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CULTURAL DIMENSIONS, COMMUNICATION, PUBLIC OPINION, AND CONSENSUS: A STUDY OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF STREET VENDOR RELOCATION POLICY IN YOGYAKARTA CITY, INDONESIA
Corresponding Author(s) : La Mani
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews,
Vol. 8 No. 4 (2020): July
Abstract
Purpose of the study: This study aims to analyze the influence of cultural dimensions, communication, public opinion, and consensus on the successful implementation of street vendors relocation policy in Yogyakarta.
Methodology: This research uses a quantitative method by testing hypotheses using path analysis. The respondents of this study were 258 people who were selected by cluster random sampling. Research data were collected using a questionnaire consisting of 100 questions.
Main Findings: The research results show that to achieve successful implementation of urban street vendors relocation policy, the local government as a decision-maker must be able to recognize the public culture of policy targets, undertake various forms and processes of intensive communication, build positive public opinions and create consensus with primary policy objectives.
Applications of this study: This research is applied in policy communication by the government in urban areas to street vendors, so that conflict and violence can be reduced.
Novelty/Originality of this study: The research shows cultural dimensions that can be used in public policy involving communication, public opinion, and consensus.
Keywords
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- Abdullah, R. A. (2019). Factors affecting the role of local councils in local policy-making. Review of Economics and Political Science, 4(4), 285-303. https://doi.org/10.1108/reps-12-2018-0035 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/REPS-12-2018-0035
- Adama, O. (2020). Criminalizing Informal Workers: The Case of Street Vendors in Abuja, Nigeria. Journal of Asian and African Studies. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021909620930740 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0021909620930740
- Alfers, L., Xulu, P., Dobson, R., & Hariparsad, S. (2016). Extending Occupational Health and Safety to Urban Street Vendors: Reflections From a Project in Durban, South Africa. New Solut, 26(2), 271-288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1048291116642711 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1048291116642711
- Alipour, A. (2019). The conceptual difference really matters. Cross Cultural & Strategic Management, 26(4), 467-489. https://doi.org/10.1108/ccsm-04-2019-0084 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/CCSM-04-2019-0084
- Almarshad, S. O. (2015). Municipal Awareness and Citizen Satisfaction: The Case of Northern Borders in Saudi Arabia. International Review of Management and Marketing, 5(2), 8.
- Alvi, F. H., & Mendoza, J. A. (2017). Mexico City street vendors and the stickiness of institutional contexts. Critical perspectives on international business, 13(2), 119-135. https://doi.org/10.1108/cpoib-05-2015-0017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/cpoib-05-2015-0017
- Baderin, A. (2015). Political theory and public opinion. Politics, Philosophy & Economics, 15(3), 209-233. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470594x15621044 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1470594X15621044
- Bhat, G. M., & Nengroo, A. H. (2013). Urban Informal Sector: A Case Study of Street Vendors in Kashmir. InternatIonal Journal of ManageMent & BusIness studIes, 3(1), 4.
- Bochel, C. (2006). New Labour, Participation and the Policy Process. Public Policy and Administration, 21(2), 13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/095207670602100403
- Bromley, R. D. F., & Mackie, P. K. (2009). Displacement and the New Spaces for Informal Trade in the Latin American City Centre. Urban Studies, 46(7), 1485-1506. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098009104577 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098009104577
- Bryan, A. C. (2019). Public Opinion and Setting the Agenda on the U.S. Supreme Court. American Politics Research, 48(3), 377-390. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673x18822312 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X18822312
- Burstein, P. (2016). The Impact of Public Opinion on Public Policy: A Review and an Agenda. Political Research Quarterly, 56(1), 29-40. https://doi.org/10.1177/106591290305600103 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/106591290305600103
- Cole, N. L. (2019). So What Is Culture, Exactly? . https://www.thoughtco.com/culture-definition-4135409
- Cook, A. K., & Brownstein, H. H. (2017). Public Opinion and Public Policy: Heroin and Other Opioids. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 30(8), 1163-1185. https://doi.org/10.1177/0887403417740186 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0887403417740186
- Coutinho, E. D., Vieira, P. R. d. C., Mattoso, C. L. d. Q., Troccoli, I. R., & Renni, M. J. P. (2019). Influence of service quality and corporate image on the satisfaction of patients with Brazil’s National Cancer Institute. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing, 13(4), 447-468. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijphm-07-2018-0036 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPHM-07-2018-0036
- Dagher, G. K., Itani, O., & Kassar, A. N. (2015). The Impact of Environment Concern and Attitude on Green Purchasing Behavior: Gender as The Moderator. Contemporary Management Research, 11(2), 179-206. https://doi.org/10.7903/cmr.13625 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7903/cmr.13625
- Dorfman, P., Javidan, M., Hanges, P., Dastmalchian, A., & House, R. (2012). GLOBE: A twenty year journey into the intriguing world of culture and leadership. Journal of World Business, 47(4), 504-518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2012.01.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2012.01.004
- Ferraz, S. B., Buhamra, C., Laroche, M., & Veloso, A. R. (2017). Green Products: A Cross-Cultural Study of Attitude, Intention and Purchase Behavior. RAM. Revista de Administração Mackenzie, 18(5), 12-38. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-69712017/administracao.v18n5p12-38 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-69712017/administracao.v18n5p12-38
- Forkuor, J. B., Akuoko, K. O., & Yeboah, E. H. (2017). Negotiation and Management Strategies of Street Vendors in Developing Countries. SAGE Open, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244017691563 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244017691563
- Ghozali, I. (2017). Structural Equation Models, Concepts and Applications with Amos Program Version 24. Universitas Diponegoro.
- Gouveia, V. V., & Ros, M. (2000). Hofstede and Schwartz’s models for classifying individualism at the cultural level: their relation to macro-social and macro-economic variables. Psicothema, 12, 9.
- Halkos, G., & Petrou, K. N. (2018). ‘Waste culture’ assessment using Hofstede’s and Schwartz’s cultural dimensions – an EU case study. Munich Personal RePEc Archive, 28. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/90506/
- Hemer, O., & Tufte, T. (2005). Media & Glocal Change Rethinking Communication for Development. Publicaciones Cooperativas [colección].
- House, R., Javidan, M., Hanges, P., & Dorfman, P. (2002). Understanding cultures and implicit leadership theories across the globe: an introduction to project GLOBE. Journal of World Business, 37, 3-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1090-9516(01)00069-4
- Javidan, M., & Dastmalchian, A. (2009). Managerial implications of the GLOBE project: A study of 62 societies. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 47(1), 41-58. https://doi.org/10.1177/1038411108099289 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1038411108099289
- Javidan, M., Dorfman, P. W., Luque, M. S. d., & House, R. J. (2006). In the Eye of the Beholder: Cross Cultural Lessons in Leadership from Project GLOBE. Academy of Management Perspectives, 24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2006.19873410
- Kant, R., & Jaiswal, D. (2017). The impact of perceived service quality dimensions on customer satisfaction. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 35(3), 411-430. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijbm-04-2016-0051 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBM-04-2016-0051
- Khlif, H. (2016). Hofstede’s cultural dimensions in accounting research: a review. Meditari Accountancy Research, 24(4), 545-573. https://doi.org/10.1108/medar-02-2016-0041 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/MEDAR-02-2016-0041
- Kusnendi, & Suryadi, E. (2010). Path Analysis with AMOS (In Indonesian). Rizqi Press.
- Lanin, D., & Hermanto, N. (2019). The effect of service quality toward public satisfaction and public trust on local government in Indonesia. International Journal of Social Economics, 46(3), 377-392. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijse-04-2017-0151 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-04-2017-0151
- MartÃnez, L., Short, J. R., & Estrada, D. (2017). The urban informal economy: Street vendors in Cali, Colombia. Cities, 66, 34-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2017.03.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2017.03.010
- Muers, S. (2018). Culture, Values and Public Policy. Institute for Policy Research.
- O’Doherty, K. C. (2017). Deliberative public opinion. History of the Human Sciences, 30(4), 124-145. https://doi.org/10.1177/0952695117722718 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0952695117722718
- Obo, U. B., Eteng, F. O., & Coker, M. A. (2014). Public Opinion and the Public Policy Making Process in Nigeria: A Critical Assessment. Canadian Social Science, 10(5). https://doi.org/10.3968/4241
- Powers, E. A., Goudy, W. J., & Keith, P. M. (1985). Longitudinal Research in the Behavioral, Social, and Medical Sciences. Kluwer•Nijhoff Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4978-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4978-2
- Rachmawati, T. (2013). Relocation for a better livelihood: a case study of street vendors in local authorities in Indonesia. Int. J. Green Economics, 7(1), 12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJGE.2013.055371
- Ratnawati, A., Mislan Cokrohadisumarto, W. b., & Kholis, N. (2020). Improving the satisfaction and loyalty of BPJS healthcare in Indonesia: a Sharia perspective. Journal of Islamic Marketing, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/jima-01-2020-0005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-01-2020-0005
- Roever, S., & Skinner, C. (2016). Street vendors and cities. Environment and Urbanization, 28(2), 359-374. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247816653898 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247816653898
- Samovar, L. A., Porter, R. E., McDaniel, E. R., & Roy, C. S. (2013). Communication Between Cultures (Eighth ed.). Wadsworth.
- Sariffuddin, Wahyono, H., & Brotosunaryo, B. (2017). Street Vendors Hypergrowth: Consequence of Uncontrolled Urbanization In Semarang City. Komunitas: International Journal of Indonesian Society and Culture, 9(1), 81-91. https://doi.org/10.15294/komunitas.v9i1.8497 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15294/komunitas.v9i1.8497
- Sears, D. O., Fredman, J. L., & Peplau, L. A. (2001). Social Psychology. Airlangga.
- Singh, A. S., & Masuku, M. B. (2014). Sampling Techniques & Determination of Sample Size in Applied Statistics Research: An Overview. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 2(11), 22.
- Sojo, C. (2011). The State Under Scrutiny: Public Opinion, Stateness and Government Performance in Latin America. United Nations.
- Steele, L. G., & Breznau, N. (2019). Attitudes toward Redistributive Policy: An Introduction. Societies, 50(9), 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc9030050 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/soc9030050
- Suripto, R. (2017). Resistance of Street Vendors in Implementing Policies in Wiyung District (In Indonesian). Jurnal Politik Muda, 6(3), 7.
- Susan, N. (2012). Country Fails to Manage Conflict. KoPi & Pustaka Pelajar.
- Vauclair, C.-M., Hanke, K., Fischer, R., & Fontaine, J. (2011). The Structure of Human Values at the Culture Level: A Meta-Analytical Replication of Schwartz’s Value Orientations Using the Rokeach Value Survey. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 42(2), 186-205. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022110396864 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022110396864
- Wang, X., Xing, Y., Wei, Y., Zheng, Q., & Xing, G. (2020). Public opinion information dissemination in mobile social networks – taking Sina Weibo as an example. Information Discovery and Delivery, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/idd-10-2019-0075 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IDD-10-2019-0075
- West, R., & Turner, L. H. (2018). Introducing Communication Theory: Analysis and Application. McGraw-Hill Education.
- Widjajanti, R., & Wahyono, H. (2018). Space Livability of Street Vendors in Simpang Lima Public Space, Semarang. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 123. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/123/1/012045 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/123/1/012045
- Zainuddin, M., Mahi, M., Akter, S., & Yasin, I. M. (2020). The role of national culture in the relationship between microfinance outreach and sustainability: a correlated random effects approach. Cross Cultural & Strategic Management, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/ccsm-12-2019-0219 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/CCSM-12-2019-0219
- Zamahsari, A. (2017). Street Vendor Conflict Resolution in Tanah Abang Market, Province of DKI Jakarta (In Indonesian). Jurnal Prodi Damai dan Resolusi Konflik, 3(2), 16.
References
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Adama, O. (2020). Criminalizing Informal Workers: The Case of Street Vendors in Abuja, Nigeria. Journal of Asian and African Studies. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021909620930740 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0021909620930740
Alfers, L., Xulu, P., Dobson, R., & Hariparsad, S. (2016). Extending Occupational Health and Safety to Urban Street Vendors: Reflections From a Project in Durban, South Africa. New Solut, 26(2), 271-288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1048291116642711 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1048291116642711
Alipour, A. (2019). The conceptual difference really matters. Cross Cultural & Strategic Management, 26(4), 467-489. https://doi.org/10.1108/ccsm-04-2019-0084 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/CCSM-04-2019-0084
Almarshad, S. O. (2015). Municipal Awareness and Citizen Satisfaction: The Case of Northern Borders in Saudi Arabia. International Review of Management and Marketing, 5(2), 8.
Alvi, F. H., & Mendoza, J. A. (2017). Mexico City street vendors and the stickiness of institutional contexts. Critical perspectives on international business, 13(2), 119-135. https://doi.org/10.1108/cpoib-05-2015-0017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/cpoib-05-2015-0017
Baderin, A. (2015). Political theory and public opinion. Politics, Philosophy & Economics, 15(3), 209-233. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470594x15621044 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1470594X15621044
Bhat, G. M., & Nengroo, A. H. (2013). Urban Informal Sector: A Case Study of Street Vendors in Kashmir. InternatIonal Journal of ManageMent & BusIness studIes, 3(1), 4.
Bochel, C. (2006). New Labour, Participation and the Policy Process. Public Policy and Administration, 21(2), 13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/095207670602100403
Bromley, R. D. F., & Mackie, P. K. (2009). Displacement and the New Spaces for Informal Trade in the Latin American City Centre. Urban Studies, 46(7), 1485-1506. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098009104577 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098009104577
Bryan, A. C. (2019). Public Opinion and Setting the Agenda on the U.S. Supreme Court. American Politics Research, 48(3), 377-390. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673x18822312 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X18822312
Burstein, P. (2016). The Impact of Public Opinion on Public Policy: A Review and an Agenda. Political Research Quarterly, 56(1), 29-40. https://doi.org/10.1177/106591290305600103 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/106591290305600103
Cole, N. L. (2019). So What Is Culture, Exactly? . https://www.thoughtco.com/culture-definition-4135409
Cook, A. K., & Brownstein, H. H. (2017). Public Opinion and Public Policy: Heroin and Other Opioids. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 30(8), 1163-1185. https://doi.org/10.1177/0887403417740186 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0887403417740186
Coutinho, E. D., Vieira, P. R. d. C., Mattoso, C. L. d. Q., Troccoli, I. R., & Renni, M. J. P. (2019). Influence of service quality and corporate image on the satisfaction of patients with Brazil’s National Cancer Institute. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing, 13(4), 447-468. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijphm-07-2018-0036 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPHM-07-2018-0036
Dagher, G. K., Itani, O., & Kassar, A. N. (2015). The Impact of Environment Concern and Attitude on Green Purchasing Behavior: Gender as The Moderator. Contemporary Management Research, 11(2), 179-206. https://doi.org/10.7903/cmr.13625 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7903/cmr.13625
Dorfman, P., Javidan, M., Hanges, P., Dastmalchian, A., & House, R. (2012). GLOBE: A twenty year journey into the intriguing world of culture and leadership. Journal of World Business, 47(4), 504-518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2012.01.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2012.01.004
Ferraz, S. B., Buhamra, C., Laroche, M., & Veloso, A. R. (2017). Green Products: A Cross-Cultural Study of Attitude, Intention and Purchase Behavior. RAM. Revista de Administração Mackenzie, 18(5), 12-38. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-69712017/administracao.v18n5p12-38 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-69712017/administracao.v18n5p12-38
Forkuor, J. B., Akuoko, K. O., & Yeboah, E. H. (2017). Negotiation and Management Strategies of Street Vendors in Developing Countries. SAGE Open, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244017691563 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244017691563
Ghozali, I. (2017). Structural Equation Models, Concepts and Applications with Amos Program Version 24. Universitas Diponegoro.
Gouveia, V. V., & Ros, M. (2000). Hofstede and Schwartz’s models for classifying individualism at the cultural level: their relation to macro-social and macro-economic variables. Psicothema, 12, 9.
Halkos, G., & Petrou, K. N. (2018). ‘Waste culture’ assessment using Hofstede’s and Schwartz’s cultural dimensions – an EU case study. Munich Personal RePEc Archive, 28. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/90506/
Hemer, O., & Tufte, T. (2005). Media & Glocal Change Rethinking Communication for Development. Publicaciones Cooperativas [colección].
House, R., Javidan, M., Hanges, P., & Dorfman, P. (2002). Understanding cultures and implicit leadership theories across the globe: an introduction to project GLOBE. Journal of World Business, 37, 3-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1090-9516(01)00069-4
Javidan, M., & Dastmalchian, A. (2009). Managerial implications of the GLOBE project: A study of 62 societies. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 47(1), 41-58. https://doi.org/10.1177/1038411108099289 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1038411108099289
Javidan, M., Dorfman, P. W., Luque, M. S. d., & House, R. J. (2006). In the Eye of the Beholder: Cross Cultural Lessons in Leadership from Project GLOBE. Academy of Management Perspectives, 24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2006.19873410
Kant, R., & Jaiswal, D. (2017). The impact of perceived service quality dimensions on customer satisfaction. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 35(3), 411-430. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijbm-04-2016-0051 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBM-04-2016-0051
Khlif, H. (2016). Hofstede’s cultural dimensions in accounting research: a review. Meditari Accountancy Research, 24(4), 545-573. https://doi.org/10.1108/medar-02-2016-0041 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/MEDAR-02-2016-0041
Kusnendi, & Suryadi, E. (2010). Path Analysis with AMOS (In Indonesian). Rizqi Press.
Lanin, D., & Hermanto, N. (2019). The effect of service quality toward public satisfaction and public trust on local government in Indonesia. International Journal of Social Economics, 46(3), 377-392. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijse-04-2017-0151 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-04-2017-0151
MartÃnez, L., Short, J. R., & Estrada, D. (2017). The urban informal economy: Street vendors in Cali, Colombia. Cities, 66, 34-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2017.03.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2017.03.010
Muers, S. (2018). Culture, Values and Public Policy. Institute for Policy Research.
O’Doherty, K. C. (2017). Deliberative public opinion. History of the Human Sciences, 30(4), 124-145. https://doi.org/10.1177/0952695117722718 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0952695117722718
Obo, U. B., Eteng, F. O., & Coker, M. A. (2014). Public Opinion and the Public Policy Making Process in Nigeria: A Critical Assessment. Canadian Social Science, 10(5). https://doi.org/10.3968/4241
Powers, E. A., Goudy, W. J., & Keith, P. M. (1985). Longitudinal Research in the Behavioral, Social, and Medical Sciences. Kluwer•Nijhoff Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4978-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4978-2
Rachmawati, T. (2013). Relocation for a better livelihood: a case study of street vendors in local authorities in Indonesia. Int. J. Green Economics, 7(1), 12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJGE.2013.055371
Ratnawati, A., Mislan Cokrohadisumarto, W. b., & Kholis, N. (2020). Improving the satisfaction and loyalty of BPJS healthcare in Indonesia: a Sharia perspective. Journal of Islamic Marketing, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/jima-01-2020-0005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-01-2020-0005
Roever, S., & Skinner, C. (2016). Street vendors and cities. Environment and Urbanization, 28(2), 359-374. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247816653898 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247816653898
Samovar, L. A., Porter, R. E., McDaniel, E. R., & Roy, C. S. (2013). Communication Between Cultures (Eighth ed.). Wadsworth.
Sariffuddin, Wahyono, H., & Brotosunaryo, B. (2017). Street Vendors Hypergrowth: Consequence of Uncontrolled Urbanization In Semarang City. Komunitas: International Journal of Indonesian Society and Culture, 9(1), 81-91. https://doi.org/10.15294/komunitas.v9i1.8497 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15294/komunitas.v9i1.8497
Sears, D. O., Fredman, J. L., & Peplau, L. A. (2001). Social Psychology. Airlangga.
Singh, A. S., & Masuku, M. B. (2014). Sampling Techniques & Determination of Sample Size in Applied Statistics Research: An Overview. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 2(11), 22.
Sojo, C. (2011). The State Under Scrutiny: Public Opinion, Stateness and Government Performance in Latin America. United Nations.
Steele, L. G., & Breznau, N. (2019). Attitudes toward Redistributive Policy: An Introduction. Societies, 50(9), 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc9030050 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/soc9030050
Suripto, R. (2017). Resistance of Street Vendors in Implementing Policies in Wiyung District (In Indonesian). Jurnal Politik Muda, 6(3), 7.
Susan, N. (2012). Country Fails to Manage Conflict. KoPi & Pustaka Pelajar.
Vauclair, C.-M., Hanke, K., Fischer, R., & Fontaine, J. (2011). The Structure of Human Values at the Culture Level: A Meta-Analytical Replication of Schwartz’s Value Orientations Using the Rokeach Value Survey. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 42(2), 186-205. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022110396864 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022110396864
Wang, X., Xing, Y., Wei, Y., Zheng, Q., & Xing, G. (2020). Public opinion information dissemination in mobile social networks – taking Sina Weibo as an example. Information Discovery and Delivery, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/idd-10-2019-0075 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IDD-10-2019-0075
West, R., & Turner, L. H. (2018). Introducing Communication Theory: Analysis and Application. McGraw-Hill Education.
Widjajanti, R., & Wahyono, H. (2018). Space Livability of Street Vendors in Simpang Lima Public Space, Semarang. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 123. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/123/1/012045 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/123/1/012045
Zainuddin, M., Mahi, M., Akter, S., & Yasin, I. M. (2020). The role of national culture in the relationship between microfinance outreach and sustainability: a correlated random effects approach. Cross Cultural & Strategic Management, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/ccsm-12-2019-0219 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/CCSM-12-2019-0219
Zamahsari, A. (2017). Street Vendor Conflict Resolution in Tanah Abang Market, Province of DKI Jakarta (In Indonesian). Jurnal Prodi Damai dan Resolusi Konflik, 3(2), 16.