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EMPLOYERS PERCEPTION ON GRADUATE SKILL DEFICIENCY TO SUIT PRODUCTIVITY
Corresponding Author(s) : Gopalakrishnan Soundararajan
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 8 No. 3 (2020): May
Abstract
Purpose of the study: This study aims to investigate the perception of employers on the skill deficiency of graduates. The study also attempts to explore the nature and importance of employability skills with emphasis on the areas of deficiency that could be addressed by higher education institutions (H.E.I.s) to make their graduates more employable.
Methodology: This paper is a theoretical exploration based on existing literature. Relevant research papers were sourced from prominent online databases, notably Emerald and Elsevier, including journals, articles, and scholarly conference proceedings. and carefully analyzed. These studies provided an insight for the researchers to understand employability skills and also it helped to suggest the steps to be taken by the H.E.I.s to address the lack of employability skills and make the students ready to face the job market.
Main Findings: The results of the study suggest that a lack of employability skills is a major cause of unemployment among graduates of universities, colleges, and other H.E.I.s.The findings reflect the increasing desire of employers for graduates to possess soft skills such as critical thinking, problem-solving and effective communication, and collaboration. It also underscores the critical role of H.E.I.s in addressing graduate skill deficiencies.
Applications of this study: The study shows that employability skills are the foremost skills graduates require to successfully compete in the job market. The research encourages graduates to understand the skills deficiencies from the employers' perspectives and to discover some bespoke methods or ways of addressing their competency gaps, thereby enhancing their effectiveness and innovativeness. The study further offers a clear roadmap for H.E.I.s to enrich the quality of teaching and learning, thereby enhancing graduate employability. Thus, the outcome of this study will help not only the students but also the H.E.I.s and employers.
Novelty/Originality of this study: The study extends the current literature on graduate employability by integrating the three pivotal dimensions of the problem – the students, the H.E.I.s, and the employers. Previous studies have focused more on some specific aspects such as employability skills needed or expectations of the employers or stressed on H.E.I.s to create employability skills. Students are dependent on H.E.I.s for their studies while they are also dependent on employers for getting jobs; similarly, the H.E.I.s cannot function without the students, while the employers also cannot function without the human resource provided by the H.E.I.s.
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- Adrian, M. (2017). Determining the skills gap for new hires in management: student perceptions vs employer expectations. International Journal for Innovation Education and Research, 5(6), 139-147. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol5.iss6.732
- Ang, M.C.H (2015). Graduate employability awareness: a gendered perspective. 2nd Global Conference on Business and Social Science-2015, GCBSS-2015, 17-18 September 2015, Bali, Indonesia (pp. 192-198). Bali: Procedia. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.083 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.083
- Anitha, R, Soundararajan, G and Madbouly,A (2020). Shaping the future of Sultanate of Oman's economy: Manufacturing sector and its contribution, Journal of TEST Engineering and Management, Vol. 83, March-April 2020.
- Archer, W and Davison, J (2008). Graduate employability: What do employers think and want? The Council for Industry and Higher Education (CIHE) London. www.cihe-uk.com/docs/PUBS/0802Grademployability.pdf
- Chapman, E and Jackson, E (2012). Non-technical skill gaps in Australian business graduates. Retrieved from Edith Cowan University Research. https://doi.org/10.1108/00400911211210224 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/00400911211210224
- Cindy A. K and Ernest T. P (2016). Does independent research with a faculty member enhance four-year graduation and graduate/professional degree plans? Convergent results with different analytical methods. High Educ (2016) 71:575–592. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-015-9925-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-015-9925-3
- Collet, C., Hine, D., and Du P.K. (2015). Employability skills: perspectives from a knowledge-intensive industry. Education + Training, 57(5), 532–559. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-07-2014-0076 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-07-2014-0076
- Dabalen, A. (2001). Labor market prospects for university graduates in Nigeria. Higher Education Policy, 14(2), 141–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0952-8733(01)00010-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0952-8733(01)00010-1
- Dacre Pool, L., and Sewell, P. (2007). The key to employability: developing a practical model of graduate employability. Education + Training, 49(4), 277–289. https://doi.org/10.1108/00400910710754435 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/00400910710754435
- El-Fekey, S. F., & Mohamad, M. S. (2018). The Relationship between graduates' perceived employability attributes and employability gap in Egypt: the moderating roles of core self-evaluation and university branding. International Journal of Business and Management, 13(4), 158. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v13n4p158 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v13n4p158
- Gracia, L. (2009). Employability and higher education: contextualising female students' workplace experiences to enhance understanding of employability development. Journal of Education and Work, 22(4), 301–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639080903290454 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13639080903290454
- Harvey, L. (2001). Defining and measuring employability. Quality in higher education, 97-109. https://doi.org/10.1080/13538320120059990 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13538320120059990
- Hadass, Y. S. (2004). The effect of internet recruiting on the matching of workers and employers. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.497262 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.497262
- Hendrawan, R. F and Daryanto, D (2019). Employability skills: Industry perspective and achievement of student of employability skills. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1402/2/022049 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1402/2/022049
- Helyer, R., and Lee, D. (2014). The role of work experience in the future employability of higher education graduates. Higher Education Quarterly, 68(3), 348–372. https://doi.org/10.1111/hequ.12055 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/hequ.12055
- Hinchliffe, G. W., and Jolly, A. (2011). Graduate identity and employability. British Educational Research Journal, 37(4), 563–584. https://doi.org/10.1080/01411926.2010.482200 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01411926.2010.482200
- Sarfraz, I., Rajendra, D., Hewege,C., and Mohan,D. (2018). An exploration of global employability skills: A systematic research review. International Journal of Work Organisation and Emotion , 63-87. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJWOE.2018.091339 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJWOE.2018.091339
- Kenny, A., Kilmartin, D., & English, R. (2007). Key skills framework: enhancing employability within a lifelong learning paradigm. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.960942 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.960942
- Kayriaki, M. and Mihail D.M. (2016). Graduates' employability: What do graduates and employers think? Industry and Higher Education, 321-326. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950422216663719 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0950422216663719
- Lim, C.Y. (2009). Perception differential between employers and undergraduates on the importance of employability skills. International Education Studies, 95-105. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v2n1p95 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v2n1p95
- Lumpkin, G. T., & Dess, G. G. (1996). Clarifying the Entrepreneurial Orientation Construct and Linking It To Performance. Academy of Management Review, 21(1), 135–172. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1996.9602161568 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1996.9602161568
- Marshall, D.S., Patricia, D.A, Kayri, H and Kent, H. (2011). perceptions of strengths and deficiencies: Disconnects between graduate students and prospective employers. BioScience, 133-138. https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2011.61.2.8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2011.61.2.8
- Husain,M.Y, Mokhatra, S.B., Mustapha, A.R (2010). Importance of employability skills from employers' perspective. International conference on learner diversity, Perak, Malaysia : Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.10.059 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.10.059
- National Association of Colleges and Employers (NACE) (2013), Job Outlook 2014, NACE, Bethlehem, PA. www.naceweb.org
- Nghia, T.L.H. (2018). The skills gap of Vietnamese graduates and final-year university students. Journal of Education and work, 579-594. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639080.2018.1559280 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13639080.2018.1559280
- Nwabufo, N. and Mamman, J. (2015). Entrepreneurship education: a panacea for curbing graduate unemployment in Nigeria. International Journal of Teaching and Education, III(3), 68–74. https://doi.org/10.20472/TE.2015.3.3.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20472/TE.2015.3.3.005
- Oduma, C. and Ile, C. (2012). Leadership competencies desired by employers of business education graduates for effective job performance in business organizations. African Research Review, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.4314/afrrev.v6i2.15 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/afrrev.v6i2.15
- Oluwatobi, A., Ayedun, C., Ajibola, O., Iroham, O., and Akinjare, O. (2017). Employers perspective of the employability skills-gap in real estate education in nigeria. EDULEARN17 Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2017.2319 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2017.2319
- Singh, P., Thambusamy, R.X., and Ramly,M.A. (2014). Fit or unfit? perspectives of employers and university instructors of graduates' generic skills. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 315 – 324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.1429 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.1429
- Radermacher, A. and Walia, G. (2013). Gaps between industry expectations and the abilities of graduates. Proceeding of the 44th A.C.M. Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education - SIGCSE '13. https://doi.org/10.1145/2445196.2445351 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/2445196.2445351
- Rasul, M. S., Rasul, M. S., and Mansor, A. N. (2013). Employability skills indicator as perceived by manufacturing employers. Asian Social Science, 9(8). https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v9n8p42 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v9n8p42
- Ross, B. H. (1984). Remindings and their effects in learning a cognitive skill. Cognitive Psychology, 16(3), 371–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(84)90014-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(84)90014-8
- Saflund, P. (n.d.). www.cybercareers.org: career education resources for educators and students. 31st Annual Frontiers in Education Conference. Impact on Engineering and Science Education. Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.01CH37193). https://doi.org/10.1109/FIE.2001.963656 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/FIE.2001.963656
- Soundararajan, G (2020). High Impact Ventures on teaching and learning practices in global perspective to meet employer's expectation. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews, Vol 8, No 2e, 2020, pp 46-51, https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2020.82e04 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2020.82e04
- Statistics, Austrailian Bureau. (2009). Appendix D Employability skills. Retrieved from ANZSCO - Australian and New Zealand Standard Classification of Occupations, First Edition, Revision 1.
- Tran, J. (2012). Vietnamese higher education and the issue of enhancing graduate employability. Journal of Teaching and Learning for Graduate Employability, 3(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.21153/jtlge2012vol3no1art554 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21153/jtlge2012vol3no1art554
- Trent, F., Dwiwardani, C., and Page, C. (2020). Factors Impacting the Retention of Students of Color in Graduate Programs: A Qualitative Study. Training and Education in Professional Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/tep0000319 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/tep0000319
- Vilapakkam N.S. and Edwards, J. (2015). The Role of Universities, Employers, Graduates and Professional Associations in the Development of Professional Skills of New Graduates. Journal of Perspectives in Applied Academic Practice, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.14297/jpaap.v3i2.137 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14297/jpaap.v3i2.137
- Wei Chan, S., F. Ahmad, M., Zaman, I. and Shin Ko, W. (2018). Employers' perception on important employability skills in the manufacturing industry. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7(2.29), 170. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.29.13311 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.29.13311
- White, T. (2012). Employer responsive provision: workforce development through workâ€based learning. Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning. https://doi.org/10.1108/20423891211197703 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/20423891211197703
- Yuzainee, M. Y., Zaharim, A. and Omar, M. Z. (2011). Employability skills for an entry-level engineer as seen by Malaysian employers. 2011 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON). https://doi.org/10.1109/EDUCON.2011.5773117 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/EDUCON.2011.5773117
References
Adrian, M. (2017). Determining the skills gap for new hires in management: student perceptions vs employer expectations. International Journal for Innovation Education and Research, 5(6), 139-147. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol5.iss6.732
Ang, M.C.H (2015). Graduate employability awareness: a gendered perspective. 2nd Global Conference on Business and Social Science-2015, GCBSS-2015, 17-18 September 2015, Bali, Indonesia (pp. 192-198). Bali: Procedia. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.083 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.083
Anitha, R, Soundararajan, G and Madbouly,A (2020). Shaping the future of Sultanate of Oman's economy: Manufacturing sector and its contribution, Journal of TEST Engineering and Management, Vol. 83, March-April 2020.
Archer, W and Davison, J (2008). Graduate employability: What do employers think and want? The Council for Industry and Higher Education (CIHE) London. www.cihe-uk.com/docs/PUBS/0802Grademployability.pdf
Chapman, E and Jackson, E (2012). Non-technical skill gaps in Australian business graduates. Retrieved from Edith Cowan University Research. https://doi.org/10.1108/00400911211210224 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/00400911211210224
Cindy A. K and Ernest T. P (2016). Does independent research with a faculty member enhance four-year graduation and graduate/professional degree plans? Convergent results with different analytical methods. High Educ (2016) 71:575–592. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-015-9925-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-015-9925-3
Collet, C., Hine, D., and Du P.K. (2015). Employability skills: perspectives from a knowledge-intensive industry. Education + Training, 57(5), 532–559. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-07-2014-0076 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-07-2014-0076
Dabalen, A. (2001). Labor market prospects for university graduates in Nigeria. Higher Education Policy, 14(2), 141–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0952-8733(01)00010-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0952-8733(01)00010-1
Dacre Pool, L., and Sewell, P. (2007). The key to employability: developing a practical model of graduate employability. Education + Training, 49(4), 277–289. https://doi.org/10.1108/00400910710754435 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/00400910710754435
El-Fekey, S. F., & Mohamad, M. S. (2018). The Relationship between graduates' perceived employability attributes and employability gap in Egypt: the moderating roles of core self-evaluation and university branding. International Journal of Business and Management, 13(4), 158. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v13n4p158 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v13n4p158
Gracia, L. (2009). Employability and higher education: contextualising female students' workplace experiences to enhance understanding of employability development. Journal of Education and Work, 22(4), 301–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639080903290454 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13639080903290454
Harvey, L. (2001). Defining and measuring employability. Quality in higher education, 97-109. https://doi.org/10.1080/13538320120059990 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13538320120059990
Hadass, Y. S. (2004). The effect of internet recruiting on the matching of workers and employers. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.497262 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.497262
Hendrawan, R. F and Daryanto, D (2019). Employability skills: Industry perspective and achievement of student of employability skills. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1402/2/022049 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1402/2/022049
Helyer, R., and Lee, D. (2014). The role of work experience in the future employability of higher education graduates. Higher Education Quarterly, 68(3), 348–372. https://doi.org/10.1111/hequ.12055 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/hequ.12055
Hinchliffe, G. W., and Jolly, A. (2011). Graduate identity and employability. British Educational Research Journal, 37(4), 563–584. https://doi.org/10.1080/01411926.2010.482200 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01411926.2010.482200
Sarfraz, I., Rajendra, D., Hewege,C., and Mohan,D. (2018). An exploration of global employability skills: A systematic research review. International Journal of Work Organisation and Emotion , 63-87. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJWOE.2018.091339 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJWOE.2018.091339
Kenny, A., Kilmartin, D., & English, R. (2007). Key skills framework: enhancing employability within a lifelong learning paradigm. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.960942 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.960942
Kayriaki, M. and Mihail D.M. (2016). Graduates' employability: What do graduates and employers think? Industry and Higher Education, 321-326. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950422216663719 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0950422216663719
Lim, C.Y. (2009). Perception differential between employers and undergraduates on the importance of employability skills. International Education Studies, 95-105. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v2n1p95 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v2n1p95
Lumpkin, G. T., & Dess, G. G. (1996). Clarifying the Entrepreneurial Orientation Construct and Linking It To Performance. Academy of Management Review, 21(1), 135–172. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1996.9602161568 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1996.9602161568
Marshall, D.S., Patricia, D.A, Kayri, H and Kent, H. (2011). perceptions of strengths and deficiencies: Disconnects between graduate students and prospective employers. BioScience, 133-138. https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2011.61.2.8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2011.61.2.8
Husain,M.Y, Mokhatra, S.B., Mustapha, A.R (2010). Importance of employability skills from employers' perspective. International conference on learner diversity, Perak, Malaysia : Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.10.059 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.10.059
National Association of Colleges and Employers (NACE) (2013), Job Outlook 2014, NACE, Bethlehem, PA. www.naceweb.org
Nghia, T.L.H. (2018). The skills gap of Vietnamese graduates and final-year university students. Journal of Education and work, 579-594. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639080.2018.1559280 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13639080.2018.1559280
Nwabufo, N. and Mamman, J. (2015). Entrepreneurship education: a panacea for curbing graduate unemployment in Nigeria. International Journal of Teaching and Education, III(3), 68–74. https://doi.org/10.20472/TE.2015.3.3.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20472/TE.2015.3.3.005
Oduma, C. and Ile, C. (2012). Leadership competencies desired by employers of business education graduates for effective job performance in business organizations. African Research Review, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.4314/afrrev.v6i2.15 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/afrrev.v6i2.15
Oluwatobi, A., Ayedun, C., Ajibola, O., Iroham, O., and Akinjare, O. (2017). Employers perspective of the employability skills-gap in real estate education in nigeria. EDULEARN17 Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2017.2319 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2017.2319
Singh, P., Thambusamy, R.X., and Ramly,M.A. (2014). Fit or unfit? perspectives of employers and university instructors of graduates' generic skills. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 315 – 324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.1429 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.1429
Radermacher, A. and Walia, G. (2013). Gaps between industry expectations and the abilities of graduates. Proceeding of the 44th A.C.M. Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education - SIGCSE '13. https://doi.org/10.1145/2445196.2445351 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/2445196.2445351
Rasul, M. S., Rasul, M. S., and Mansor, A. N. (2013). Employability skills indicator as perceived by manufacturing employers. Asian Social Science, 9(8). https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v9n8p42 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v9n8p42
Ross, B. H. (1984). Remindings and their effects in learning a cognitive skill. Cognitive Psychology, 16(3), 371–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(84)90014-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(84)90014-8
Saflund, P. (n.d.). www.cybercareers.org: career education resources for educators and students. 31st Annual Frontiers in Education Conference. Impact on Engineering and Science Education. Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.01CH37193). https://doi.org/10.1109/FIE.2001.963656 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/FIE.2001.963656
Soundararajan, G (2020). High Impact Ventures on teaching and learning practices in global perspective to meet employer's expectation. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews, Vol 8, No 2e, 2020, pp 46-51, https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2020.82e04 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2020.82e04
Statistics, Austrailian Bureau. (2009). Appendix D Employability skills. Retrieved from ANZSCO - Australian and New Zealand Standard Classification of Occupations, First Edition, Revision 1.
Tran, J. (2012). Vietnamese higher education and the issue of enhancing graduate employability. Journal of Teaching and Learning for Graduate Employability, 3(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.21153/jtlge2012vol3no1art554 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21153/jtlge2012vol3no1art554
Trent, F., Dwiwardani, C., and Page, C. (2020). Factors Impacting the Retention of Students of Color in Graduate Programs: A Qualitative Study. Training and Education in Professional Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/tep0000319 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/tep0000319
Vilapakkam N.S. and Edwards, J. (2015). The Role of Universities, Employers, Graduates and Professional Associations in the Development of Professional Skills of New Graduates. Journal of Perspectives in Applied Academic Practice, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.14297/jpaap.v3i2.137 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14297/jpaap.v3i2.137
Wei Chan, S., F. Ahmad, M., Zaman, I. and Shin Ko, W. (2018). Employers' perception on important employability skills in the manufacturing industry. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7(2.29), 170. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.29.13311 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.29.13311
White, T. (2012). Employer responsive provision: workforce development through workâ€based learning. Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning. https://doi.org/10.1108/20423891211197703 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/20423891211197703
Yuzainee, M. Y., Zaharim, A. and Omar, M. Z. (2011). Employability skills for an entry-level engineer as seen by Malaysian employers. 2011 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON). https://doi.org/10.1109/EDUCON.2011.5773117 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/EDUCON.2011.5773117
Funding data
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The Research Council
Grant numbers MUS/004/2019