexibility in the context of stress and depressive symptoms: The cognitive control and flexibility questionnaire.9, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to under parameterized model misspecification. Psychological methods, 3(4), 424. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.3.4.424 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.3.4.424
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural equation modeling: a multidisciplinary journal, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Khleifat, A& Al-Zghoul, E. (2003). Sources of psychological stress among teachers of the Directorate of Education in Karak Governorate and their relationship to some variables. Journal of Educational Sciences. 7(3), 61-89.
Kim, Y., & Jun, Y. (2015). The role of positive metacognition and negative metacognition in employment stress among college students. International Conference on Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences (ICSHSS 15) July 29-30, Phuket(Thailand). â€
Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling 2nd ed. New York: Guilford. â€
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.
Moatamedi, A., Borjali, A., Sohrabi-Asmarodi, F., Delavar, A., & Tangestain, Y. (2018). Prediction of Psychological disorders based on metacognitive components in the elderly of Tehran.Int J Behav Sci.12(3),108-113.
Oksanen, A; Laimi, K; Bjorklund, k; Loyttyniemi, E; &Kunttu, K. (2017). A 12-year trend of psychological distress: National study of Finnish university students. Central European Journal of Public Health, 25(2),113-119. https://doi.org/10.21101/cejph.a4438 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21101/cejph.a4438
Romas, J.A., & Sharma, M. (2004). Practical stress management: A comprehensive workbook for managing change and promoting health. (3rd ed.). Needham Heights: Allyn & Bacon. Silver grade, L., Tosi, D.J., Wise, P.S., & D'Costa, A. (2001). Irrational beliefs and emotionality in adolescents with and without bronchial
Stallman, H. (2008). Prevalence of psychological distress in university students: Implications for service delivery. Australian Family physican. 37(8), 673-677.
Quraye ', F. (2017). Psychological Stress among Teachers and Their Relationship with Life Satisfaction. Jordanian Journal of Educational Sciences, (4), 475-486.
Spada, M., Nikcevic, A., Moneta, G., & Wells, A. (2008). Metacognition, perceived stress, and negative emotion. Personality and Individual Differences, 44(5), 1172-1181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.11.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.11.010
Wegner, D. (1988). Stress and mental control. Handbook of life stress, cognition and Health, Edited by Fisher and J. Reason. John Wiley&SonsLtd.
Wells, A. (2009). Metacognitive therapy for anxiety and depression. London, UK: Guilford.
Wells, A&Davies, M. (1994). The thought control questionnaire: A measure of individual differences in the control of unwanted thoughts, 32(8),871-878. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(94)90168-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(94)90168-6
Wells, A&Purdon, C. (1999). Metacognitive and cognitive behavior therapy: A special issue. Clinical Psychology&Psychotherapy. 6(2),71-72. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0879(199905)6:2<71::AID-CPP186>3.0.CO;2-G DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0879(199905)6:2<71::AID-CPP186>3.0.CO;2-G
Wells, A., & Cartwright-Hatton, S. (2004). A short form of the metacognitions questionnaire: properties of the MCQ-30. Behaviour research and therapy, 42(4), 385-396. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(03)00147-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(03)00147-5
Wenzlaff, R. (1998). Depression and mental control: The resurgence of unwanted negative thoughts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(6), 882-892. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.55.6.882 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.55.6.882
Yildiz, M., Baytemir, K & Demirtas, A. (2018). Irrational beliefs and perceived stress in adolescents: The role of self-esteem. Journal of Educational Science Psychology.5(1),19-89.