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DONOR'S INTENTION ON THE CROWDFUNDINGAMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS: AN EXTENSION OF THE THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOUR
Corresponding Author(s) : Hadri Kusuma
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 8 No. 4 (2020): July
Abstract
Purpose of the study: The primary purpose of this study is to examine the antecedents of the intention to donate on the crowdfunding.
Methodology: The research design of this study is a quantitative technique. The data is primary data based on the survey to active university students in the City of Yogyakarta. The study examines 185 completed questionnaires and analyzes the relationship among variables by employing structural equation model.
Main Findings: Overall, the results support the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB). When other variables are is integrated into the TPB, the variables of past behavior and religiosity, but not moral norm, improve the prediction on the intention to donate significantly.
Applications of this study: In addition to the extension of the TPB, this study suggests that individuals, owner projects or charitable organizations should include past behavior and religiosity components in understanding donor behaviors.
Novelty/Originality of this study: This study expands the Theory of Planned Behaviour by integrating additional factors that are considered to improve the explanatory power of the model.
Keywords
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- Adiansah, W., Mulyana, N., &Fedryansyah, M. (2016). Potensi Crowdfunding Di Indonesia Dalam Praktik Pekerjaan Sosial. Prosiding Penelitian Dan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.24198/jppm.v3i2.13655 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24198/jppm.v3i2.13655
- Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
- Anafisati, V. (2020). Understanding the Donor's Intention to Donate on Crowdfunding. Thesis. Universitas Islam Indonesia.
- Anglin, A. H., Short, J. C., Drover, W., Stevenson, R. M., McKenny, A. F., & Allison, T. H. (2018). The power of positivity? The influence of positive psychological capital language on crowdfunding performance. Journal of Business Venturing, 33(4), 470-492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2018.03.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2018.03.003
- Anvel. (2018). Bagaimanacara Kitabisa.com merubah mindset masyarakat untuk menggunakan Kitabisa.com sebagai platform galang dana?Dictio. https://www.dictio.id/t/bagaimana-cara-kitabisa-com-merubah-mindset-masyarakat-untuk-menggunakan-kitabisa-com-sebagai-platform-galang-dana/15375/2
- Aprilia, Lady, &Wibowo, S. S. (2017). The Impact of Social Capital on Crowdfunding Performance. The southeast Asian Journal of Management, 11(1), 44-57. https://doi.org/10.21002/seam.v11i1.7737 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21002/seam.v11i1.7737
- Bagheri, A., Chitsazan, H., &Ebrahimi, A. (2019). Crowdfunding motivations: A focus on donors' perspectives. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 146(June 2018), 218-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.05.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.05.002
- Bathina, K. C., B, A. J., & Xu, J. (2017). An Agent-Based Model of Posting Behavior DuringTi. In SBP-BRiMS (Vol. 2, Issue October). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60240-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60240-0_6
- Bhawika, G. W. (2017). Risiko Dehumanisasi Pada Crowdfunding Sebagai Akses Pendanaan Berbasis Teknologi Di Indonesia. Jurnal Sosial Humaniora, 10(1), 47. https://doi.org/10.12962/j24433527.v10i1.2355 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12962/j24433527.v10i1.2355
- Brooks, A. C. (2003). Religious Faith and Charitable Giving. Policy Re View. https://www.hoover.org/research/religious-faith-and-charitable-giving#:~:text=The differences in charity between,67 percent to 44 percent)
- Burgoyne, J., Boydell, T., &Pedler, M. (2006). Leadership Development: Current Practice, Future Perspectives (Issue May). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238741793%0ALeadership
- Cecere, G., Le Guel, F., &Rochelandet, F. (2017). Crowdfunding and social influence: an empirical investigation. Applied Economics, 49(57), 5802-5813. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2017.1343450 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2017.1343450
- Chen, Y., Dai, R., Yao, J., & Li, Y. (2019). Donate time or money? The determinants of donation intention in online crowdfunding. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(16), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11164269 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11164269
- Choy, K., &Schlagwein, D. (2016). Crowdsourcing for a better world: on the relation between IT affordances and donor motivations in charitable crowdfunding. Information Technology & People, 29(1). https://doi.org/10.1108/ITP-09-2014-0215 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/ITP-09-2014-0215
- Dunford, L. (2016). To Give or Not to Give?: Using an Extended Theory of Planned Behavior to Predict Charitable Giving Intent to International Aid Charities. https://conservancy.umn.e du/bitstream/handle/11299/181910/LauraDunford_Capstone_FINAL.pdf?sequence=1
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- Forbes, H., & Schaefer, D. (2017). Guidelines for Successful Crowdfunding. Procedia CIRP, 60, 398-403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2017.02.021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2017.02.021
- Gerber, E. M., & Hui, J. (2013). Crowdfunding: Motivations and deterrents for participation. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 20(6), 34.1-34.32. https://doi.org/10.1145/2530540 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/2530540
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- Greenslade, J. H., & White, K. M. (2005). The prediction of above-average participation in volunteerism: A test of the theory of planned behavior and the volunteers functions inventory in older Australian adults. Journal of Social Psychology, 145(2), 155-172. https://doi.org/10.3200/SOCP.145.2.155-172 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3200/SOCP.145.2.155-172
- Gujarati, D. N. (2003). Basic Econometrics (4 th). McGraw-Hill.
- Hsieh, H. C., Hsieh, Y. C., & Vu, T. H. C. (2019). How social movements influence crowdfunding success. Pacific Basin Finance Journal, 53(May 2018), 308-320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacfin.2018.11.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacfin.2018.11.008
- Kashif, M., &DeRun, E. C. (2010). Money donations intentions among Muslim donors: an extended theory of planned behavior model. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 15, 276-299.
- Kashif, M., Sarifuddin, S., & Hassan, A. (2015). Charity donation: Intentions and behavior. Marketing Intelligence and Planning, 33(1), 90-102. https://doi.org/10.1108/MIP-07-2013-0110 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/MIP-07-2013-0110
- Kaur, H., & Gera, J. (2017). Effect of Social Media Connectivity on Success of Crowdfunding Campaigns. Procedia Computer Science, 122(0), 767-774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2017.11.435 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2017.11.435
- Knowles, S. R., Hyde, M. K., & White, K. M. (2012). Predictors of Young People's Charitable Intentions to Donate Money: An Extended Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42(9), 2096-2110. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.00932.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.00932.x
- Li, Y. Z., He, T. L., Song, Y. R., Yang, Z., & Zhou, R. T. (2018). Factors impacting donors' Intention to donate to charitable crowd-funding projects in China: a UTAUT-based model. Information Communication and Society, 21(3), 404-415. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1282530 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1282530
- Linden, V. D. S. (2011). Charitable Intent: A Moral or Social Construct? A Revised Theory of Planned Behavior Model. Current Psychology, 30(4), 355-374. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-011-9122-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-011-9122-1
- Lwin, M., Phau, I., & Lim, A. (2013). Chari1table donations: Empirical evidence from Brunei. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration, 5(3), 215-233. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJBA-12-2012-0081 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/APJBA-12-2012-0081
- Massolution. (2015). 2015 CF: The Crowdfunding Industry Report 2015. Massolution. https://www.smv.gob.pe/Biblioteca/temp/catalogacion/C8789.pdf
- Metawie, M., & Mostafa, R. H. A. (2015). Predictors of Egyptian University Students ' Charitable Intentions?: Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior Business Administration Department Ain Shams University Business Administration Department Ain Shams University. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 6(8), 204-215.
- Mittelman, R., & Rojas-Méndez, J. (2018). Why Canadians give to charity: an extended theory of planned behaviour model. International Review on Public and Nonprofit Marketing, 15(2), 189-204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12208-018-0197-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12208-018-0197-3
- Mollick, E. (2014). The dynamics of crowdfunding: An exploratory study. Journal of Business Venturing, 29(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2013.06.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2013.06.005
- Nevin, S., Gleasure, R., O'Reilly, P., Feller, J., Li, S., & Cristoforo, J. (2017). Social identity and social media activities in equity crowdfunding. Proceedings of the 13th International Symposium on Open Collaboration, OpenSym 2017. https://doi.org/10.1145/3125433.3125461 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3125433.3125461
- Nunnally, J. C. (1967). Psychometric Theory. McGraw Hill.
- Okun, M. A., & Sloane, E. S. (2002). Application of planned behavior theory to predicting volunteer enrollment by college students in a campus-based program. Social Behavior and Personality, 30(3), 243-249. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2002.30.3.243 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2002.30.3.243
- Padela, A. I., & Zaganjor, H. (2014). Relationships between Islamic religiosity and attitude toward deceased organ donation among American Muslims: A pilot study. Transplantation, 97(12), 1292-1299. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.TP.0000441874.43007.81 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/01.TP.0000441874.43007.81
- Park, H. S., & Lee, D. W. (2009). A test of theory of planned behavior in Korea: Participation in alcohol-related social gatherings. International Journal of Psychology, 44(6), 418-433. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207590802644741 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00207590802644741
- Rijanto, A. (2018). Donation-based crowdfunding as corporate social responsibility activities and financing. Journal of General Management, 43(2), 79-88. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306307017748125 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0306307017748125
- Sahm, M., Belleflamme, P., Lambert, T., &Schwienbacher, A. (2014). Corrigendum to "Crowdfunding: Tapping the right crowd." Journal of Business Venturing, 29(5), 610-611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2014.06.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2014.06.001
- Sekaran, U. (2003). Research Methods: A Skill Building Approach (Fourth). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- Shah Alam, S., FauziMohd Jani, M., Asiah Omar, N., Hossain, T., & Ahsan, M. N. (2012). Empirical Study of Theory of Reason Action (TRA) Model for ICT Adoption among the Malay Based SMEs in Malaysia. Business Management and Strategy, 3(2), 43-53. https://doi.org/10.5296/bms.v3i2.2911 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5296/bms.v3i2.2911
- Smith, J. R., &McSweenew, A. (2007). Charitable Giving: The Effectiveness of a Revised Theory of Planned Behaviour Model in Predicting Donating Intentions and Behaviour. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 17, 363-386. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.906 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.906
- Solomon, J., Ma, W., & Wash, R. (2015). Don't Wait! how timing affects coordination of Crowdfunding donations. CSCW 2015 - Proceedings of the 2015 ACM International Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing, 547-556. https://doi.org/10.1145/2675133.2675296 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/2675133.2675296
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References
Adiansah, W., Mulyana, N., &Fedryansyah, M. (2016). Potensi Crowdfunding Di Indonesia Dalam Praktik Pekerjaan Sosial. Prosiding Penelitian Dan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.24198/jppm.v3i2.13655 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24198/jppm.v3i2.13655
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
Anafisati, V. (2020). Understanding the Donor's Intention to Donate on Crowdfunding. Thesis. Universitas Islam Indonesia.
Anglin, A. H., Short, J. C., Drover, W., Stevenson, R. M., McKenny, A. F., & Allison, T. H. (2018). The power of positivity? The influence of positive psychological capital language on crowdfunding performance. Journal of Business Venturing, 33(4), 470-492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2018.03.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2018.03.003
Anvel. (2018). Bagaimanacara Kitabisa.com merubah mindset masyarakat untuk menggunakan Kitabisa.com sebagai platform galang dana?Dictio. https://www.dictio.id/t/bagaimana-cara-kitabisa-com-merubah-mindset-masyarakat-untuk-menggunakan-kitabisa-com-sebagai-platform-galang-dana/15375/2
Aprilia, Lady, &Wibowo, S. S. (2017). The Impact of Social Capital on Crowdfunding Performance. The southeast Asian Journal of Management, 11(1), 44-57. https://doi.org/10.21002/seam.v11i1.7737 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21002/seam.v11i1.7737
Bagheri, A., Chitsazan, H., &Ebrahimi, A. (2019). Crowdfunding motivations: A focus on donors' perspectives. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 146(June 2018), 218-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.05.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.05.002
Bathina, K. C., B, A. J., & Xu, J. (2017). An Agent-Based Model of Posting Behavior DuringTi. In SBP-BRiMS (Vol. 2, Issue October). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60240-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60240-0_6
Bhawika, G. W. (2017). Risiko Dehumanisasi Pada Crowdfunding Sebagai Akses Pendanaan Berbasis Teknologi Di Indonesia. Jurnal Sosial Humaniora, 10(1), 47. https://doi.org/10.12962/j24433527.v10i1.2355 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12962/j24433527.v10i1.2355
Brooks, A. C. (2003). Religious Faith and Charitable Giving. Policy Re View. https://www.hoover.org/research/religious-faith-and-charitable-giving#:~:text=The differences in charity between,67 percent to 44 percent)
Burgoyne, J., Boydell, T., &Pedler, M. (2006). Leadership Development: Current Practice, Future Perspectives (Issue May). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238741793%0ALeadership
Cecere, G., Le Guel, F., &Rochelandet, F. (2017). Crowdfunding and social influence: an empirical investigation. Applied Economics, 49(57), 5802-5813. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2017.1343450 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2017.1343450
Chen, Y., Dai, R., Yao, J., & Li, Y. (2019). Donate time or money? The determinants of donation intention in online crowdfunding. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(16), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11164269 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11164269
Choy, K., &Schlagwein, D. (2016). Crowdsourcing for a better world: on the relation between IT affordances and donor motivations in charitable crowdfunding. Information Technology & People, 29(1). https://doi.org/10.1108/ITP-09-2014-0215 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/ITP-09-2014-0215
Dunford, L. (2016). To Give or Not to Give?: Using an Extended Theory of Planned Behavior to Predict Charitable Giving Intent to International Aid Charities. https://conservancy.umn.e du/bitstream/handle/11299/181910/LauraDunford_Capstone_FINAL.pdf?sequence=1
Efrat, K., Gilboa, S., & Sherman, A. (2019). The role of supporter engagement in enhancing crowdfunding success. Baltic Journal of Management, 15(2), 199-213. https://doi.org/10.1108/BJM-09-2018-0337 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/BJM-09-2018-0337
Forbes, H., & Schaefer, D. (2017). Guidelines for Successful Crowdfunding. Procedia CIRP, 60, 398-403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2017.02.021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2017.02.021
Gerber, E. M., & Hui, J. (2013). Crowdfunding: Motivations and deterrents for participation. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 20(6), 34.1-34.32. https://doi.org/10.1145/2530540 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/2530540
Gleasure, R., & Feller, J. (2016). Emerging technologies and the democratisation of financial services: A metal triangulation of crowdfunding research. Information and Organization, 26(4), 101-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoandorg.2016.09.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoandorg.2016.09.001
Greenslade, J. H., & White, K. M. (2005). The prediction of above-average participation in volunteerism: A test of the theory of planned behavior and the volunteers functions inventory in older Australian adults. Journal of Social Psychology, 145(2), 155-172. https://doi.org/10.3200/SOCP.145.2.155-172 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3200/SOCP.145.2.155-172
Gujarati, D. N. (2003). Basic Econometrics (4 th). McGraw-Hill.
Hsieh, H. C., Hsieh, Y. C., & Vu, T. H. C. (2019). How social movements influence crowdfunding success. Pacific Basin Finance Journal, 53(May 2018), 308-320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacfin.2018.11.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacfin.2018.11.008
Kashif, M., &DeRun, E. C. (2010). Money donations intentions among Muslim donors: an extended theory of planned behavior model. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 15, 276-299.
Kashif, M., Sarifuddin, S., & Hassan, A. (2015). Charity donation: Intentions and behavior. Marketing Intelligence and Planning, 33(1), 90-102. https://doi.org/10.1108/MIP-07-2013-0110 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/MIP-07-2013-0110
Kaur, H., & Gera, J. (2017). Effect of Social Media Connectivity on Success of Crowdfunding Campaigns. Procedia Computer Science, 122(0), 767-774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2017.11.435 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2017.11.435
Knowles, S. R., Hyde, M. K., & White, K. M. (2012). Predictors of Young People's Charitable Intentions to Donate Money: An Extended Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42(9), 2096-2110. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.00932.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.00932.x
Li, Y. Z., He, T. L., Song, Y. R., Yang, Z., & Zhou, R. T. (2018). Factors impacting donors' Intention to donate to charitable crowd-funding projects in China: a UTAUT-based model. Information Communication and Society, 21(3), 404-415. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1282530 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1282530
Linden, V. D. S. (2011). Charitable Intent: A Moral or Social Construct? A Revised Theory of Planned Behavior Model. Current Psychology, 30(4), 355-374. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-011-9122-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-011-9122-1
Lwin, M., Phau, I., & Lim, A. (2013). Chari1table donations: Empirical evidence from Brunei. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration, 5(3), 215-233. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJBA-12-2012-0081 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/APJBA-12-2012-0081
Massolution. (2015). 2015 CF: The Crowdfunding Industry Report 2015. Massolution. https://www.smv.gob.pe/Biblioteca/temp/catalogacion/C8789.pdf
Metawie, M., & Mostafa, R. H. A. (2015). Predictors of Egyptian University Students ' Charitable Intentions?: Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior Business Administration Department Ain Shams University Business Administration Department Ain Shams University. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 6(8), 204-215.
Mittelman, R., & Rojas-Méndez, J. (2018). Why Canadians give to charity: an extended theory of planned behaviour model. International Review on Public and Nonprofit Marketing, 15(2), 189-204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12208-018-0197-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12208-018-0197-3
Mollick, E. (2014). The dynamics of crowdfunding: An exploratory study. Journal of Business Venturing, 29(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2013.06.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2013.06.005
Nevin, S., Gleasure, R., O'Reilly, P., Feller, J., Li, S., & Cristoforo, J. (2017). Social identity and social media activities in equity crowdfunding. Proceedings of the 13th International Symposium on Open Collaboration, OpenSym 2017. https://doi.org/10.1145/3125433.3125461 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3125433.3125461
Nunnally, J. C. (1967). Psychometric Theory. McGraw Hill.
Okun, M. A., & Sloane, E. S. (2002). Application of planned behavior theory to predicting volunteer enrollment by college students in a campus-based program. Social Behavior and Personality, 30(3), 243-249. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2002.30.3.243 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2002.30.3.243
Padela, A. I., & Zaganjor, H. (2014). Relationships between Islamic religiosity and attitude toward deceased organ donation among American Muslims: A pilot study. Transplantation, 97(12), 1292-1299. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.TP.0000441874.43007.81 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/01.TP.0000441874.43007.81
Park, H. S., & Lee, D. W. (2009). A test of theory of planned behavior in Korea: Participation in alcohol-related social gatherings. International Journal of Psychology, 44(6), 418-433. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207590802644741 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00207590802644741
Rijanto, A. (2018). Donation-based crowdfunding as corporate social responsibility activities and financing. Journal of General Management, 43(2), 79-88. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306307017748125 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0306307017748125
Sahm, M., Belleflamme, P., Lambert, T., &Schwienbacher, A. (2014). Corrigendum to "Crowdfunding: Tapping the right crowd." Journal of Business Venturing, 29(5), 610-611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2014.06.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2014.06.001
Sekaran, U. (2003). Research Methods: A Skill Building Approach (Fourth). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Shah Alam, S., FauziMohd Jani, M., Asiah Omar, N., Hossain, T., & Ahsan, M. N. (2012). Empirical Study of Theory of Reason Action (TRA) Model for ICT Adoption among the Malay Based SMEs in Malaysia. Business Management and Strategy, 3(2), 43-53. https://doi.org/10.5296/bms.v3i2.2911 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5296/bms.v3i2.2911
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