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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ARABIC LANGUAGE SPEAKING ANXIETY AND MOTIVATION AMONG RELIGIOUS SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN MALAYSIA
Corresponding Author(s) : Zawawi Ismail
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 8 No. 2 (2020): Education Special Issue
Abstract
Purpose of the study: This study aimed at identifying the level of Arabic language speaking anxiety and its relationship to motivation among students of religious secondary schools in Malaysia.
Methodology: This quantitative study identifies the anxiety level in speaking Arabic and its relationship with motivation. A survey was done with a selected number of 500 Arabic students out of the total population throughout Malaysia. The survey was done using questionnaires that have been adapted and modified from past studies after completing its validity and reliability process.
Main Findings: The findings indicate that the level of Arabic speaking anxiety among secondary religious school students in Malaysia is moderately high and also shows that students’ anxiety in speaking Arabic does not have any significant relationship with their motivation. This finding illustrates that Arabic speaking anxiety is unrelated to student motivation in learning the Arabic Language.
Applications of this study: The study can be useful for Arabic Language teachers. Students with a high anxiety level will feel anxious and avoid taking part in learning activities that will then influence the quality of learning. Hence, speaking anxiety must be tackled separately by the Arabic Language teacher from motivation since there is no significant relationship between the two variables.
Novelty/Originality of this study: This study produced instruments to assess the level of Arabic speaking anxiety. The result of this study is consistent with previous studies, which investigated the level of anxiety in learning a foreign language and speaking anxiety must be tackled separately from motivation because it has no significant relationship with individual students’ motivation.
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- Aida, Y. (1994). Examination of Horwitz, Horwitz, and Copes Construct of Foreign Language Anxiety: The case of students of Japanese. Modern Language Journal, 78(2), 155-168. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1994.tb02026.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1994.tb02026.x
- Akkakoson, S. (2016). Speaking anxiety in English conversation classrooms among Thai students. Malaysian Journal of Learning and Instruction, 13, 63 – 82. https://doi.org/10.32890/mjli2016.13.1.4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32890/mjli2016.13.1.4
- Aladdin, A. (2012). Analisis penggunaan strategi komunikasi dalam komunikasi lisan Bahasa Arab. GEMA Online® Journal of Language Studies, 12(2), 645-666.
- Ames, R., Ames C., Eds. (1989). Goals and cognitions. Research on Motivation in Education, Vol. 3, 1-10. New York, NY: Academic Press.
- Arshad, M. (2013). Penggunaan Strategi Pembelajaran Kemahiran Bertutur Bahasa Arab dalam kalangan pelajar Melayu di Pusat Asasi UIA. In Proceedings of ILCC 2013 International Language, International Language for Communication Conference, (pp. 319–330).
- Arshad, M. & Abu Bakar, K. (2012). Penggunaan strategi pembelajaran kemahiran bertutur Bahasa Arab: Kajian di Pusat Asasi UIAM. In M.S. Hamzah, K. Osman, M. Hussain, S. Zailani @ Hj. Ahmad, S. A. Ghani, H. Zainal, & Z. Ismail (Eds.), Persidangan Kebangsaan Pengajaran Dan Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab 2012 (pp. 139-155). Unit Bahasa Arab, Fakulti Pengajian Islam, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia..
- Bailey, K.M. (2005). Practical English Language teaching: Speaking. New York: McGraw-Hill.
- Balemir, S. H. (2009). The sources of foreign language speaking anxiety and the relationship between proficiency level and the degree of foreign language speaking anxiety. (Master’s thesis, Bilkent University, Turkey).
- Cheng, Y.S. (2001). Learners’ beliefs and Second Language Anxiety. Concentric: Studies in English Literature and Linguistics,27(2), 209–223.
- Cheng, Y.S., Horwitz, E. K., & Schallert, D. L. (1999). Language anxiety: Differentiating writing and speaking components. Language Learning, 49(3), 417–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/0023-8333.00095 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/0023-8333.00095
- Daud, N. & Abdul Pisal, N. (2014). Permasalahan pertuturan dalam Bahasa Arab Sebagai Bahasa Kedua. GEMA Online TM Journal of Language Studies, 14(1), 117-133. https://doi.org/10.17576/GEMA-2014-1401-08 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17576/GEMA-2014-1401-08
- Dornyei, Z. (2009). Individual differences: Interplay of learner characteristics and learning environment. Language Learning, 59.(Suppl. 1), 230-248. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9922.2009.00542.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9922.2009.00542.x
- Gardner, R. C. (1985). Social psychology and Second Language Learning: The role of attitudes and motivation. London, UK: Edward Arnold.
- Gardner, R. C., & Lambert, W. E. (1972). Attitudes and motivation in Second Language Learning. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
- Gardner, R. C., Lalonde, R. N., Moorcroft, R., & Evers, F. T. (1987). Second language attrition: The role of motivation and use. Journal of Language and Social Psychology,6, 29-47. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X8700600102 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X8700600102
- Gregersen, T., & Horwitz, E. K. (2002). Language learning and perfectionism: Anxious and non-anxious. The Modern Language Journal, 86, 562-570. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-4781.00161 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-4781.00161
- Hashimoto, Y. (2002). Motivation and willingness to communicate as predictors of reported L2 use: The Japanese ESL context. Second Language Studies, 20, 29-70.
- Horwitz, E. K. (2001). Language anxiety and achievement. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 21(1), 112-126. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190501000071 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190501000071
- Horwitz, E.K., Horwitz, M.B., & Cope, J. (1986). Foreign language classroom anxiety. The Modern Language Journal, 70, 125-132. https://doi.org/10.2307/327317 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/327317
- Huang, H.W. (2005). The relationship between learning motivation and speaking anxiety among EFL non-English major freshmen in Taiwan. (MA thesis, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taiwan).
- Humphries, R. (2011). Language anxiety in international students. Griffith Working Papers in Pragmatics and Intercultural Communication, 4(1/2), 65-77.
- Kamarulzaman, M.H., Ibrahim, N., Md Yunus, M., & Mohd Ishak, N. (2013). Language anxiety among gifted learners in Malaysia. English Language Teaching, 6(3), 20–29. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v6n3p20 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v6n3p20
- Khodady, E., & Khajavy, G.H. (2013). Exploring the role of anxiety and motivation in foreign language achievement: A Structural Equation Modelling approach. Porta Linguarum, 20, 269-286. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30827/Digibug.20240
- Krejcie, R.V., & Morgan, D.W., (1970). Determining Sample Size for Research Activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316447003000308 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/001316447003000308
- Liu, H. J. (2011). Exploring foreign language anxiety and motivation among young adolescents in Taiwan. Tamsui Oxford Journal of Arts, 11, 75-92. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/493167 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/493167
- Liu, H. J., & Chen, C. W. (2015). A comparative study of foreign language anxiety and motivation of academic- and vocational-track high school students. English Language Teaching, 8(3), 193–204. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v8n3p193 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v8n3p193
- Liu, M. L. (2006). Anxiety in Chinese EFL students at different proficiency levels. System, 34, 301-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2006.04.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2006.04.004
- Liu, M., & Huang, W.(2011). Exploration of foreign language anxiety and English learning motivation. Education Research International, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/493167 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/493167
- MacIntyre, P.D., & Gardner, R.C. (1994). The subtle effects of language anxiety on cognitive processing in the second language. Language Learning, 44(2), 283- 305. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1989.tb00423.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1989.tb00423.x
- Mak, B. (2011). An exploration of speaking in class anxiety with Chinese ESL learners. System,39, 202-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2011.04.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2011.04.002
- Mat Teh, K.S., & Embi, M.A. (2010). Strategi pembelajaran bahasa. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Universiti Malaya.
- Mazouzi, S. (2013). Analysis of some factors affecting learners' oral performance. A Case Study: 3rd Year Pupils of Menaa's Middle Schools. (MA dissertation, Department of Foreign Languages, English Division, Faculty of Letters and Languages, Mohamed Khider University of Biskra, People's Democratic Republic of Algeria).
- McCroskey, J. C. (1984). The communication apprehension perspective. InJ.A. Daly & J.C. McCroskey (Eds.), Avoiding communication: Shyness, reticence, and communication apprehension. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
- Mohamad, A.H. (2009). Tahap komunikasi dalam Bahasa Arab dalam kalangan pelajar Sarjana Muda Bahasa Arab di IPTA Malaysia. JIAE: Journal of Islamic and Arabic Education, 1(1), 1-14.
- Muhammad Sabri, R. (2012). Second language learning anxiety among Malay learners of English. (Masters thesis, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur).
- Musilehat, N.S. (2012). The effects of Arabic teaching methodology at SMAASZA on the acquisition of speaking skill. (Unpublished MA thesis, International Islamic University Malaysia).
- Nagahashi, T. L. (2007). Techniques for reducing foreign language anxiety: Results of asuccessful intervention study. Annual Research Report on General Education, Akita University,9, 53–60.
- Nik Yusoff, N.M.R., Ab. Ghani, K. & Ismail, Z. (2006). Tahap kemahiran kefahaman mendengar di kalangan pelajar Sekolah Menengah Agama Negeri. Jurnal Teknologi,45(E), 83-98. https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v45.349 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v45.349
- Nik Yusoff, N.M.R., Mahamod, Z., & Ab. Ghani, K. (2008). Motivasi pembelajaran kemahiran mendengar Bahasa Arab dan hubungannya dengan pencapaian pelajar. Jurnal Pendidikan, 33, 3-8.
- Oxford. R., & Shearin, J. (1994). Language learning motivation: Expanding the theoretical framework. The Modern Language Journal,78(1), 12-28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1994.tb02011.x
- Rasmodjo, V. R. (2011). Anxiety in oral performance test: A case study of Indonesian learners. Indonesian Journal of English Language Teaching, 7(2), 65–68.
- Shabani, M.B. (2015). On the relationship between Foreign Language Anxiety and Language Learning Strategies among Iranian EFL Learners. International Journal of Educational Investigations, Vol.2 (2), 9-23.
- Sila, A.Y., (2010). Young adolescent students’ foreign language anxiety in relation to language skills at different levels. The Journal of International Social Research,3(11), 83-91.
- Siraj, S., Ishak, Z. & Tunku Mokhtar, T.M. (1996). Motivasi dalam pendidikan. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Utusan.
- Skehan, P. (1989). Individual differences in second language learning. London, UK: Edward Arnold.
- Spielberger, C. D. (1983). Manual for The State-trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press. https://doi.org/10.1037/t06496-000 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/t06496-000
- Subaşi, G. (2010). What are the main sources of Turkish EFL students’ anxiety in oral practice? Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry, 1(2), 29-49.
- Tanveer, Muhammad. (2007). Investigation of the factors that cause language anxiety for ESL/EFL learners in learning speaking skills and the influence it casts on communication in the target language. (Unpublished thesis, Faculty of Education, University of Glasgow).
- Tercan, G., & Dikilitas, K. (2015). EFL students’ speaking anxiety: A case from tertiary level students. International Association of Research in Foreign Language Education and Applied Linguistic ELT Research Journal,4(1), 16-27.
- Von Worde, R. (2003). Students’ perspectives on foreign language anxiety. Inquiry, 8(1), 36-49.
- Wan Zakaria, W.Z., Rajab, A., Sayuti, N. & Hashim, N.A. (2007). Kajian tahap keresahan di kalangan pelajar Bahasa Asing terhadap mata pelajaran Bahasa Asing. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia: Pusat Pengurusan Penyelidikan.
- Woodrow, L. (2006). Anxiety and speaking English as ASecond Language. RELC Journal, 37(3), 308-328. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688206071315 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688206071315
- Young, D. J. (1991). Creating a low-anxiety classroom environment: What does language anxiety research suggest? The Modern Language Journal,75, 426-439. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1991.tb05378.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1991.tb05378.x
- Yusri, G., Nik Yusoff, N.M. R., & Shah, M,P. (2010). Sikap pelajar terhadap pembelajaran kemahiran lisan Bahasa Arab di Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM). GEMA Online Journal of Language Studies, 10(3), 15-33.
- Zhang, W., & Liu, M. (2013). Evaluating the impact of oral test anxiety and speaking strategy use on oral English performance. Journal of Asia TEFL,10(2), 115–148.
- Zheng, Y. (2008). Anxiety and second/foreign language learning revisited. Online Submission,1(1), 1–12.
References
Aida, Y. (1994). Examination of Horwitz, Horwitz, and Copes Construct of Foreign Language Anxiety: The case of students of Japanese. Modern Language Journal, 78(2), 155-168. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1994.tb02026.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1994.tb02026.x
Akkakoson, S. (2016). Speaking anxiety in English conversation classrooms among Thai students. Malaysian Journal of Learning and Instruction, 13, 63 – 82. https://doi.org/10.32890/mjli2016.13.1.4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32890/mjli2016.13.1.4
Aladdin, A. (2012). Analisis penggunaan strategi komunikasi dalam komunikasi lisan Bahasa Arab. GEMA Online® Journal of Language Studies, 12(2), 645-666.
Ames, R., Ames C., Eds. (1989). Goals and cognitions. Research on Motivation in Education, Vol. 3, 1-10. New York, NY: Academic Press.
Arshad, M. (2013). Penggunaan Strategi Pembelajaran Kemahiran Bertutur Bahasa Arab dalam kalangan pelajar Melayu di Pusat Asasi UIA. In Proceedings of ILCC 2013 International Language, International Language for Communication Conference, (pp. 319–330).
Arshad, M. & Abu Bakar, K. (2012). Penggunaan strategi pembelajaran kemahiran bertutur Bahasa Arab: Kajian di Pusat Asasi UIAM. In M.S. Hamzah, K. Osman, M. Hussain, S. Zailani @ Hj. Ahmad, S. A. Ghani, H. Zainal, & Z. Ismail (Eds.), Persidangan Kebangsaan Pengajaran Dan Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab 2012 (pp. 139-155). Unit Bahasa Arab, Fakulti Pengajian Islam, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia..
Bailey, K.M. (2005). Practical English Language teaching: Speaking. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Balemir, S. H. (2009). The sources of foreign language speaking anxiety and the relationship between proficiency level and the degree of foreign language speaking anxiety. (Master’s thesis, Bilkent University, Turkey).
Cheng, Y.S. (2001). Learners’ beliefs and Second Language Anxiety. Concentric: Studies in English Literature and Linguistics,27(2), 209–223.
Cheng, Y.S., Horwitz, E. K., & Schallert, D. L. (1999). Language anxiety: Differentiating writing and speaking components. Language Learning, 49(3), 417–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/0023-8333.00095 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/0023-8333.00095
Daud, N. & Abdul Pisal, N. (2014). Permasalahan pertuturan dalam Bahasa Arab Sebagai Bahasa Kedua. GEMA Online TM Journal of Language Studies, 14(1), 117-133. https://doi.org/10.17576/GEMA-2014-1401-08 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17576/GEMA-2014-1401-08
Dornyei, Z. (2009). Individual differences: Interplay of learner characteristics and learning environment. Language Learning, 59.(Suppl. 1), 230-248. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9922.2009.00542.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9922.2009.00542.x
Gardner, R. C. (1985). Social psychology and Second Language Learning: The role of attitudes and motivation. London, UK: Edward Arnold.
Gardner, R. C., & Lambert, W. E. (1972). Attitudes and motivation in Second Language Learning. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
Gardner, R. C., Lalonde, R. N., Moorcroft, R., & Evers, F. T. (1987). Second language attrition: The role of motivation and use. Journal of Language and Social Psychology,6, 29-47. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X8700600102 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X8700600102
Gregersen, T., & Horwitz, E. K. (2002). Language learning and perfectionism: Anxious and non-anxious. The Modern Language Journal, 86, 562-570. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-4781.00161 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-4781.00161
Hashimoto, Y. (2002). Motivation and willingness to communicate as predictors of reported L2 use: The Japanese ESL context. Second Language Studies, 20, 29-70.
Horwitz, E. K. (2001). Language anxiety and achievement. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 21(1), 112-126. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190501000071 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190501000071
Horwitz, E.K., Horwitz, M.B., & Cope, J. (1986). Foreign language classroom anxiety. The Modern Language Journal, 70, 125-132. https://doi.org/10.2307/327317 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/327317
Huang, H.W. (2005). The relationship between learning motivation and speaking anxiety among EFL non-English major freshmen in Taiwan. (MA thesis, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taiwan).
Humphries, R. (2011). Language anxiety in international students. Griffith Working Papers in Pragmatics and Intercultural Communication, 4(1/2), 65-77.
Kamarulzaman, M.H., Ibrahim, N., Md Yunus, M., & Mohd Ishak, N. (2013). Language anxiety among gifted learners in Malaysia. English Language Teaching, 6(3), 20–29. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v6n3p20 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v6n3p20
Khodady, E., & Khajavy, G.H. (2013). Exploring the role of anxiety and motivation in foreign language achievement: A Structural Equation Modelling approach. Porta Linguarum, 20, 269-286. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30827/Digibug.20240
Krejcie, R.V., & Morgan, D.W., (1970). Determining Sample Size for Research Activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316447003000308 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/001316447003000308
Liu, H. J. (2011). Exploring foreign language anxiety and motivation among young adolescents in Taiwan. Tamsui Oxford Journal of Arts, 11, 75-92. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/493167 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/493167
Liu, H. J., & Chen, C. W. (2015). A comparative study of foreign language anxiety and motivation of academic- and vocational-track high school students. English Language Teaching, 8(3), 193–204. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v8n3p193 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v8n3p193
Liu, M. L. (2006). Anxiety in Chinese EFL students at different proficiency levels. System, 34, 301-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2006.04.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2006.04.004
Liu, M., & Huang, W.(2011). Exploration of foreign language anxiety and English learning motivation. Education Research International, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/493167 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/493167
MacIntyre, P.D., & Gardner, R.C. (1994). The subtle effects of language anxiety on cognitive processing in the second language. Language Learning, 44(2), 283- 305. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1989.tb00423.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1989.tb00423.x
Mak, B. (2011). An exploration of speaking in class anxiety with Chinese ESL learners. System,39, 202-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2011.04.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2011.04.002
Mat Teh, K.S., & Embi, M.A. (2010). Strategi pembelajaran bahasa. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Universiti Malaya.
Mazouzi, S. (2013). Analysis of some factors affecting learners' oral performance. A Case Study: 3rd Year Pupils of Menaa's Middle Schools. (MA dissertation, Department of Foreign Languages, English Division, Faculty of Letters and Languages, Mohamed Khider University of Biskra, People's Democratic Republic of Algeria).
McCroskey, J. C. (1984). The communication apprehension perspective. InJ.A. Daly & J.C. McCroskey (Eds.), Avoiding communication: Shyness, reticence, and communication apprehension. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Mohamad, A.H. (2009). Tahap komunikasi dalam Bahasa Arab dalam kalangan pelajar Sarjana Muda Bahasa Arab di IPTA Malaysia. JIAE: Journal of Islamic and Arabic Education, 1(1), 1-14.
Muhammad Sabri, R. (2012). Second language learning anxiety among Malay learners of English. (Masters thesis, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur).
Musilehat, N.S. (2012). The effects of Arabic teaching methodology at SMAASZA on the acquisition of speaking skill. (Unpublished MA thesis, International Islamic University Malaysia).
Nagahashi, T. L. (2007). Techniques for reducing foreign language anxiety: Results of asuccessful intervention study. Annual Research Report on General Education, Akita University,9, 53–60.
Nik Yusoff, N.M.R., Ab. Ghani, K. & Ismail, Z. (2006). Tahap kemahiran kefahaman mendengar di kalangan pelajar Sekolah Menengah Agama Negeri. Jurnal Teknologi,45(E), 83-98. https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v45.349 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v45.349
Nik Yusoff, N.M.R., Mahamod, Z., & Ab. Ghani, K. (2008). Motivasi pembelajaran kemahiran mendengar Bahasa Arab dan hubungannya dengan pencapaian pelajar. Jurnal Pendidikan, 33, 3-8.
Oxford. R., & Shearin, J. (1994). Language learning motivation: Expanding the theoretical framework. The Modern Language Journal,78(1), 12-28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1994.tb02011.x
Rasmodjo, V. R. (2011). Anxiety in oral performance test: A case study of Indonesian learners. Indonesian Journal of English Language Teaching, 7(2), 65–68.
Shabani, M.B. (2015). On the relationship between Foreign Language Anxiety and Language Learning Strategies among Iranian EFL Learners. International Journal of Educational Investigations, Vol.2 (2), 9-23.
Sila, A.Y., (2010). Young adolescent students’ foreign language anxiety in relation to language skills at different levels. The Journal of International Social Research,3(11), 83-91.
Siraj, S., Ishak, Z. & Tunku Mokhtar, T.M. (1996). Motivasi dalam pendidikan. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Utusan.
Skehan, P. (1989). Individual differences in second language learning. London, UK: Edward Arnold.
Spielberger, C. D. (1983). Manual for The State-trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press. https://doi.org/10.1037/t06496-000 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/t06496-000
Subaşi, G. (2010). What are the main sources of Turkish EFL students’ anxiety in oral practice? Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry, 1(2), 29-49.
Tanveer, Muhammad. (2007). Investigation of the factors that cause language anxiety for ESL/EFL learners in learning speaking skills and the influence it casts on communication in the target language. (Unpublished thesis, Faculty of Education, University of Glasgow).
Tercan, G., & Dikilitas, K. (2015). EFL students’ speaking anxiety: A case from tertiary level students. International Association of Research in Foreign Language Education and Applied Linguistic ELT Research Journal,4(1), 16-27.
Von Worde, R. (2003). Students’ perspectives on foreign language anxiety. Inquiry, 8(1), 36-49.
Wan Zakaria, W.Z., Rajab, A., Sayuti, N. & Hashim, N.A. (2007). Kajian tahap keresahan di kalangan pelajar Bahasa Asing terhadap mata pelajaran Bahasa Asing. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia: Pusat Pengurusan Penyelidikan.
Woodrow, L. (2006). Anxiety and speaking English as ASecond Language. RELC Journal, 37(3), 308-328. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688206071315 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688206071315
Young, D. J. (1991). Creating a low-anxiety classroom environment: What does language anxiety research suggest? The Modern Language Journal,75, 426-439. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1991.tb05378.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1991.tb05378.x
Yusri, G., Nik Yusoff, N.M. R., & Shah, M,P. (2010). Sikap pelajar terhadap pembelajaran kemahiran lisan Bahasa Arab di Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM). GEMA Online Journal of Language Studies, 10(3), 15-33.
Zhang, W., & Liu, M. (2013). Evaluating the impact of oral test anxiety and speaking strategy use on oral English performance. Journal of Asia TEFL,10(2), 115–148.
Zheng, Y. (2008). Anxiety and second/foreign language learning revisited. Online Submission,1(1), 1–12.