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COVID-19 IMPACT ON E-COMMERCE USAGE: AN EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM MALAYSIAN HEALTHCARE INDUSTRY
Corresponding Author(s) : Rohail Hassan
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 8 No. 3 (2020): May
Abstract
Purpose of the study: The purpose of the study is to investigate the COVID-19 impact on e-commerce usage in the Malaysian healthcare industry through the Technological, Organizational, and Environmental (TOE) model.
Methodology: This is a quantitative online survey-based research. The questionnaires are distributed among 100 samples from a healthcare provider, namely doctors, hospital management, medical assistant nurses, and medical supplier, particularly in Peninsular Malaysia. The sample comprised 45% male and 55% female. The data were analyzed by using SPSS 25 and PLS-SEM 3.0 to examine the relationship between variables and to test the hypotheses.
Main Findings: The finding reveals that organization readiness, e-commerce knowledge, and supply chain integration have a significant positive impact. In contrast, IT infrastructure and external pressure have an insignificant effect on e-commerce usage.
Applications of the Study: The benefits obtained from this study can be used to empower e-commerce usage in the healthcare industry of Malaysia. Also, it will enhance the quality of services hence advancing the healthcare services and operations.
Novelty/Originality of the Study: The combined effect of the TOE and DOI theory on e-commerce usage for the healthcare industry to contribute to the literature.
Keywords
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- Abebe, M. (2014). Electronic commerce adoption, entrepreneurial orientation and small-and medium-sized enterprise (SME) performance. Journal of small business and enterprise development, 21(1), 100-116. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-10-2013-0145 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-10-2013-0145
- Aggarwal, A. K., & Travers, S. (2001). E-commerce in Healthcare: changing the traditional landscape. Technology, 2, B2C.
- Ahmer, Z. (2013). Adoption of human resource information systems innovation in Pakistani organizations. Journal of Quality and Technology Management, 9(2), 22-50.
- Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 50(2), 179-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
- Al-Refaie, A., & Ramadna, A. M. (2020). Barriers to E-Government Adoption in Jordanian Organizations from Users' and Employees' Perspectives. In Open Government: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications (pp. 2190-2210): IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9860-2.ch100 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9860-2.ch100
- Altaf, M., & Shahzad, A. (2018). "That's my job" Exploring the effect of brand empowerment towards employee brand equity: The mediating role of employee critical psychological states. Revista Brasileira de Gestão de Negócios, 20(4), 599-618. https://doi.org/10.7819/rbgn.v0i0.3952 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7819/rbgn.v0i0.3952
- Amin, N. A. N., Almunawar, M. N., Hasnan, A. S., & Besar, N. N. (2020). The Utilization of Web 2.0 for Knowledge Sharing: The Case of Tertiary Education in Brunei Darussalam. In Handbook of Research on Managerial Practices and Disruptive Innovation in Asia (pp. 1-25): IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0357-7.ch001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0357-7.ch001
- Aremu, A. Y., Shahzad, A., & Hassan, S. (2019). The Empirical Evidence of Enterprise Resource Planning System Adoption and Implementation on Firm's Performance Among Medium-sized Enterprises. Global Business Review, 0972150919849751. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150919849751 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150919849751
- Baker, E., & Solak, S. (2011). Climate change and optimal energy technology R&D policy. European Journal of Operational Research, 213(2), 442-454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2011.03.046 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2011.03.046
- Bakker, Harland, Knight, & Zheng. (2008). Putting e-commerce adoption in a supply chain context. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 28(4), 313. https://doi.org/10.1108/01443570810861543 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/01443570810861543
- Behera, R. K., & Dhal, S. K. (2020). A Meta-Analysis of Impact of ERP Implementation. In Advances in Data Science and Management (pp. 123-135): Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0978-0_12 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0978-0_12
- Boore, C., James, N. M., & Iraki, X. (2017). Strategic issues in e-Health implementation in developing countries: The Kenyan healthcare sector. Global Scientific Journals, 5(7), 50-62.
- Chang, E. C., & Wong, S. M. (2004). Political control and performance in China's listed firms. Journal of Comparative Economics, 32(4), 617-636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2004.08.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2004.08.001
- Chee, L. F. L., & Yazdanifard, R. (2011). Ecommerce's Important Role in the Medical Sector. Information Communication and Management--International Proceedings of Computer Science and Information Technology.
- Cohen, J. (2020). The coronavirus seems unstoppable. What should the world do now? Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb4604 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb4604
- Depietro, R., Wiarda, E., & Fleischer, M. (1990). The context for change: Organization, technology and environment. The processes of technological innovation, 199(0), 151-175.
- Enright, G. (1998). E-commerce expected to grow by up to 500 per cent: Study. Computing Canada, 24(23), 4-4.
- Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior.
- Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800313 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3150980
- Govinnage, D., & Sachitra, K. (2019). Factors Affecting E-commerce Adoption of Small and Medium Enterprises in Sri Lanka: Evidence from Retail Sector. Asian Journal of Advanced Research and Reports, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajarr/2019/v6i230147 DOI: https://doi.org/10.9734/ajarr/2019/v6i230147
- Grandon, E. E., & Pearson, J. M. (2004). Electronic commerce adoption: an empirical study of small and medium US businesses. Information & management, 42(1), 197-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2003.12.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2003.12.010
- Hair Jr, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Hopkins, L., & Kuppelwieser, V. G. (2014). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). European Business Review. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-10-2013-0128 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-10-2013-0128
- Haque, A., Sadeghzadeh, J., & Khatibi, A. (2006). Identifying potentiality online sales in Malaysia: A study on customer relationships online shopping. Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR), 22(4). https://doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v22i4.1420 DOI: https://doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v22i4.1420
- Hashim, N. A. (2006). E-commerce adoption issues in Malaysian SMES. http://www.icoec.my/index.php/proceedings/9-icoec-2006-proceedings
- Hasanat, M. W., Hoque, A., Shikha, F. A., Anwar, M., Hamid, A. B. A., & Tat, H. H. (2020). The Impact of Coronavirus (Covid-19) on E-Business in Malaysia. Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 3(1), 85-90.
- Hassan, R., & Marimuthu, M. (2018). Contextualizing comprehensive board diversity and firm financial performance: Integrating market, management and shareholder's perspective. Journal of Management & Organization, 24(5), 634-678. https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2018.10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2018.10
- Hassan, R., Marimuthu, M., & Kaur Johl, S. (2016). Women on boards and market performance: An exploratory study on the listed companies. https://doi.org/10.36478/ibm.2016.84.91
- Hassan, R., Marimuthu, M., & Johl, S. K. (2015, August). Demographic diversity and firm value: A review on large companies using panel data approach. In 2015 International Symposium on Technology Management and Emerging Technologies (ISTMET) (pp. 197-201). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISTMET.2015.7359028 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ISTMET.2015.7359028
- Hassan, R., Marimuthu, M., & Johl, S. K. (2015a). Ethnic diversity on boards and market performance: An empirical investigation in Malaysia. Advanced Science Letters, 21(5), 1099-1103. https://doi.org/10.1166/asl.2015.6036 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1166/asl.2015.6036
- Jehangir, M., Dominic, P., Naseebullah, N., & Khan, A. (2011). Towards digital economy: the development of ICT and e-commerce in Malaysia. Modern Applied Science, 5(2), p171. https://doi.org/10.5539/mas.v5n2p171 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/mas.v5n2p171
- Jr, H., Hult, Ringle, & Sarstedt. (2016). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM): Sage publications.
- Lee, S., Nam, Y., Lee, S., & Son, H. (2016). Determinants of ICT innovations: A cross-country empirical study. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 110, 71-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2015.11.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2015.11.010
- Lip-Sam, T., & Hock-Eam, L. (2011). Estimating the determinants of B2B e-commerce adoption among small & medium enterprises. International Journal of Business & Society, 12(1).
- Luong, N. A. M., & Wang, L. (2019). Factors Influencing E-commerce Usage within Internationalisation: A study of Swedish small and medium-sized fashion retailers. In.
- Monem, A. A. (2016). An empirical study of the MIS impacts and organizational efforts on improving business performance. In Communication, Management and Information Technology (pp. 25-30): CRC Press.
- Onn, L. P. (2015). What Lies Ahead for Malaysian Healthcare? https://www.think-asia.org/handle/11540/6715
- Rogers, E. M. (2003). Diffusion of Innovation, 5th edn London. UK: Free Press.
- Saulat, A., Zeeshan, M., Hussain, A., & Rehman, S. U. An Exploratory Study of Married Working Women, Work-Life Balance; Problems and Solutions.
- Shah Alam, S., Ali, M. Y., & Mohd. Jani, M. F. (2011). An empirical study of factors affecting electronic commerce adoption among SMEs in Malaysia. Journal of business economics and management, 12(2), 375-399. https://doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2011.576749 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2011.576749
- Shahzad, A., Chin, H. K., Altaf, M., & Bajwa, F. A. (2020). Malaysian SME's performance and the use of e-commerce: A multi-group analysis of click-and-mortar and pure-play e-retailers. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences (PJCSS), 14(1), 1-33. http://hdl.handle.net/10419/216862
- Sheikh, A. A., Rana, N. A., Inam, A., Shahzad, A., & Awan, H. M. (2018). Is e-marketing a source of sustainable business performance? Predicting the role of top management support with various interaction factors. Cogent Business & Management, 5(1), 1516487. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2018.1516487 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2018.1516487
- Shin, N. (2001). Strategies for competitive advantage in electronic commerce. J. Electron. Commerce Res., 2(4), 164-171.
- Sila, I. (2013). Factors affecting the adoption of B2B e-commerce technologies. Electronic commerce research, 13(2), 199-236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10660-013-9110-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10660-013-9110-7
- Smith, M. D., & Bailey, J. (2000). Understanding Digital Markets: Review and Assessment. E. Brynjolfsson, B. Kahin, eds. Understanding the Digital Economy. In: MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
- Teo, T. S., Ranganathan, C., & Dhaliwal, J. (2006). Key dimensions of inhibitors for the deployment of web-based business-to-business electronic commerce. IEEE Transactions on engineering management, 53(3), 395-411. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEM.2006.878106 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TEM.2006.878106
- Today, H. L. (2020). Uncharted territory: Legal experts weigh in on the COVID-19 outbreak. Retrieved from https://today.law.harvard.edu/roundup/uncharted-territory-legal-experts-weigh-in-on-the-covid-19-outbreak/
- Tornatzky, L. G., Fleischer, M., & Chakrabarti, A. K. (1990). Processes of technological innovation. Lexington books.
- Udayai, K., & Kumar, P. (2013). Innovation in Healthcare Marketing Strategies in India: Learning from Non Healthcare Industry. Innovative Journal of Business and Management, 2(1), 22-25.
- Villa, E., Ruiz, L., Valencia, A., & Picón, E. (2018). Electronic commerce: factors involved in its adoption from a bibliometric analysis. Journal of theoretical and applied electronic commerce research, 13(1), 39-70. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-18762018000100104 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-18762018000100104
References
Abebe, M. (2014). Electronic commerce adoption, entrepreneurial orientation and small-and medium-sized enterprise (SME) performance. Journal of small business and enterprise development, 21(1), 100-116. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-10-2013-0145 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-10-2013-0145
Aggarwal, A. K., & Travers, S. (2001). E-commerce in Healthcare: changing the traditional landscape. Technology, 2, B2C.
Ahmer, Z. (2013). Adoption of human resource information systems innovation in Pakistani organizations. Journal of Quality and Technology Management, 9(2), 22-50.
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 50(2), 179-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
Al-Refaie, A., & Ramadna, A. M. (2020). Barriers to E-Government Adoption in Jordanian Organizations from Users' and Employees' Perspectives. In Open Government: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications (pp. 2190-2210): IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9860-2.ch100 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9860-2.ch100
Altaf, M., & Shahzad, A. (2018). "That's my job" Exploring the effect of brand empowerment towards employee brand equity: The mediating role of employee critical psychological states. Revista Brasileira de Gestão de Negócios, 20(4), 599-618. https://doi.org/10.7819/rbgn.v0i0.3952 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7819/rbgn.v0i0.3952
Amin, N. A. N., Almunawar, M. N., Hasnan, A. S., & Besar, N. N. (2020). The Utilization of Web 2.0 for Knowledge Sharing: The Case of Tertiary Education in Brunei Darussalam. In Handbook of Research on Managerial Practices and Disruptive Innovation in Asia (pp. 1-25): IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0357-7.ch001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0357-7.ch001
Aremu, A. Y., Shahzad, A., & Hassan, S. (2019). The Empirical Evidence of Enterprise Resource Planning System Adoption and Implementation on Firm's Performance Among Medium-sized Enterprises. Global Business Review, 0972150919849751. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150919849751 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150919849751
Baker, E., & Solak, S. (2011). Climate change and optimal energy technology R&D policy. European Journal of Operational Research, 213(2), 442-454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2011.03.046 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2011.03.046
Bakker, Harland, Knight, & Zheng. (2008). Putting e-commerce adoption in a supply chain context. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 28(4), 313. https://doi.org/10.1108/01443570810861543 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/01443570810861543
Behera, R. K., & Dhal, S. K. (2020). A Meta-Analysis of Impact of ERP Implementation. In Advances in Data Science and Management (pp. 123-135): Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0978-0_12 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0978-0_12
Boore, C., James, N. M., & Iraki, X. (2017). Strategic issues in e-Health implementation in developing countries: The Kenyan healthcare sector. Global Scientific Journals, 5(7), 50-62.
Chang, E. C., & Wong, S. M. (2004). Political control and performance in China's listed firms. Journal of Comparative Economics, 32(4), 617-636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2004.08.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2004.08.001
Chee, L. F. L., & Yazdanifard, R. (2011). Ecommerce's Important Role in the Medical Sector. Information Communication and Management--International Proceedings of Computer Science and Information Technology.
Cohen, J. (2020). The coronavirus seems unstoppable. What should the world do now? Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb4604 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb4604
Depietro, R., Wiarda, E., & Fleischer, M. (1990). The context for change: Organization, technology and environment. The processes of technological innovation, 199(0), 151-175.
Enright, G. (1998). E-commerce expected to grow by up to 500 per cent: Study. Computing Canada, 24(23), 4-4.
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800313 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3150980
Govinnage, D., & Sachitra, K. (2019). Factors Affecting E-commerce Adoption of Small and Medium Enterprises in Sri Lanka: Evidence from Retail Sector. Asian Journal of Advanced Research and Reports, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajarr/2019/v6i230147 DOI: https://doi.org/10.9734/ajarr/2019/v6i230147
Grandon, E. E., & Pearson, J. M. (2004). Electronic commerce adoption: an empirical study of small and medium US businesses. Information & management, 42(1), 197-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2003.12.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2003.12.010
Hair Jr, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Hopkins, L., & Kuppelwieser, V. G. (2014). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). European Business Review. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-10-2013-0128 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-10-2013-0128
Haque, A., Sadeghzadeh, J., & Khatibi, A. (2006). Identifying potentiality online sales in Malaysia: A study on customer relationships online shopping. Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR), 22(4). https://doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v22i4.1420 DOI: https://doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v22i4.1420
Hashim, N. A. (2006). E-commerce adoption issues in Malaysian SMES. http://www.icoec.my/index.php/proceedings/9-icoec-2006-proceedings
Hasanat, M. W., Hoque, A., Shikha, F. A., Anwar, M., Hamid, A. B. A., & Tat, H. H. (2020). The Impact of Coronavirus (Covid-19) on E-Business in Malaysia. Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 3(1), 85-90.
Hassan, R., & Marimuthu, M. (2018). Contextualizing comprehensive board diversity and firm financial performance: Integrating market, management and shareholder's perspective. Journal of Management & Organization, 24(5), 634-678. https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2018.10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2018.10
Hassan, R., Marimuthu, M., & Kaur Johl, S. (2016). Women on boards and market performance: An exploratory study on the listed companies. https://doi.org/10.36478/ibm.2016.84.91
Hassan, R., Marimuthu, M., & Johl, S. K. (2015, August). Demographic diversity and firm value: A review on large companies using panel data approach. In 2015 International Symposium on Technology Management and Emerging Technologies (ISTMET) (pp. 197-201). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISTMET.2015.7359028 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ISTMET.2015.7359028
Hassan, R., Marimuthu, M., & Johl, S. K. (2015a). Ethnic diversity on boards and market performance: An empirical investigation in Malaysia. Advanced Science Letters, 21(5), 1099-1103. https://doi.org/10.1166/asl.2015.6036 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1166/asl.2015.6036
Jehangir, M., Dominic, P., Naseebullah, N., & Khan, A. (2011). Towards digital economy: the development of ICT and e-commerce in Malaysia. Modern Applied Science, 5(2), p171. https://doi.org/10.5539/mas.v5n2p171 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/mas.v5n2p171
Jr, H., Hult, Ringle, & Sarstedt. (2016). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM): Sage publications.
Lee, S., Nam, Y., Lee, S., & Son, H. (2016). Determinants of ICT innovations: A cross-country empirical study. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 110, 71-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2015.11.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2015.11.010
Lip-Sam, T., & Hock-Eam, L. (2011). Estimating the determinants of B2B e-commerce adoption among small & medium enterprises. International Journal of Business & Society, 12(1).
Luong, N. A. M., & Wang, L. (2019). Factors Influencing E-commerce Usage within Internationalisation: A study of Swedish small and medium-sized fashion retailers. In.
Monem, A. A. (2016). An empirical study of the MIS impacts and organizational efforts on improving business performance. In Communication, Management and Information Technology (pp. 25-30): CRC Press.
Onn, L. P. (2015). What Lies Ahead for Malaysian Healthcare? https://www.think-asia.org/handle/11540/6715
Rogers, E. M. (2003). Diffusion of Innovation, 5th edn London. UK: Free Press.
Saulat, A., Zeeshan, M., Hussain, A., & Rehman, S. U. An Exploratory Study of Married Working Women, Work-Life Balance; Problems and Solutions.
Shah Alam, S., Ali, M. Y., & Mohd. Jani, M. F. (2011). An empirical study of factors affecting electronic commerce adoption among SMEs in Malaysia. Journal of business economics and management, 12(2), 375-399. https://doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2011.576749 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2011.576749
Shahzad, A., Chin, H. K., Altaf, M., & Bajwa, F. A. (2020). Malaysian SME's performance and the use of e-commerce: A multi-group analysis of click-and-mortar and pure-play e-retailers. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences (PJCSS), 14(1), 1-33. http://hdl.handle.net/10419/216862
Sheikh, A. A., Rana, N. A., Inam, A., Shahzad, A., & Awan, H. M. (2018). Is e-marketing a source of sustainable business performance? Predicting the role of top management support with various interaction factors. Cogent Business & Management, 5(1), 1516487. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2018.1516487 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2018.1516487
Shin, N. (2001). Strategies for competitive advantage in electronic commerce. J. Electron. Commerce Res., 2(4), 164-171.
Sila, I. (2013). Factors affecting the adoption of B2B e-commerce technologies. Electronic commerce research, 13(2), 199-236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10660-013-9110-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10660-013-9110-7
Smith, M. D., & Bailey, J. (2000). Understanding Digital Markets: Review and Assessment. E. Brynjolfsson, B. Kahin, eds. Understanding the Digital Economy. In: MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
Teo, T. S., Ranganathan, C., & Dhaliwal, J. (2006). Key dimensions of inhibitors for the deployment of web-based business-to-business electronic commerce. IEEE Transactions on engineering management, 53(3), 395-411. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEM.2006.878106 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TEM.2006.878106
Today, H. L. (2020). Uncharted territory: Legal experts weigh in on the COVID-19 outbreak. Retrieved from https://today.law.harvard.edu/roundup/uncharted-territory-legal-experts-weigh-in-on-the-covid-19-outbreak/
Tornatzky, L. G., Fleischer, M., & Chakrabarti, A. K. (1990). Processes of technological innovation. Lexington books.
Udayai, K., & Kumar, P. (2013). Innovation in Healthcare Marketing Strategies in India: Learning from Non Healthcare Industry. Innovative Journal of Business and Management, 2(1), 22-25.
Villa, E., Ruiz, L., Valencia, A., & Picón, E. (2018). Electronic commerce: factors involved in its adoption from a bibliometric analysis. Journal of theoretical and applied electronic commerce research, 13(1), 39-70. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-18762018000100104 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-18762018000100104