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EXPLORING ATTITUDES AND EXPECTATIONS OF INDONESIAN MUSLIM: A CASE OF UNTAPPED MARKET OF ISLAMIC PENSION FUND
Corresponding Author(s) : Yunice Karina T
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 8 No. 4 (2020): July
Abstract
Purpose of the study: This study aims to examine the factors of why the Muslim population is not having Islamic pension funds and to explore their expectation toward Islamic pension funds to make it a promising market in the near future.
Methodology: This study used a quantitative method with primary data through questionnaires distributed to 163 samples of the Muslim population in Indonesia. The Pearson correlation coefficient test is used to indicate normality and linearity. Meanwhile, the Kruskal Wallis test and two-tailed independent group t-tests are used to examine the hypotheses.
Main Findings: It is found that the low level of knowledge and trust toward Islamic pension funds are the two main reasons for not having Islamic pension funds. Meanwhile, the main society’s expectation is to have the allowance from the government and simple administrative procedures by having an automatic enrolment set by the government. In addition to that, female and higher income group is found to have a better attitude and expectation toward Islamic pension fund.
Applications of this study: The study provides a descriptive picture for the Islamic pension fund provider and government to set a product based on the Muslim attitude and expectation.
Novelty/Originality of this study: As far as we are concerned, there is only a small number of research on analyzing the demand of Islamic Pension Fund particularly in the largest Muslim population, this work is an attempt to fill in this gap.
Keywords
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- Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall
- Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
- Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (2005). The Influence of Attitudes on Behavior. In D. AlbarracÃn, B. T. Johnson, & M. P. Zanna (Eds.). The Handbook of Attitudes. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
- ANZ. (2011). Adult Financial Literacy in Australia. Retrieved from www.anz.com/cr
- Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (2001). Efficacy of the Theory of Planned Behavior: a meta-analytic review. The British Journal of Social Psychology, 40(Pt 4), 471–499. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466601164939 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1348/014466601164939
- Aronson, E. (2004). The Social Animal. Worth Publishers.
- Atchley, R. C. (2000). Social forces and aging : an introduction to social gerontology. Wadsworth.
- Bajtelsmit, V. L., Bernasek, A., & Jianakoplos, N. A. (1999). Gender differences in defined contribution pension decisions. Financial Services Review, 8(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1057-0810(99)00030-X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1057-0810(99)00030-X
- Bernheim, B. D. (1992). Is the Baby Boom Generation Preparing Adequately for Retirement | Scinapse | Academic search engine for paper}. New York: Merrill Lynch and Company. Retrieved from https://scinapse.io/papers/1223287420
- Bryman, A., & Cramer, D. (2002). Quantitative Data Analysis with SPSS Release 10 for Windows. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203471548 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203471548
- Buchari, I., Rafiki, A., Hadi, A., & Qassab, A. (2015). Awareness and attitudes of employees towards islamic banking products in Bahrain. Procedia Economics and Finance, 30, 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)01256-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)01256-3
- Clark-Murphy, M., & Gerrans, P. (2001). Consultation and resource usage in retirement savings decisions: Australian evidence of systematic gender differences. Financial Services Review, 10(1–4), 273–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1057-0810(01)00086-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1057-0810(01)00086-5
- Clark, G. L., Caerlewy-Smith, E., & Marshall, J. C. (2007). The consistency of UK pension fund trustee decision-making. Journal of Pension Economics and Finance, 6(01), 67. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474747206002629 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474747206002629
- Clark, G. L., & Strauss, K. (2008). Individual pension-related risk propensities: the effects of socio-demographic characteristics and a spousal pension entitlement on risk attitudes. Ageing and Society, 28(06), 847–874. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X08007083 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X08007083
- Coye, R. W. (2004). Managing customer expectations in the service encounter. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 15(1), 54–71. https://doi.org/10.1108/09564230410523330 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09564230410523330
- Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational research : planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. Pearson.
- Dvorak, T., & Hanley, H. (2010). Financial literacy and the design of retirement plans. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (Formerly The Journal of Socio-Economics), 39(6), 645–652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2010.06.013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2010.06.013
- Fishbein, M. A., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Reading: Addision-Wesley.
- Foster, L. (2017). Young People and Attitudes towards Pension Planning. Social Policy and Society, 16(01), 65–80. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474746415000627 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474746415000627
- Gait, A., & Worthington, A. (2008). An empirical survey of individual consumer, business firm and financial institution attitudes towards Islamic methods of finance. International Journal of Social Economics, 35(11), 783–808. https://doi.org/10.1108/03068290810905423 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/03068290810905423
- Gallery, N., Gallery, G., Brown, K., Furneaux, C., & Palm, C. (2011). Financial Literacy and Pension Investment Decisions. Financial Accountability & Management, 27(3), 286–307. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0408.2011.00526.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0408.2011.00526.x
- Jacobs-Lawson, J. M., & Hershey, D. A. (2005). Influence of future time perspective, financial knowledge, and financial risk tolerance on retirement saving behaviors. Financial Services Review, 14. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0704/e9dd97a3481b433b31b41ee48c630218ff67.pdf
- Kim, J., Kwon, J., & Anderson, E. A. (2005). Factors Related to Retirement Confidence: Retirement Preparation and Workplace Financial Education. Financial Counseling and Planning, 16(2), 77–89.
- Loo, M. (2010). Attitudes and Perceptions towards Islamic Banking among Muslims and Non-Muslims in Malaysia: Implications for Marketing to Baby Boomers and X-Generation. International Journal of Arts and Sciences, 3(13), 453–485.
- Ltifi, M., Hikkerova, L., Aliouat, B., & Gharbi, J. (2016). The determinants of the choice of Islamic banks in Tunisia. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 34(5), 710–730. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBM-11-2014-0170 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBM-11-2014-0170
- Lusardi, A., & Mitchell, O. (2011). Financial Literacy around the World: An Overview. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w17107 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3386/w17107
- Macleod, P., Fitzpatrick, A., Hamlyn, B., Jones, A., Kinver, A., & Page, L. (2012). Attitudes to Pensions: The 2012 Survey. London.
- MasterCard Research. (2015). MasterCard Index of Financial Literacy Report (2013H1). Retrieved from https://www1.mastercard.com/content/intelligence/en/research/reports/2013/mastercard-index-of-financial-literacy-report-2013h1.html
- Oliver, R. L., & Winer, R. S. (1987). A framework for the formation and structure of consumer expectations: Review and propositions. Journal of Economic Psychology, 8(4), 469–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-4870(87)90037-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-4870(87)90037-7
- Otoritas Jasa Keuangan. (2015). Roadmap IKNB Syariah 2015-2019. Retrieved from www.ojk.go.id
- Otoritas Jasa Keuangan. (2017). Pension Fund Statistics. Retrieved from www.ojk.go.id
- Papke, L. E. (1998). How Are Participants Investing Their Accounts in Participant Directed Individual Account Pension Plans? The American Economic Review, 88, 212–216. https://doi.org/10.2307/116921
- Pew Research Center. (2017). Why Muslims are the world’s fastest-growing religious group | Pew Research Center. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/
- Power, M. L., & Hira, T. K. (2004). University-Provided Retirement Planning Support and Retiree Financial Satisfaction During Retirement: Differences by Gender, Job Classification, and Planning Behavior. Risk Management and Insurance Review, 7(2), 121–149. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1098-1616.2004.00041.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1098-1616.2004.00041.x
- Priester, J. R., Nayakankuppam, D., Fleming, M. A., & Godek, J. (2004). The A2SC2 Model: The Influence of Attitudes and Attitude Strength on Consideration and Choice. Journal of Consumer Research, 30(4), 574–587. https://doi.org/10.1086/380290 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/380290
- Ramdhony, D. (2013). Islamic Banking Awareness Attitudes and Bank Selection Criteria. International Journal of Humanities and Applied Sciences (IJHAS)., 29–35.
- Reuters, T. (2016). State of the Global Islamic Economy. Global Islamic Economy Report. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
- Robledo, M. A. (2001). Measuring and managing service quality: integrating customer expectations. Managing Service Quality: An International Journal, 11(1), 22–31. https://doi.org/10.1108/09604520110379472 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09604520110379472
- Siang, L. C., & Weng, L. K. (2011). Factors Affecting Non-Muslim Consumers’ towards Intention to use Islamic Banking Products and Services. In Las Vegas International Academic Conference.
- Sistrunk, F., & McDavid, J. W. (1971). Sex variable in conforming behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 17(2), 200–207. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0030382 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0030382
- Smith, J. R., Terry, D. J., Manstead, A. S. ., Louis, W. R., Kotterman, D., & Wolfs, J. (2008). The Attitude–Behavior Relationship in Consumer Conduct: The Role of Norms, Past Behavior, and Self-Identity. The Journal of Social Psychology, 148(3), 311–334. https://doi.org/10.3200/SOCP.148.3.311-334 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3200/SOCP.148.3.311-334
- Szinovacz, M. (2003). Contexts and pathways: Retirement as an institution, process and experience. In G. A. Adams (Ed.), Retirement: Reasons, Processes, and Results.
- United Nation. (2016). Indonesia: Govt to introduce Islamic pension funds. Retrieved October 24, 2017, from http://www3.asiainsurancereview.com/News/View-NewsLetter-Article?id=35659&Type=eDaily#
- Walker, J. W., Kimmel, D. C., & Price, K. F. (1981). Retirement Style and Retirement Satisfaction: Retirees Aren’t All Alike. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 12(4), 267–281. https://doi.org/10.2190/ABAU-8BLY-32N6-K8A9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2190/ABAU-8BLY-32N6-K8A9
- Wang, G., Dou, W., & Zhou, N. (2008). Consumption attitudes and adoption of new consumer products: a contingency approach. European Journal of Marketing, 42(1/2), 238–254. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090560810840998 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/03090560810840998
- Warshawsky, M. S., & Ameriks, J. (2016). How prepared are Americans for retirement? In Olivia S. Mitchell & Richard C. Shea (Eds.), Reimagining Pensions: The Next 40 Years. Oxford University Press.
- Wicker, A. W. (1969). Attitudes versus Actions: The Relationship of Verbal and Overt Behavioral Responses to Attitude Objects. Journal of Social Issues, 25(4), 41–78. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1969.tb00619.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1969.tb00619.x
- Wilson, J. A. J., Belk, R. W., & Scott, L. (2013). Crescent marketing, Muslim geographies and brand Islam. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 4(1), 22–50. https://doi.org/10.1108/17590831311306336 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/17590831311306336
References
Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (2005). The Influence of Attitudes on Behavior. In D. AlbarracÃn, B. T. Johnson, & M. P. Zanna (Eds.). The Handbook of Attitudes. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
ANZ. (2011). Adult Financial Literacy in Australia. Retrieved from www.anz.com/cr
Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (2001). Efficacy of the Theory of Planned Behavior: a meta-analytic review. The British Journal of Social Psychology, 40(Pt 4), 471–499. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466601164939 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1348/014466601164939
Aronson, E. (2004). The Social Animal. Worth Publishers.
Atchley, R. C. (2000). Social forces and aging : an introduction to social gerontology. Wadsworth.
Bajtelsmit, V. L., Bernasek, A., & Jianakoplos, N. A. (1999). Gender differences in defined contribution pension decisions. Financial Services Review, 8(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1057-0810(99)00030-X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1057-0810(99)00030-X
Bernheim, B. D. (1992). Is the Baby Boom Generation Preparing Adequately for Retirement | Scinapse | Academic search engine for paper}. New York: Merrill Lynch and Company. Retrieved from https://scinapse.io/papers/1223287420
Bryman, A., & Cramer, D. (2002). Quantitative Data Analysis with SPSS Release 10 for Windows. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203471548 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203471548
Buchari, I., Rafiki, A., Hadi, A., & Qassab, A. (2015). Awareness and attitudes of employees towards islamic banking products in Bahrain. Procedia Economics and Finance, 30, 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)01256-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)01256-3
Clark-Murphy, M., & Gerrans, P. (2001). Consultation and resource usage in retirement savings decisions: Australian evidence of systematic gender differences. Financial Services Review, 10(1–4), 273–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1057-0810(01)00086-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1057-0810(01)00086-5
Clark, G. L., Caerlewy-Smith, E., & Marshall, J. C. (2007). The consistency of UK pension fund trustee decision-making. Journal of Pension Economics and Finance, 6(01), 67. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474747206002629 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474747206002629
Clark, G. L., & Strauss, K. (2008). Individual pension-related risk propensities: the effects of socio-demographic characteristics and a spousal pension entitlement on risk attitudes. Ageing and Society, 28(06), 847–874. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X08007083 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X08007083
Coye, R. W. (2004). Managing customer expectations in the service encounter. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 15(1), 54–71. https://doi.org/10.1108/09564230410523330 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09564230410523330
Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational research : planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. Pearson.
Dvorak, T., & Hanley, H. (2010). Financial literacy and the design of retirement plans. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (Formerly The Journal of Socio-Economics), 39(6), 645–652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2010.06.013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2010.06.013
Fishbein, M. A., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Reading: Addision-Wesley.
Foster, L. (2017). Young People and Attitudes towards Pension Planning. Social Policy and Society, 16(01), 65–80. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474746415000627 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474746415000627
Gait, A., & Worthington, A. (2008). An empirical survey of individual consumer, business firm and financial institution attitudes towards Islamic methods of finance. International Journal of Social Economics, 35(11), 783–808. https://doi.org/10.1108/03068290810905423 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/03068290810905423
Gallery, N., Gallery, G., Brown, K., Furneaux, C., & Palm, C. (2011). Financial Literacy and Pension Investment Decisions. Financial Accountability & Management, 27(3), 286–307. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0408.2011.00526.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0408.2011.00526.x
Jacobs-Lawson, J. M., & Hershey, D. A. (2005). Influence of future time perspective, financial knowledge, and financial risk tolerance on retirement saving behaviors. Financial Services Review, 14. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0704/e9dd97a3481b433b31b41ee48c630218ff67.pdf
Kim, J., Kwon, J., & Anderson, E. A. (2005). Factors Related to Retirement Confidence: Retirement Preparation and Workplace Financial Education. Financial Counseling and Planning, 16(2), 77–89.
Loo, M. (2010). Attitudes and Perceptions towards Islamic Banking among Muslims and Non-Muslims in Malaysia: Implications for Marketing to Baby Boomers and X-Generation. International Journal of Arts and Sciences, 3(13), 453–485.
Ltifi, M., Hikkerova, L., Aliouat, B., & Gharbi, J. (2016). The determinants of the choice of Islamic banks in Tunisia. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 34(5), 710–730. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBM-11-2014-0170 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBM-11-2014-0170
Lusardi, A., & Mitchell, O. (2011). Financial Literacy around the World: An Overview. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w17107 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3386/w17107
Macleod, P., Fitzpatrick, A., Hamlyn, B., Jones, A., Kinver, A., & Page, L. (2012). Attitudes to Pensions: The 2012 Survey. London.
MasterCard Research. (2015). MasterCard Index of Financial Literacy Report (2013H1). Retrieved from https://www1.mastercard.com/content/intelligence/en/research/reports/2013/mastercard-index-of-financial-literacy-report-2013h1.html
Oliver, R. L., & Winer, R. S. (1987). A framework for the formation and structure of consumer expectations: Review and propositions. Journal of Economic Psychology, 8(4), 469–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-4870(87)90037-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-4870(87)90037-7
Otoritas Jasa Keuangan. (2015). Roadmap IKNB Syariah 2015-2019. Retrieved from www.ojk.go.id
Otoritas Jasa Keuangan. (2017). Pension Fund Statistics. Retrieved from www.ojk.go.id
Papke, L. E. (1998). How Are Participants Investing Their Accounts in Participant Directed Individual Account Pension Plans? The American Economic Review, 88, 212–216. https://doi.org/10.2307/116921
Pew Research Center. (2017). Why Muslims are the world’s fastest-growing religious group | Pew Research Center. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/
Power, M. L., & Hira, T. K. (2004). University-Provided Retirement Planning Support and Retiree Financial Satisfaction During Retirement: Differences by Gender, Job Classification, and Planning Behavior. Risk Management and Insurance Review, 7(2), 121–149. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1098-1616.2004.00041.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1098-1616.2004.00041.x
Priester, J. R., Nayakankuppam, D., Fleming, M. A., & Godek, J. (2004). The A2SC2 Model: The Influence of Attitudes and Attitude Strength on Consideration and Choice. Journal of Consumer Research, 30(4), 574–587. https://doi.org/10.1086/380290 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/380290
Ramdhony, D. (2013). Islamic Banking Awareness Attitudes and Bank Selection Criteria. International Journal of Humanities and Applied Sciences (IJHAS)., 29–35.
Reuters, T. (2016). State of the Global Islamic Economy. Global Islamic Economy Report. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Robledo, M. A. (2001). Measuring and managing service quality: integrating customer expectations. Managing Service Quality: An International Journal, 11(1), 22–31. https://doi.org/10.1108/09604520110379472 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09604520110379472
Siang, L. C., & Weng, L. K. (2011). Factors Affecting Non-Muslim Consumers’ towards Intention to use Islamic Banking Products and Services. In Las Vegas International Academic Conference.
Sistrunk, F., & McDavid, J. W. (1971). Sex variable in conforming behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 17(2), 200–207. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0030382 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0030382
Smith, J. R., Terry, D. J., Manstead, A. S. ., Louis, W. R., Kotterman, D., & Wolfs, J. (2008). The Attitude–Behavior Relationship in Consumer Conduct: The Role of Norms, Past Behavior, and Self-Identity. The Journal of Social Psychology, 148(3), 311–334. https://doi.org/10.3200/SOCP.148.3.311-334 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3200/SOCP.148.3.311-334
Szinovacz, M. (2003). Contexts and pathways: Retirement as an institution, process and experience. In G. A. Adams (Ed.), Retirement: Reasons, Processes, and Results.
United Nation. (2016). Indonesia: Govt to introduce Islamic pension funds. Retrieved October 24, 2017, from http://www3.asiainsurancereview.com/News/View-NewsLetter-Article?id=35659&Type=eDaily#
Walker, J. W., Kimmel, D. C., & Price, K. F. (1981). Retirement Style and Retirement Satisfaction: Retirees Aren’t All Alike. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 12(4), 267–281. https://doi.org/10.2190/ABAU-8BLY-32N6-K8A9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2190/ABAU-8BLY-32N6-K8A9
Wang, G., Dou, W., & Zhou, N. (2008). Consumption attitudes and adoption of new consumer products: a contingency approach. European Journal of Marketing, 42(1/2), 238–254. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090560810840998 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/03090560810840998
Warshawsky, M. S., & Ameriks, J. (2016). How prepared are Americans for retirement? In Olivia S. Mitchell & Richard C. Shea (Eds.), Reimagining Pensions: The Next 40 Years. Oxford University Press.
Wicker, A. W. (1969). Attitudes versus Actions: The Relationship of Verbal and Overt Behavioral Responses to Attitude Objects. Journal of Social Issues, 25(4), 41–78. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1969.tb00619.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1969.tb00619.x
Wilson, J. A. J., Belk, R. W., & Scott, L. (2013). Crescent marketing, Muslim geographies and brand Islam. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 4(1), 22–50. https://doi.org/10.1108/17590831311306336 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/17590831311306336